Wallis, The Duchess of Windsor (previously Wallis Simpson; previously Wallis Spencer; born Bessie Wallis Warfield; 19 June 1895 or 1896 – 24 April 1986) was the American wife of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 339 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (487 × 860 pixel, file size: 59 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Wallis, The Duchess... Earl Winfield Spencer, Jr. ... Ernest Aldrich Simpson (1895—1958) was a British shipping executive best known as the second husband of Wallis Simpson, who married the former Edward VIII of the United Kingdom. ... Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; later The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of Great Britain, Ireland, the British Dominions beyond the Seas, and Emperor of India from the death of his father, George V (1910–36), on 20... A Royal House or Dynasty is a sort of family name used by royalty. ... The House of Windsor is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and each of the other Commonwealth Realms. ... is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... Blue Ridge Summit is a town in southeastern Pennsylvania, located at 39. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... The upper lake, with rowboats The Bois de Boulogne is a park located along the western edge of the 16ème arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Frogmore or Frogmore House is a former royal residence in England, in the grounds of Windsor Castle, and is the site of the Frogmore Mausoleum containing the grave of Victoria and Albert. ... This article is about the castle in Windsor. ... is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; later The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of Great Britain, Ireland, the British Dominions beyond the Seas, and Emperor of India from the death of his father, George V (1910–36), on 20...

After two unsuccessful marriages, she allegedly became the mistress of Edward, Prince of Wales in 1934. Two years later, after Edward's accession as King, he proposed marriage. The King's desire to wed a twice-divorced American with two living ex-husbands and a reputation as an opportunist caused a constitutional crisis in the United Kingdom and the Dominions, which ultimately led to the king's abdication in order to marry "the woman I love".^[1] This article is about the title Prince of Wales. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The British monarch or Sovereign is the monarch and head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen-in-Parliament) legislative power. ... A constitutional crisis is a severe breakdown in the smooth operation of government. ... This article is about Dominions of the British Empire and of the Commonwealth of Nations. ... The Instrument of Abdication signed by Edward VIII and his three brothers The Edward VIII abdication crisis refers to events which occurred in 1936, when King-Emperor Edward VIII of the British Empire precipitated a constitutional crisis throughout his realms by his desire to marry his mistress, Mrs. ...

After the abdication, the former king was created Duke of Windsor by his brother George VI; Edward married Wallis six months later. Following this marriage, she was formally known as the Duchess of Windsor, without the style "Her Royal Highness". Before, during and after World War II, the Windsors were suspected by many in government and society of being Nazi sympathisers. George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 11 December 1936 until his death. ... A style of office, or honorific, is a form of address which by tradition or law precedes a reference to a person who holds a title or post, or to the political office itself. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

In the 1950s and 1960s, she and the duke shuttled between Europe and the United States, living a life of leisure as society celebrities. After his death in 1972, the duchess lived in seclusion and was rarely seen in public. Her private life has been a source of much speculation, and she remains a controversial figure in British history. The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Early life

Bessie Wallis (sometimes written "Bessiewallis") Warfield was born in Square Cottage at Monterey Inn, directly across the road from the Monterey Country Club, at the resort of Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania. She was the only child of Teackle Wallis Warfield and Alice Montague.^[2] Built before 1885, the Monterey Country Club is home to one of the oldest golf courses in the United States. ... Blue Ridge Summit is a town in southeastern Pennsylvania, located at 39. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ...

The dates of her birth and of her parents' marriage are unclear. She was born either in 1895 (according to the 1900 census returns)^[3] or in 1896.^[4][5] She was named Bessie Wallis, in honour of her father and her mother's sister, Mrs. Bessie Buchanan Merryman. She was generally known as Wallis. Her parents were married on either 19 November 1895^[6] or the same day of the following year.^[3] Her father died of tuberculosis on either 15 November 1896,^[6] or the same day of the following year.^[3] For her first few years, she was raised in Baltimore, Maryland, in modest, even impoverished, circumstances, dependent upon the charity of her wealthy uncle, Solomon Warfield.^[7] Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... Baltimore redirects here. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Largest metro area Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 101 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N...

In 1901, her maternal aunt, Bessie Merryman, was widowed, and the following year Alice and Wallis moved into her large and comfortable house at 9 West Chase Street, Baltimore. A fellow pupil at Wallis's school recalled, "She was bright, brighter than all of us. She made up her mind to go to the head of the class, and she did."^[8] Wallis was always immaculately dressed and pushed herself hard to do well.^[9]

In 1908, Wallis's mother, Alice, married her second husband, John Freeman Rasin. On 17 April 1910, Wallis was confirmed at Protestant Episcopal Christ Church, Baltimore, even though there are no contemporaneous records of her ever being baptised.^[3] Between 1912 and 1914, Solomon Warfield paid for Wallis to attend Oldfields School, the most expensive girl's school in Maryland. There she made friends with heiress Renée du Pont, a daughter of Senator T. Coleman du Pont, of the du Pont family, and Mary Kirk, whose family founded Kirk Silverware.^[10] is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Oldfields School, founded in Baltimore County in 1867 by Anna Austen McCulloch, is the oldest girls boarding school in Maryland. ... Thomas Coleman du Pont (1863–1930) was an American engineer, and politician, from Greenville, Delaware in New Castle County. ... The Du Pont de Nemours family is a wealthy American family. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

First marriage

In May 1916, Wallis met Earl Winfield Spencer, Jr., a U.S. Navy pilot, at Pensacola, Florida, while visiting her cousin Corinne Mustin.^[11] It was at this time that Wallis witnessed two airplane crashes about two weeks apart, resulting in a life-long fear of flying.^[12] On 8 November 1916, the couple married at Christ Church. Win, as her husband was known, was an alcoholic. He drank even before flying and once crashed into the sea but escaped almost unharmed.^[13] After the United States entered World War I in 1917, Spencer was posted to a training base in San Diego, where they remained until 1920.^[14] In 1920, Edward, the Prince of Wales, visited San Diego but he and Wallis never met.^[15] Later that year, Spencer left his wife for a period of four months, but in the spring of 1921 they were reunited in Washington, D.C., where Spencer had been posted. They soon separated again, and in 1923, when Spencer was posted to the Far East as commander of the Pampanga, Wallis remained behind, continuing an affair with an Argentine diplomat, Felipe Espil.^[16] In January 1924, she visited Paris with her recently widowed cousin Corinne Mustin,^[17] before sailing to the Far East aboard a troop carrier. The Spencers were briefly reunited until she fell ill from drinking contaminated water, after which she was evacuated to Hong Kong.^[18] Earl Winfield Spencer, Jr. ... USN redirects here. ... Nickname: Location in Escambia County and the state of Florida Coordinates: , Country State County Escambia Government  - Mayor John Fogg Area  - City 39. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Flag Seal Nickname: Americas Finest City Location Location of San Diego within San Diego County Coordinates , Government County San Diego Mayor City Attorney         City Council District One District Two District Three District Four District Five District Six District Seven District Eight Jerry Sanders (R) Michael Aguirre Scott Peters Kevin... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... The far east as a cultural block includes East Asia, Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia and South Asia. ... USS Pampanga (PG-39) was a schooner-rigged iron gunboat in the United States Navy during the Philippine-American War. ... This article is about the capital of France. ...

An Italian diplomat remembered Wallis from her time in China: "Her conversation was brilliant and she had the habit of bringing up the right subject of conversation with anyone she came in contact with and entertaining them on that subject."^[19] According to Hui-lan "Juliana" Koo, the second wife of the Chinese diplomat Wellington Koo, the only Mandarin phrase that Wallis learned during her sojourn in Asia was "Boy, pass me the Champagne."^[20][21] Wellington Koo in 1912 Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo (Chinese: 顾维钧；Pinyin: Gù Wéijūn; Wade-Giles: Ku Wei-chün) (January 29, 1887 – November 14, 1985) was a Chinese diplomat and a representative to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. ...

Wallis toured China, and stayed with Katherine and Herman Rogers, who were to remain long-term friends, while in Beijing.^[22] According to the wife of one of Win's fellow officers, Mrs Milton E. Miles, it was there that Wallis met Count Galeazzo Ciano, had an affair with him, and became pregnant, leading to a botched abortion that left her unable to conceive.^[23] By September 1925, Wallis and her husband were back in the United States, though living apart.^[24] They divorced on 10 December 1927.^[2] Peking redirects here. ... Milton E. Miles (1901 - 1960) was a Vice-Admiral in the United States Navy and graduate of the United States Naval Academy. ... Gian Galeazzo Ciano, Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari (March 18, 1903 – January 11, 1944), was Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Benito Mussolinis son-in-law. ... is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Second marriage

By the time her marriage to Spencer was dissolved, Wallis had already become involved with Ernest Aldrich Simpson, a mild-mannered half-English, half-American shipping executive and former captain in the Coldstream Guards.^[25] He divorced his first wife, the former Dorothea Parsons Dechert (by whom he had a daughter, Audrey), to marry Wallis Spencer on 21 July 1928 at the Chelsea Register Office, London.^[2] Wallis had telegraphed her acceptance of his proposal from Cannes where she was staying with her friends, Mr and Mrs Rogers.^[26] Ernest Aldrich Simpson (1895—1958) was a British shipping executive best known as the second husband of Wallis Simpson, who married the former Edward VIII of the United Kingdom. ... The Coldstream Guards is a regiment of the British Army, part of the Guards Division or Household Division. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Statue of Thomas More on Cheyne Walk. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Cannes - receding storm Cannes, as seen from a ferry speeding towards lÎle Saint-Honorat Cannes (pronounced ) (Provençal Occitan: Canas in classical norm or Cano in Mistralian norm) is a city and commune in southern France, located on the Riviera, in the Alpes-Maritimes département and the r...

The Simpsons temporarily set up home in a furnished house with four servants in Mayfair.^[27] In 1929, Wallis sailed back to the United States to visit her sick mother, who was by now married to Charles Gordon Allen. During the trip, Wallis's investments were wiped out in the Wall Street Crash, and her mother died penniless on 2 November 1929. Wallis returned to England and with the shipping business still buoyant, the Simpsons moved into a large flat with a staff of servants.^[28] Mayfair is an area in the City of Westminster London, named after the fortnight-long May Fair that took place there from 1686 until it was banned in that location in 1764. ... For the protest against the Communications Decency Act, see Black World Wide Web protest. ... is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Through a friend, Consuelo Thaw, Wallis met Consuelo's sister Thelma, Lady Furness, the then mistress of Edward, Prince of Wales.^[29] On 10 January 1931, Lady Furness introduced Wallis to the Prince.^[30] The Prince was the eldest son of George V and Queen Mary, and heir apparent to the throne. Between 1931 and 1934, he met the Simpsons at various house parties, and Wallis was presented at court. Ernest was beginning to encounter financial difficulties, as the Simpsons were living beyond their means, and they had to fire a succession of staff.^[31] Thelma, Viscountess Furness (August 23, 1904 – January 29, 1970), born Thelma Morgan, was the woman who preceded Wallis Simpson in the affections of Edward VIII of the United Kingdom. ... is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was the first British monarch belonging to the House of Windsor, which he created from the British branch of the German House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ... Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes; 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953) was the Queen Consort of George V. Queen Mary was also the Empress of India. ... Contrasting with heir presumptive, an heir apparent is one who cannot be prevented from inheriting by the birth of any other person. ...

Relationship with Edward, Prince of Wales

In December 1933, while Lady Furness was away in New York, Wallis allegedly became the Prince's mistress. Edward denied this to his father, despite his staff seeing them in bed together as well as "evidence of a physical sexual act".^[32] Wallis soon ousted Lady Furness, and distanced the Prince from a former lover and confidante, the Anglo-American textile heiress Freda Dudley Ward.^[33] New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Freda Dudley Ward (28 July 1894 - 16 March 1983) was a leading English socialite. ...

By 1934, Edward was irretrievably besotted with Wallis, finding her domineering manner and abrasive irreverence toward his position appealing; in the words of his official biographer, he became "slavishly dependent" on her.^[16] At an evening party in Buckingham Palace, he introduced her to his mother — his father was outraged,^[34] primarily on account of her marital history (divorced people were excluded from court).^[35] Edward showered Wallis with money and jewels,^[36] and in February 1935, and again later in the year, he holidayed with her in Europe.^[37] His courtiers became increasingly alarmed as the affair began to interfere with his official duties.^[38] Buckingham Palace and the Victoria Memorial. ...

British documents released on 30 January 2003 revealed that Wallis was being trailed by Special Branch detectives in 1935. Their reports claim that Wallis was also secretly having a love affair with Guy Marcus Trundle, an engineer and salesman for Ford, who was the son of a Anglican canon. However, considerable doubts have been cast on the veracity of these claims, based on comments from a man whose mother was Trundle's mistress for nearly two decades.^[39] is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Special Branch is the arm of the British, Irish and many Commonwealth police forces that deals with national security matters. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Engineering is the discipline of acquiring and applying knowledge of design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... “Ford” redirects here. ... Canons, Bruges A Canon of the Seminary, Sint Niklaas, Flanders. ...

Abdication crisis

Wallis was named Woman of the Year by Time magazine in 1936. It was the first time the magazine had a Woman rather than a Man of the Year.

Main article: Edward VIII abdication crisis

On 20 January 1936, George V died and Edward ascended the throne as Edward VIII. The next day, he broke royal protocol by watching the proclamation of his accession from a window of St. James's Palace, in the company of the still-married Wallis.^[40] It was becoming apparent to court and government circles that Edward meant to marry her.^[41] The King’s behaviour and his relationship with Wallis made him unpopular with the Conservative British government, as well as distressing his mother and brother.^[42] Although the pre-war media in the UK remained deferential to the monarchy, and no stories of the affair were reported in the domestic press, foreign media widely reported their relationship.^[43] Image File history File links Wallis_Time. ... Image File history File links Wallis_Time. ... Person of the Year is an annual issue of United States (U.S.) newsmagazine Time that features a profile on the man, woman, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that [1] // The tradition of selecting a Man of the Year began in 1927, when Time editors contemplated what they could... “TIME” redirects here. ... The Instrument of Abdication signed by Edward VIII and his three brothers The Edward VIII abdication crisis refers to events which occurred in 1936, when King-Emperor Edward VIII of the British Empire precipitated a constitutional crisis throughout his realms by his desire to marry his mistress, Mrs. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... St Jamess Palace and The Mall by Jan Kip, 1715. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and the oldest political party in the United Kingdom. ... In the United Kingdom the term National Government is in an abstract sense used to refer to a coalition of some or all UK major political parties. ...

The monarch of the United Kingdom is Supreme Governor of the Church of England — at the time of the proposed marriage, and until 2002, the Church of England did not permit the re-marriage of divorced people with living ex-spouses.^[44] Accordingly, while there was no civil law barrier to King Edward marrying Wallis, the constitutional position was that the King could not marry a divorcée and remain as King (for to do so would conflict with his role as Supreme Governor).^[45] Furthermore, the British government and the governments of the Dominions were against the idea of marriage between the King and an American divorcée for other reasons.^[46] She was perceived by many in the British Empire as a woman of "limitless ambition",^[47] who was pursuing the King because of his wealth and position.^[48] Henry VIII was the founder of the Church of England yet did not hold the title of Supreme Governor. ... The Church of England logo since 1998 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... This article is about Dominions of the British Empire and of the Commonwealth of Nations. ...

Wallis had already filed for divorce from her second husband and the decree nisi was granted on 27 October 1936.^[49] Her relationship with the King had become public knowledge in the United Kingdom by early December. Wallis decided to flee the country as the scandal broke, being driven to the south of France in a dramatic race to outrun the press. For the next three months, she was under siege by the press at the Villa Lou Viei, near Cannes, the home of her close friends Herman and Katherine Rogers.^[50] A decree nisi (non-absolute ruling) is a ruling by a court that does not have any force until such time that a particular condition is met. ... is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Back in the United Kingdom, the King consulted with the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, on a way to marry Wallis and keep the throne. The King suggested a morganatic marriage, where the King would remain King but Wallis would not be Queen, but this was rejected by Baldwin and the Prime Ministers of Australia and South Africa.^[46] If the King were to marry Wallis against Baldwin's advice, the Government would be required to resign, causing a constitutional crisis.^[51] The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is, in practice, the political leader of the United Kingdom. ... Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 – 14 December 1947) was a British statesman and thrice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... A morganatic marriage is a type of marriage which can be contracted in certain countries, usually between persons of unequal social rank (unebenbürtig in German), which prevents the passage of the husbands titles and privileges to the wife and any children born of the marriage. ...

At her hideaway in the south of France, Wallis was pressured by the King's Lord-in-Waiting, Peregrine Cust, 6th Baron Brownlow, to renounce the King. On 7 December 1936, Lord Brownlow read to the press her statement, which he had helped her draft, indicating Wallis's readiness to give up the King.^[52] However, Edward was determined to marry Wallis. As the issue of abdication gathered strength, John Theodore Goddard, Wallis's solicitor, stated: "[his] client was ready to do anything to ease the situation but the other end of the wicket [Edward VIII] was determined." This seemingly indicated that the King had decided he had no option but to abdicate if he wished to marry Wallis.^[53] In politics, a whip is a member of a political party in a legislature whose task is to ensure that members of the party attend and vote as the party leadership desires. ... Belton House, the ancestral home of the Brownlow family Peregrine Cust, 6th Baron Brownlow (born 1899 - died 1978) was the son of Adelbert Salusbury Cockayne Cust, 5th Baron Brownlow, and his wife Maud Buckle. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Theodore Goddard was an English law firm based in London. ... A solicitor is a type of lawyer in many common law jurisdictions, such as the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, and in a few regions of the United States. ...

The King signed the Instrument of Abdication on 10 December 1936, in the presence of his three surviving brothers, the Duke of York (who would ascend the throne the following day as George VI), the Duke of Gloucester and the Duke of Kent. Special laws passed by the Parliaments of the Commonwealth Realms finalised Edward's abdication the following day, or in Ireland's case one day later. On the 11 December 1936, Edward made a broadcast to the people, saying of Wallis, "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility, and to discharge my duties as King as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love."^[54] is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 11 December 1936 until his death. ... The Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (Henry William Frederick Albert; 31 March 1900 – 10 June 1974) was a member of the British Royal Family, the third son of George V of the United Kingdom and Queen Mary, and thus uncle to Elizabeth II. He was appointed regent for his niece... The Prince George, Duke of Kent (George Edward Alexander Edmund) (20 December 1902–25 August 1942) was a member of the British Royal Family, the fourth son of King George V. He held the title of Duke of Kent from 1934 to his death in 1942. ... The Commonwealth Realms, shown in pink A Commonwealth Realm is any one of the sixteen sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that recognise Elizabeth II as their respective monarch. ... is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Afterwards, Prince Edward left the UK and went to Austria, staying at Schloss Enzesfeld, the home of Baron Eugen and Baroness Kitty de Rothschild. Edward had to remain apart from Wallis until there was no danger of compromising the granting of a decree absolute in her divorce proceedings. Upon her divorce being made final in May 1937, she resumed her maiden name of Wallis Warfield. The couple were reunited at the Château de Candé, Monts, France, on 4 May 1937.^[55] This does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see May (disambiguation). ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Third marriage, Duchess of Windsor

The Windsors on their wedding day

Wallis and Edward married one month later on 3 June 1937, which would have been King George V’s 72nd birthday. The wedding took place at Château de Candé, lent to them by Charles Bedaux, who later worked actively for Nazi Germany in World War II.^[56][57] No member of the Royal Family attended the wedding. The marriage was to be childless. Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... King George V King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Emperor of India His Majesty King George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert) (3 June 1865–20 January 1936) was the last British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, changing the name to the... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Edward had previously been created Duke of Windsor by his brother, the new George VI. However, letters patent, passed by the new King and unanimously supported by the Dominion governments,^[58] prevented Wallis, now the Duchess of Windsor, from using the style of Her Royal Highness. The new King's firm view, that the Duchess should not be given a royal title, was shared by Queen Mary and George's wife, Queen Elizabeth.^[59] At first, the British Royal Family did not accept the Duchess and would not receive her formally, although the former king sometimes met his mother and siblings after his abdication. Some biographers have suggested that Queen Elizabeth, Edward's sister-in-law, remained bitter towards Wallis for her role in bringing George VI to the throne (which has been seen by some as a factor in George VI's death),^[60] and for prematurely behaving as Edward's consort when she was his mistress.^[61] But these claims are denied by Queen Elizabeth's close friends; for example, the Duke of Grafton wrote that she "never said anything nasty about the Duchess of Windsor, except to say she really hadn't got a clue what she was dealing with."^[62] On the other hand, the Duchess of Windsor referred to Queen Elizabeth alternatively as "Mrs Temple" or as "Cookie", alluding to her solid figure and fondness for food, and to her daughter, Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II), as "Shirley", as in Shirley Temple.^[63] The Duchess bitterly resented the denial of the royal title and the refusal of the Duke's relatives to accept her as part of the family.^[16][64] However, within the household of the Duke and Duchess, she was still addressed as "Her Royal Highness" by those who were close to the couple.^[65] The peerage title Duke of Windsor was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1937 for The Prince Edward, formerly King of the United Kingdom. ... Letters Patent by Queen Victoria creating the office of Governor-General of Australia Letters patent are a type of legal instrument in the form of an open letter issued by a monarch or government granting an office, a right, monopoly, title, or status to someone or some entity such as... Royal Highness (abbreviation HRH) is a style (His Royal Highness or Her Royal Highness); plural Royal Highnesses (abbreviation TRH, Their Royal Highnesses). ... Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, later Queen Elizabeth (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite; 4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002), was the Queen Consort of King George VI of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 1936 until his death in 1952. ... Members of the Royal Family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the Trooping the Colour ceremony The British Royal Family is shared between the Commonwealth Realms; this article focuses on the perspective of United Kingdom. ... Look up abdication in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... His Grace Captain Hugh Denis Charles Fitzroy, the 11th Duke of Grafton (b. ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ... Shirley Jane Temple (born April 23, 1928) is an American former child actress. ...

According to the wife of former British Union of Fascists leader Oswald Mosley, Diana, who knew both the future Queen Mother and the Duchess of Windsor, but was only friendly with the latter, the Queen's antipathy toward her sister-in-law may have had a deeper source. As Lady Mosley wrote to her sister the Duchess of Devonshire after the death of the Duke of Windsor, "probably the theory of their [the Windsors'] contemporaries that Cake [a Mitford nickname for the Queen Mother, derived from her confectionary fashion sense] was rather in love with him [the Duke] (as a girl) & took second best, may account for much."^[66] The flag of the British Union of Fascists showing the Flash and Circle symbolic of action within unity The British Union of Fascists (BUF) was a political party of the 1930s in the United Kingdom. ... Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet (November 16, 1896 – December 3, 1980), was a British politician known principally as the founder of the British Union of Fascists. ... The Honourable Diana Mitford (The Honourable Lady Mosley) (17 June 1910 – 11 August 2003) was one of Britains noted Mitford sisters. ... Portrait by Pietro Annigoni Deborah Vivien Freeman-Mitford (born March 31, 1920), Dowager Duchess of Devonshire, is the last of the noted Mitford sisters. ...

The Duke and Duchess of Windsor with Adolf Hitler.

The Duke and Duchess lived in France in the pre-war years. In 1937, they visited Germany as personal guests of the Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler, a tour much publicised by the German media. Hitler said of the Duchess, "she would have made a good Queen."^[67] The visit tended to corroborate the strong suspicions of many in government and society that the Duchess was a German agent,^[16] a claim that she acknowledged (but denied) in her letters to the Duke.^[68] FBI files compiled in the 1930s also portray her as a possible Nazi sympathiser. The ex-Duke of Wurttemberg told the FBI that she and leading Nazi Joachim von Ribbentrop had been lovers in London.^[69] There were even rather improbable reports during World War II that she kept a signed photograph of Ribbentrop on her bedside table,^[70] and had continued to pass details to him even during the invasion of France.^[71] Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Socialist German Workers Party, (German: , or NSDAP, commonly known as the Nazi Party), was a political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945. ... Hitler redirects here. ... F.B.I. and FBI redirect here. ... The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... Philipp Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg (George Philipp Albrecht Carl Maria Joseph Ludwig Hubertus Stanislaus Leopold von Württemberg) was born on 14 November 1893 in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (born Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim Ribbentrop) (April 30, 1893 – October 16, 1946) was Foreign Minister of Germany from 1938 until 1945. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

World War II

Following the outbreak of war in 1939, the Duke was given a military post in the British Army stationed in France. According to the son of William Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside, the Duchess continued to entertain friends associated with the fascist movement, and leaked details of the French and Belgian defences gleaned from the Duke.^[72] When the Germans invaded the north of France and bombed Britain in May 1940, the Duchess told an American journalist, "I can't say I feel sorry for them."^[73] As the German troops advanced, the Duke and Duchess fled south from their Paris home, first to Biarritz, then in June to Spain. There, she told the United States ambassador, A. W. Wedell, that France had lost because it was "internally diseased".^[74] In July, the pair moved to Lisbon, Portugal, where the British ambassador billeted them at first in the home of a banker who may have been a double agent working for both Germany and Britain.^[75] In August, a British warship dispatched the pair to the Bahamas and the Duke was installed as Governor. Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ironside (centre) with Polish chief of staff Gen. ... Biarritz (French: Biarritz, pronounced ; Gascon Occitan: Biàrritz; Basque: Miarritze) is a town and commune which lies on the Bay of Biscay, on the Atlantic coast, in southwestern France. ... For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation). ...

Wallis competently performed her role as the Governor's lady for five years. However, she hated Nassau, calling it "our St Helena", in a reference to Napoleon Bonaparte's final place of exile.^[76] She was heavily criticised for her extravagant shopping trips to the United States, undertaken when Britain was under rationing and blackout.^[16] She had racist attitudes towards the local population (she called them "lazy, thriving niggers" in letters to her aunt).^[77] In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill strenuously objected when she and her husband planned to tour the Caribbean aboard a yacht belonging to a Swedish magnate, Axel Wenner-Gren, whom Churchill stated to be "pro-German". Churchill felt compelled to complain again when the Duke gave a "defeatist" interview.^[78] The British establishment distrusted the Duchess; Sir Alexander Hardinge wrote that her anti-British activities were motivated by a desire for revenge against the country that rejected her as its queen.^[79] After the war, the couple returned to France and retirement. For other uses of Nassau, see Nassau (disambiguation). ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des... // Nigger is a racial slur used to refer to dark-skinned people, especially those of African ancestry. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Churchill redirects here. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren (June 5, 1881 - November 24, 1961) was a Swedish entrepreneur and one of the wealthiest men in the world during the 1930s. ... Alexander Hardinge, 2nd Baron Hardinge of Penshurst KCB GCVO MC PC (17 May 1894–29 May 1960) was Private Secretary to the Sovereign during the Abdication Crisis of Edward VIII and during most of the Second World War. ...

Later life and death

In 1946, when the Duchess was staying at Ednam Lodge, the home of the Earl of Dudley, some of her jewels were stolen. There were rumours that the theft had been masterminded by the British Royal Family, as an attempt to regain jewels taken from the Royal Collection by the Duke, or by the Windsors themselves—they made a large deposit of loose stones at Cartier the following year. However, in 1960, Richard Dunphie confessed to the crime. The stolen pieces were only a small portion of the Windsor jewels, which were either bought privately, inherited by the Duke, or given to the Duke when he was Prince of Wales.^[80] Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... William Humble Eric Ward, 3rd Earl of Dudley, (30 January 1894 – 26 December 1969) was the son of William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley GCB, GCMG, GCVO (1867–1932), and was styled Viscount Ednam before 1932. ... Members of the Royal Family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the Trooping the Colour ceremony The British Royal Family is shared between the Commonwealth Realms; this article focuses on the perspective of United Kingdom. ... Shaped by the personal tastes of kings and queens over more than 500 years, the Royal Collection includes paintings, drawings and watercolours, furniture, ceramics, clocks, silver, sculpture, jewellery, books, manuscripts, prints and maps, arms and armour, fans, and textiles. ... hello ...

On George VI's death in 1952, the Duke returned to England for the funeral. The Duchess did not attend; the previous October whilst staying in London she had told her husband, "I hate this country. I shall hate it to my grave."^[81] Later that year, they were offered the use of a house by the Paris municipal authorities. The couple lived at 4 rue du Champ d'Entraînement in Neuilly near Paris for most of the remainder of their lives, essentially living a life of easy retirement.^[82] They bought a second home in the country, where they soon became close friends with their neighbours, Oswald and Diana Mosley.^[83] Years later, Diana Mosley claimed that the Duke and Duchess shared her and her husband's views that Hitler should have been given a free hand to destroy Communism.^[84] As the Duke himself wrote in the New York Daily News of 13 December 1966: "…it was in Britain's interest and in Europe's too, that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever…I thought the rest of us could be fence-sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out."^[85] Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Neuilly-sur-Seine is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine département in France. ... This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1965, when the Duke and Duchess visited London as the Duke required eye surgery, the Queen and Princess Marina visited them. Later, in 1967, the Duke and Duchess joined the Royal Family for the centenary of Queen Mary's birth.^[86] Both the Queen and Prince Charles paid visits to the Windsors in the Duke's later years.^[87] HRH Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (née Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark), (13 December 1906 - 27 August 1968) was a member of the British Royal Family; the wife of Prince George, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George V and Queen... Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes; 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953) was the Queen Consort of George V. Queen Mary was also the Empress of India. ...

Upon the Duke's death from cancer in 1972, the increasingly senile and frail Duchess travelled to England to attend his funeral,^[88] staying at Buckingham Palace during her visit.^[89] The Duchess lived the remainder of her life as a recluse, supported by both her husband's estate and an allowance from the Queen.^[90] In October 1976, she was due to receive the Queen Mother, but as the Duchess was too frail and mentally absent to receive her, her staff cancelled the visit at the last minute. The Queen Mother sent flowers with a card reading, "In Friendship, Elizabeth."^[91] After her husband's death, the Duchess gave her legal authority to her French lawyer, Suzanne Blum.^[92] This potentially exploitative relationship was explored in Caroline Blackwood's book The Last of the Duchess, written in 1980, but not published until after Blum's death in 1995.^[93] In 1980, the Duchess lost the power of speech.^[94] Towards the end, she was bed-ridden and did not receive any visitors, apart from her doctor and nurses. Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ...

The Duchess of Windsor died on 24 April 1986 at her home in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris.^[2] Her funeral was held at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, attended by her surviving sisters-in-law Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, and Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester. The Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Prince and Princess of Wales attended both the funeral ceremony and the burial. She was buried next to Edward behind the Royal Mausoleum in Windsor Castle's Home Park, as "Wallis, Duchess of Windsor".^[95] is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... The upper lake, with rowboats The Bois de Boulogne is a park located along the western edge of the 16ème arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Members of the public outside St Georges Chapel at Windsor Castle, waiting to watch the Garter Procession St Georges Chapel is the place of worship at Windsor Castle in England. ... This article is about the castle in Windsor. ... Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, later Queen Elizabeth (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite; 4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002), was the Queen Consort of King George VI of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 1936 until his death in 1952. ... Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (born The Lady Alice Montagu-Douglas-Scott; 25 December 1901 – 29 October 2004) was the wife of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the third son of George V and Queen Mary. ... “Prince Charles” redirects here. ... Princess Diana redirects here. ... Frogmore or Frogmore House is a former royal residence in England, in the grounds of Windsor Castle, and is the site of the Frogmore Mausoleum containing the grave of Victoria and Albert. ... The Home Park, previously known as the Little Park (and originally Lydecroft Park), is a private 655 acre British Royal park, administered by the Crown Estate. ...

Most of her £5m estate went to the Pasteur Institute medical research foundation, on the instructions of Suzanne Blum. The decision took the royal family and the Duchess's friends by surprise, as she had shown no interest in charity during her life.^[96] In recognition of the help France gave to the Duke and Duchess in providing them with a home, and in lieu of death duties, the Duchess's collection of Louis XVI furniture, some porcelain and paintings were made over to the French state.^[97] The British Royal Family received no major bequests. Mohammed Al-Fayed, owner of Harrods department store, bought much of the estate, including the lease of the Paris mansion. The bulk of his collection was sold in 1998, the year after his son's death in the car accident that also claimed the life of Diana, Princess of Wales. The sale raised more than £14m for charity.^[95] The Pasteur Institute (French: Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, microorganisms, diseases and vaccines. ... Louis XVI Louis XVI (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793), was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then King of the French in 1791-1792. ... Mohamed Al-Fayed (b. ... The Harrods storefront Harrods in 1909 The opulent Egyptian-style clothing department at Harrods, London Harrods in Buenos Aires Harrods is a department store on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London, UK. The Harrods brand also applies to other enterprises undertaken by the Harrods group of companies including Harrods Bank, Harrods... Emad El-Din Mohamed Abdel Moneim Fayed (Arabic: عماد الدين محمد عبد المنعم الفايد ) (April 15, 1955 - August 31, 1997), better known as Dodi Fayed, was the son of the Egyptian billionaire Mohamed Al-Fayed (Arabic: محمد الفايد), owner of the British department store Harrods, Fulham Football Club and the Hôtel Ritz Paris. ... The Pont de lAlma tunnel, where Diana was fatally injured. ... Princess Diana redirects here. ...

Legacy

Wallis was plagued by rumours of other lovers. The otherwise homosexual American playboy Jimmy Donahue, an heir to the Woolworth fortune, claimed to have had a liaison with the Duchess in the 1950s, but Donahue was notorious for his inventive pranks and rumour-mongering.^[98] The existence of a so-called "China dossier" (detailing the supposed sexual and criminal exploits of Wallis in China) is denied by virtually all historians and biographers.^[99] Although there have been rumours of pregnancy and abortion, most notably involving Count Ciano in China, there is no hard evidence that the Duchess became pregnant by any of her lovers or her three husbands. Claims that she suffered from androgen insensitivity syndrome, also known as testicular feminisation,^[39][100] seem improbable, if not impossible, given her operation for cancer of the womb in 1951.^[101] Foot Locker Inc NYSE: FL (formerly Z) is a United States company specialising in athletic footwear and clothing. ... Galeazzo Ciano. ... Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS, or Androgen resistance syndrome) is a set of disorders of sexual differentiation that results from mutations of the gene encoding the androgen receptor. ...

The Duchess published her ghost-written memoirs, The Heart Has Its Reasons, in 1956. Author Charles Higham says of the book, "facts were remorselessly rearranged in what amounted to a self-performed face-lift…reflecting in abundance its author's politically misguided but winning and desirable personality." He describes the Duchess as "charismatic, electric and compulsively ambitious."^[102] Hearsay, conjecture and politically motivated propaganda have clouded assessment of the Duchess of Windsor's life, unhelped by her own manipulation of the truth. But there is no document which proves directly that she was anything other than a victim of her own ambition, who lived out a great romance that became a great tragedy. In the opinion of her biographers, "she experienced the ultimate fairy tale, becoming the adored favourite of the most glamorous bachelor of his time. The idyll went wrong when, ignoring her pleas, he threw up his position to spend the rest of his life with her."^[103] Academics agree that she ascended a precipice that "left her with fewer alternatives than she had anticipated. Somehow she thought that the Establishment could be overcome once [Edward] was king, and she confessed frankly to Aunt Bessie about her "insatiable ambitions"…Trapped by his flight from responsibility into exactly the role she had sought, suddenly she warned him, in a letter, "You and I can only create disaster together"…she predicted to society hostess Sybil Colefax, "two people will suffer" because of "the workings of a system"…Denied dignity, and without anything useful to do, the new Duke of Windsor and his Duchess would be international society's most notorious parasites for a generation, while they thoroughly bored each other…She had thought of him as emotionally a Peter Pan, and of herself an Alice in Wonderland. The book they had written together, however, was a Paradise Lost."^[104] The Duchess herself is reported to have summed up her life in a sentence: "You have no idea how hard it is to live out a great romance."^[105]

In popular culture

The Woman I Love (1972, made-for-TV movie) focused on Edward VIII's love affair with Wallis Simpson. Wallis was portrayed by Faye Dunaway; Richard Chamberlain played Edward.^[106] Edward and Mrs. Simpson (1978, seven-part miniseries) was based on Frances Donaldson's 1974 biography, Edward VIII. It was produced by Thames Television, and the focus was on both the romance and the constitutional crisis that triggered the abdication. Cynthia Harris played Wallis, and Edward Fox, Edward. The Woman He Loved (1988, made-for-TV movie) starred Jane Seymour as Wallis and Anthony Andrews as Edward.^[107] Wallis & Edward (2005, made-for-TV movie), a Granada production later shown on BBC America, was billed as the first scripted account of the romance from Wallis Simpson's point of view.^[108] Joely Richardson played Wallis, and Steven Campbell Moore, Edward.^[109] There is also a shortstory by Rose Tremain called 'The Darkness of Wallis Simpson'. Faye Dunaway (born January 14, 1941, in Bascom, Florida) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. ... “Richard Chamberlain” redirects here. ... Edward And Mrs. ... Frances Annesley (née Lonsdale), Lady Donaldson of Kingsbridge was a writer and biographer. ... Thames Television was a franchise holder of the British ITV television network, serving London on weekdays between 1968 and 1992. ... Cynthia Harris (born August 9, 1934 in New York, New York) is an American actress, known for her roles in L.A. Law, Edward and Mrs. ... There have been several well-known individuals named Edward Fox, including: Edward Fox (c. ... Jane Seymour OBE (born Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg on February 15, 1951) is an English actress probably best known today as the co-star of the James Bond film Live and Let Die and star of the TV series and film Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. ... Anthony Andrews (born January 12, 1948 in London) is an English actor, best known for his role in Brideshead Revisited playing the doomed Sebastian Flyte. ... Joely Kim Richardson (born 9 January 1965) is an English actress. ... Stephen Campbell Moore (born Stephen Thorpe) is an English actor. ...

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

• 19 June 1895 – 8 November 1916: Miss Bessie Wallis Warfield
• 8 November 1916 – 10 December 1927: Mrs Earl Winfield Spencer
• 10 December 1927 – 21 July 1928: Mrs Wallis Warfield Spencer^[110]
• 21 July 1928 – May 1937: Mrs Ernest Aldrich Simpson
• May 1937: Mrs Wallis Warfield Simpson
• May – 3 June 1937: Mrs Wallis Warfield^[111][49]
• 3 June 1937 – 24 April 1986: Her Grace The Duchess of Windsor

• During Edward's term as Governor of the Bahamas (18 August 1940 – 28 July 1945), Wallis was entitled to be known as Her Excellency. However, this was subsumed by the superior appellation Her Grace, to which she was entitled as a Duchess.

• Edward could not accept that his wife had been denied the style Her Royal Highness, and she was unofficially styled within their own household as Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Windsor.

is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... His / Her Excellency is an honorific title given to certain high-ranking political officials. ...

Ancestry

Footnotes and sources

Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; later The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of Great Britain, Ireland, the British Dominions beyond the Seas, and Emperor of India from the death of his father, George V (1910–36), on 20... Highly regarded British biographer and historian. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Clive Wigram, 1st Baron Wigram, GCB GCVO CSI was Private Secretary to the Sovereign 1931–1936. ... Highly regarded British biographer and historian. ... William Maxwell Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, PC (May 25, 1879 – June 9, 1964) was a Canadian – British business tycoon and politician. ... Alan John Percivale Taylor (March 25, 1906 – September 7, 1990) was a renowned English historian of the 20th century. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Vanity Fair is a glossy American glamour magazine monthly that offers a mixture of articles on high-brow culture, jet-set and entertainment-business personalities, politics, and current affairs. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sir Horace John Wilson, GCB, GCMG, CBE (1882-1972) was a British government official who had a key role in the appeasement-oriented government of Neville Chamberlain just prior to World War II. Wilson is a key character in Michael Dobbs novel Winstons War. ... This article is about the British prime minister. ... Belton House, Lincolnshire, The South facade. ... The standard of the National Trust The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as The National Trust, is a British preservation organization. ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Flag De Jure territory Capital Paris Capital-in-exile London, Algiers Government Republic Leader Charles de Gaulle Historical era World War II  - de Gaulles appeal June 18, 1940  - Liberation of Paris August, 1944 The Free French Forces (French: , FFL) were French fighters in World War II, who decided to... Combatants United States United Kingdom Free French Forces Vichy France Commanders Dwight Eisenhower Andrew Cunningham François Darlan Strength 73,500 60,000 Casualties 479+ dead 720 wounded 1,346+ dead 1,997 wounded Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British-American invasion of French North Africa in... Miami redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... In the American common law legal system, a grand jury is a type of jury which determines if there is enough evidence for a trial. ... This article is about the British prime minister. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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References

• Blackwood, Lady Caroline (1995). The Last of the Duchess. Pantheon. ISBN 0-679-43970-6. 
• Bloch, Michael (1996). The Duchess of Windsor. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-83590-4. 
• Bloch, Michael (1982). The Duke of Windsor's War. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77947-8. 
• Bloch, Michael (1988). The Secret File of the Duke of Windsor. London: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-593-01667-X. 
• Bloch, Michael (ed.) (1986). Wallis and Edward: Letters 1931–1937. Summit Books. ISBN 0-671-61209-3. 
• Bradford, Sarah (1989). George VI. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79667-4. 
• Higham, Charles (2005). Mrs Simpson. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-42678-8. 
• King, Greg (1999). The Duchess of Windsor. Citadel Press. ISBN 1-55972-471-4. 
• Menkes, Suzy (1987). The Windsor Style. London: Grafton Books. ISBN 0-246-13212-4. 
• Wilson, Christopher (2001). Dancing With the Devil: the Windsors and Jimmy Donahue. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-653159-8. 
• Windsor, HRH The Duke of (1951). A King's Story. London: Cassell and Co. 
• Ziegler, Philip (1991). King Edward VIII: The official biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-57730-2. 
• Ziegler, Philip (2004), "Windsor, (Bessie) Wallis, duchess of Windsor (1896–1986)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press), DOI:10.1093/ref:odnb/38277, <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38277>. Retrieved on 2007-03-09

Highly regarded British biographer and historian. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

Further reading

• Gabbay, Tom (2007). The Lisbon Crossing. Morrow. 
• Windsor, The Duchess of (1956). The Heart has its Reasons: The Memoirs of the Duchess of Windsor. New York: Houghton Mifflin. 
• Ziegler, Philip (1985). Mountbatten: the official biography. Collins. 

External links

• Wallis, Duchess of Windsor at Find A Grave