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Wang Ming

Wang Ming (May 23, 1904 - March 27, 1974), was a senior leader of the early Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as well as the mastermind of the famous 28 Bolsheviks group. Wang was also a major political rival of Mao Zedong during the 1930s, opposing Mao's nationalism deviation from the Comintern and orthodox Marxism and Leninism line. Wang epitomized the intellectualism and foreign dogmatism Mao criticized in his essays "On Practice" and "On Contradiction". The competition between Wang and Mao was a reflection of the power struggle between Soviet Union,Comintern and CCP to control both the direction and future of the Chinese revolution. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Pictures from Xinhua News Agency File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Pictures from Xinhua News Agency File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Jump to: navigation, search May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (87th in Leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; Traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨; pinyin: Zhōnggu ngchǎndǎng) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Twenty Eight Bolsheviks were a group of Chinese students who studied at the Moscow Sun Yat-Sen University in during the late 1920s until early 1935. ... Jump to: navigation, search Mao Zedong â–¶(?) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events and trends The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the global depression. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Comintern (from Russian Коммунистичекий Интернационал (Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional) – Communist International), also known as the Third International, was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919 by Lenin, Trotsky and the Russian Communist Party (bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow... Jump to: navigation, search Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Jump to: navigation, search Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism (the forerunner of Communism) and is a branch in its own right (it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... The Chinese Civil War was a conflict in China between the Guomintang (the Nationalist Party; KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). ...

Early Life

In May 23, 1904, Wang was born in Jinzhai (Anhui), as Chen Shaoyu to a poor peasant family. In 1920 he entered the Zhicheng Elementary School in Gushi County. Wang then entered the Third Agriculture School of Auhui Province, which was founded by the revolutionary Zhu Yunshan . Zhu had a strong influence to the school's students, by introducing many progressive journals and books such as New Youth and Communism ABC. At the school, Wang would encounter another strong influential figure in his life, AYing (Qian Xinchun), his teacher. AYing would teach Wang about Lenin and Chen Duxiu. Jump to: navigation, search Anhui (Chinese: 安徽; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: An-hui; Postal System Pinyin: Ngan-hui, Anhwei or An-hwei) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events WIKIPEDIA EATS VAGINA January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a Russian revolutionary, the leader of the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the founder of the ideology of Leninism. ... Chen Duxiu (October 8, 1879 - May 27, 1942) played many different roles in Chinese history. ...

During his school years, Wang was also active in political movement. He led boycotts of Japanese products and corrupt elections. After his graduation in 1924, Wang enrolled in the Wuchang Business School, where he studied for a year. There he published several articles on revolutions and Communism. That same year he joined the May 30th Movement, which involved strikes and protests against imperialism during the Northern Expedition in Wuchang. In the summer of 1924, Wang joined the CCP. Jump to: navigation, search Communism refers to a theoretical system of social organization and a political movement based on common ownership of the means of production. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Northern Expedition (北伐) was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China from 1926 to 1927. ... Wuchang (Chinese: 武昌; pinyin: Wǔchāng) is one of the three towns, together with Hankou and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ...

Wang Ming in his youth

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From Moscow to Shanghai

In November of 1925 the CCP sent Wang to Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, founded by Chinese nationalist Sun Yat-sen. During this time, Wang mastered both the Russian language and Marxist-Leninist theory. It was also during this time, Wang encountered his first major political adversary, Ren Zhuoxuan. Ren was appointed as the secretary of Moscow Sun Yat-sen University's student CCP Branch. Eventually Wang's elloquence had won over Ren's authoritarian style in various debates. Consequently in April 1926, Wang was elected as chairman of Moscow Sun Yat-sen University's CCP branch. After the election, Pavel Mif, Moscow Sun Yat-sen University's vice president, would become fond of Wang. In January of 1927 when Mif came to China as the head of a Soviet Union delegation, Wang was his interpreter. Jump to: navigation, search Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: listen ▶(?)) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ... Jump to: navigation, search Shanghai (Chinese: 上海; pinyin: ; Shanghainese IPA: ; Lumazi: Zanhe) , situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta, is Chinas largest city. ... Jump to: navigation, search Moscow Sun Yat-sen University(莫斯科中山大学 in Chinese) was a famous training camp of Chinese revolutionists both from Communist Party of China and Kuomintang in the 1920’s and had deep influence in the Chinese modern history. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sun Yat-sen (November 12, 1866 – March 12, 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary leader who had a significant role in the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. ... Jump to: navigation, search Russian (Russian: русский язык, russkij jazyk, listen ▶(?)) is the most widely spoken language of Europe and the most widespread of the Slavic languages. ... Jump to: navigation, search Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism (the forerunner of Communism) and is a branch in its own right (it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... Jump to: navigation, search Moscow Sun Yat-sen University(莫斯科中山大学 in Chinese) was a famous training camp of Chinese revolutionists both from Communist Party of China and Kuomintang in the 1920’s and had deep influence in the Chinese modern history. ... Jump to: navigation, search Moscow Sun Yat-sen University(莫斯科中山大学 in Chinese) was a famous training camp of Chinese revolutionists both from Communist Party of China and Kuomintang in the 1920’s and had deep influence in the Chinese modern history. ... Jump to: navigation, search Moscow Sun Yat-sen University(莫斯科中山大学 in Chinese) was a famous training camp of Chinese revolutionists both from Communist Party of China and Kuomintang in the 1920’s and had deep influence in the Chinese modern history. ...

After CCP's split with the KMT in 1927, Wang and Mif attended the CCP's 5th National Congress in Wuhan. After the congress, Wang became the Secretariat for the CCP's Propaganda Department for two months. Wang was also a part-time editor of Guidance journal where he published a few articles. After the July 15 Coup in Wuhan, Wang returned to Moscow with Mif. Location within China Modern and ancient Wuhan (Simplified Chinese: 武汉; Traditional Chinese: 武漢; pinyin: ) is the capital of Hubei province, and is the largest and most populated city in central China. ... Location within China Modern and ancient Wuhan (Simplified Chinese: 武汉; Traditional Chinese: 武漢; pinyin: ) is the capital of Hubei province, and is the largest and most populated city in central China. ...

After the purge of Karl Radek by Stalin, Mif was appointed as president of Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, and then vice minister of Eastern Department of Comintern. For his service and loyalty, Wang became Mif's protoge. Wang along with other activists such as Zhang Mintian, Bo Gu and Wang Jiaxiang founded the 28 Bolsheviks group. They labelled themselves as orthodox communists. Karl B. Radek Karl Bernhardovich Radek (1885 - 1939) was a Bolshevik and an international Communist leader. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... Jump to: navigation, search Moscow Sun Yat-sen University(莫斯科中山大学 in Chinese) was a famous training camp of Chinese revolutionists both from Communist Party of China and Kuomintang in the 1920’s and had deep influence in the Chinese modern history. ... Zhang Mintian (Zhang Wentian) 张闻天 (1900–July 1, 1976), also known as Luo Fu, was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1935 to March 20, 1943. ... Qin Bangxian or Bo Gu (秦邦宪或博古) (1907-April 8, 1946) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1934-1935. ... Jump to: navigation, search Wang Jiaxiang Wang Jiaxiang (August 15, 1906 - January, 1974), one of the senior leaders of the Communist Party of China in its early stage and a member of the 28 Bolsheviks, with his life of up and down indicating the cruel reality of politics. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Twenty Eight Bolsheviks were a group of Chinese students who studied at the Moscow Sun Yat-Sen University in during the late 1920s until early 1935. ...

In 1929 Wang along with the 28 Bolsheviks were sent back to China with the goal of taking leadership of CCP. However they met strong resistance in CCP from members such as Zhang Guotao and Zhou Enlai. Not surprisingly they were assigned insignificant positions. Wang found comfort in dating a member of 28 Bolsheviks, Meng Qingshu, who later became his wife. In 1929, Wang was transferred to the Propoganda Department of CCP, Li Lisan being the incumbent minister and actual Big Brother of CCP at that time. During the half year from 1929 to 1930, Wang published many articles on the party newspaper Red Flag and magazine Bolshevik, which supported the leftism embraced by Li. In 1930 when Wang attended a secret meeting in Shanghai, he was promptly arrested.But Wang was lucky enough to be ignored by KMT secret police, who had no idea what important value this young man might be to them. After Wang paid bribery to the guard, he was released very soon. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Jump to: navigation, search Zhou Enlai (Simplified Chinese: 周恩来; Traditional Chinese: 周恩來; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chou En-lai) (March 5, 1898 – January 8, 1976), a prominent Chinese Communist leader, was Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from 1949 until his death. ... Lǐ Lìsān (李立三, Wade-Giles: Li Li-san) (March 1899 - June 22, 1967) was a Chinese communist leader in early stage ,the actual paramount leader of the Chinese Communist Party from 1928 to 1930. ... Jump to: navigation, search Shanghai (Chinese: 上海; pinyin: ; Shanghainese IPA: ; Lumazi: Zanhe) , situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta, is Chinas largest city. ...

Wang was transferred to CCP's Central Labor Union after his release. Although Wang was a leftist and abided by the Communism dogma strictly in essence, his belief was different from Li in that Wang was more strict with or constrained by the dogmas of Marxism textbooks and policies of Comintern. So Wang quickly found a temporary alliance with old CCP members, labor activists such as He Mengxiong(何孟雄 in Chinese), Lin Yunan (林育南 in Chinesea relative of Lin Biao too) against Li. In a meeting, Wang argued with Li and offended Li. As a price for his being impulsive and immature, Wang was discharged of his position and demoted to Jiangsu division of CCP. Jump to: navigation, search Lin Biao Lin Biao (Chinese: 林彪; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Lin Piao) (December 5, 1907 - September 13, 1971) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader, once known as Mao Zedongs comrade-in-arms and likely successor, but later discredited as a traitor. ... Jump to: navigation, search Jiangsu (Simplified Chinese: 江苏; Traditional Chinese: 江蘇; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-su; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsu) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. ...

In Aug 1930, Zhou Enlai and Qu Qiubai were sent back to China by Comintern to correct the leftism of Li, and Li was called to Moscow for repentance and lost his power. In Dec of the same year, Mif came to China as envoy of Comintern. With his mentor's strong support, Wang and his associates in 28 Bolsheviks entered the power center of CCP in the 4th Plenary Meeting of 6th National Congress of CCP by way of labelling both Li and old CCP members such as He and Luo Zhanglong(罗章龙 in Chinese) as dissidents. Wang was elected as member of politburo of CCP although himself was not a Commissioner of Central Committee of CCP yet, which was a prerequisites for being a member of politburo under this system proposed by Wang himself. With Mif staying in China for almost a year, CCP was under his control, and Wang played an important role as his consultant. Although Xiang Zhongfa was incumbent General Secretary, he was just a puppet of Mif and Wang. While He and Luo still were active to set up another group to divorce from this centre, they suffered deadly loss for He and more than 30 senior associates being arrested by KMT in a secret meeting. He and 24 others were excuted later. There was a rumor that it was Wang who sold them out to purge these dissidents. But it was baseless and without strong evidence. The only thing for certain was Wang did benefit from this mysterious incident. Jump to: navigation, search Zhou Enlai (Simplified Chinese: 周恩来; Traditional Chinese: 周恩來; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chou En-lai) (March 5, 1898 – January 8, 1976), a prominent Chinese Communist leader, was Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from 1949 until his death. ... Qu Qiubai (瞿秋白) (1899 - June 18, 1935) was a leader of the Chinese Communist Party in the late 1920s and important Chinese Marxist writer and thinker. ... Jump to: navigation, search Politburo is short for Political Bureau. ... Xiang Zhongfa Xiang Zhongfa (向忠发 in Chinese) (1880 - 1931), one of the senior leaders of Communist Party of China in early stage, with whom later being the only General Secretary of CPC came from a blue worker, and then arrested and defected to Kuomintang made his life quite distinct from other...

Before long with the arrest of Gu ShunZhang(顾顺章 in Chinese), who was in charge of security guard for CCP, lots of senior leaders such as Xiang and Yun Daiying(恽代英 in Chinese) were arrested and executed. Living under the "white terror" need great courage. Maybe his arrest a year previously gave him too much shock. Wang went back to Moscow with his wife for the excuse of medical treatment. After Wang's departure, under the direction of Zhou Enlai, an acting politburo was set up in Shanghai. Zhou, Zhang Mintian, Bo Gu, Kang Sheng, Chen Yun, and Lu Futan(卢福坦 in Chinese）, Li Zhusheng (李竹声 in Chinese）in Chineseboth Lu and Li defected to KMT later) were selected as members to in charge of daily work of CCP, among which Zhang, Bo Gu and Li were members of 28 Bolsheviks and close associates of Wang, so Wang could still keep great remote control over CCP through his pals.Furthermore, Kang and Chen would meet him and become his supporters in Moscow several years later. Kang Sheng (Chinese: 康生) (1898–December 16, 1975), Communist Party of China official, was head of the Peoples Republic of Chinas security apparatus until his death, and was subsequently accused along with the Gang of Four of being responsible for persecutions during the Cultural Revolution. ... Jump to: navigation, search Chen Yun (Simplified Chinese: 陈云; Traditional Chinese: 陳雲; pinyin: ) (June 13, 1905 – April 10, 1995) was one of the most influential leaders of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Wang Ming and his close friend Bo Gu

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From Moscow to Yanan

From Nov 1931 to Nov 1937, Wang worked and lived in Moscow as the Director of CCP's delegation to Comintern. During that period, he was elected as Executive Commissioner, member of Presidium, and Alternate General of Comintern. This indicated his prominence and popularity in the Comintern. Yanan (延安, pinyin Yánān, or Yen-an in Wade-Giles), is a city in Shaanxi province, China. ... Jump to: navigation, search Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: listen â–¶(?)) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ...

It was also during this time, under the direction of Bo Gu, the CCP suffered greatly against the KMT both in the cities and the countryside. This lead to a general retreat of the CCP to the distant countryside, called the Long March. In the Zunyi Conference, the 28 Bolsheviks dissolved. Key members of the group Zhang Mintian, Wang Jiaxiang, and Yang Shangkun defected to Mao Zedong's camp. Moreover, Mao had replaced Bo Gu as head of the military, which was unknown to Wang and Comintern. As Mao consolidated his power, he became the actual paramount leader of CCP, even though Zhang Mintian was officially appointed as General Secretary of CCP in Zunyi Conference. Qin Bangxian or Bo Gu (秦邦宪或博古) (1907-April 8, 1946) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1934-1935. ... The Long March (长征, pinyin:Chángzhēng) was a massive military retreat undertaken by the Chinese Communist Army to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army. ... Jump to: navigation, search As a well-organized and highly disciplined party, the Communist Party of China made important decisions and enforced its policies by holding different meetings. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Twenty Eight Bolsheviks were a group of Chinese students who studied at the Moscow Sun Yat-Sen University in during the late 1920s until early 1935. ... Zhang Mintian (Zhang Wentian) 张闻天 (1900–July 1, 1976), also known as Luo Fu, was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1935 to March 20, 1943. ... Jump to: navigation, search Wang Jiaxiang Wang Jiaxiang (August 15, 1906 - January, 1974), one of the senior leaders of the Communist Party of China in its early stage and a member of the 28 Bolsheviks, with his life of up and down indicating the cruel reality of politics. ... Yáng Shàngkūn (May 25, 1907–September 14, 1998) was President of the Peoples Republic of China from 1988 to 1993, and was permanent Vice-chair of the Central Military Commission. ... Jump to: navigation, search Mao Zedong ▶(?) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Zhang Mintian (Zhang Wentian) 张闻天 (1900–July 1, 1976), also known as Luo Fu, was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1935 to March 20, 1943. ...

In 1931 Imperial Japan succesfully invaded China's Manchuria province. Wang made his contribution to China by lecturing on the United Front of anti-imperialism in the 7th Congress of Comintern in 1935. In Aug 1935, the CCP delegation to Comintern issued Aug 1st Manifesto, which called upon Chinese against Japan by means of union. In the same month, CCP delegation to Comintern held meetings to discuss the united front for anti-imperialism.In the meeting Wang pointed out the archenemy of Chinese was Japan instead of Chiang Kai-shek, there was possibilities for Chinese revolutionaries to set up alliance with Chiang. Flag of Japan adopted 1870, official 1999 Japanese Naval Ensign adopted 1889, re-adopted 1954 The Empire of Japan (大日本帝国; Dai Nippon Teikoku) was the official title of Japan before the end of World War II. The names Imperial Japan and Japanese Empire are also used. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887–April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ...

After that, the delegation sent Zhang Hao{(张浩 in Chinese，with real name Lin Yuying(林育英 in Chinese),also a relative of Lin Biao and a senior worker actvist of CCP} back to Yanan to herald the decision of this meeting.In the CCP politburo meeting (Wa Yaobo Meeting)in December, CCP made decision to set up united front for anti-Japan ,but still held out by labelling Chiang as the archenemy of revolution as Japan. In 1936 Secretariat of Comintern issued a telegram to Secretariat of CCP to point out it is wrong to list Chiang with Japan as the archenemy of Chinese revolution, and it is necessary to include Chiang's army in the war against Japan.

With the occurrence of Xi'an Incident in 1936,the following Marco Polo Bridge Incident and Shanghai Hongqiao Airport Incident in 1937, a general war between China and Japan was unavoidable. Wang's blueprint of United Front against Japan was under construction with Red Army of CCP transferred into 8th Route Army and New 4th Army fighting against Japan. Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變, 七七盧溝橋事變) was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ... The Eighth Route Army (八路軍 Pinyin: bālù-jūn) was one of the main military forces of the Communist Party of China, active during the Chinese Civil War and Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ...

For the further direction of United Front, Wang was sent back to Yanan with Kang Sheng and Chen Yun in a same plane after his leaving from China for 6 years. After return of Wang, Mao expressed his respect for Wang for his being envoy of Comintern and his great influence for putting forward concept of Unite Front against Japan, or more for Mao wanted to appeal to Comintern and Soviet Union behind Wang, from whom Mao need their supports both in money and weapon desperately. So when Wang brought forward a new list of leaders of CCP, Mao showed his humility by putting Wang in the first place. But how could Mao shared the power with others for a long time? It was a pity Wang didn't see through Mao's cover.Maybe it was Mao's cover fooled Wang, Wang turned his brain by demoting his former ally Zhang Mintian from the No 1 in name to 7th place, which weaken his own camp and created new opponent by driving Zhang to Mao's group. Wang ,Kang and Chen were elected into the new politburo, and Wang as Secretary for Secretariat of Central Committee of CCP which was in charge of daily operation of CCP headquarter, Chen in charge of organization and Kang in charge of security guard,but it was quite strange Chen and Kang turned to Mao's camp instead of Wang's quickly and as a result Wang lost two important potential supporters. Moveover, when Wang passed by Xingjiang during his trip to China, he ordered Deng Fa, the notoriuos securtity guard boss for CCP to arrest senior leaders of CCP Yu Xiusong,Huang Cao Li Te and two others,who were his former opponents now working for the warlord Sheng Shicai under the direction of CCP. Five of them were tortured and executed in the prison of Sheng in the name of Trotskyist. When Wang boasted about his dirty work to Zhang Guotao, Zhang who was regarded as dissident himself, was greatly irritated for he had known these old CCP members quite well and worried about himself being persecuted. After this incident Zhang despised Wang and would never support him. Jump to: navigation, search Xinjiang (Chinese: æ–°ç–†; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal Pinyin: Sinkiang; literal meaning: New Frontier; Uyghur: (Shinjang)), full name Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ...

When Wang returned to Yanan , he was adored by most of the CCP members as a talent of Marxism for his being an erudite and deep insight of Marxism and Leninism. Some senior CCP leaders including Zhou Enlai and Peng Dehuai showed their respect and favor to Wang. All these made Mao jealous and irritated him very much. Péng Déhuái (T. Chinese: 彭德懷, S. Chinese: 彭德怀, Wade-Giles: Peng Te-huai) (October 24, 1898 - November 29, 1974) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader. ...

Furtermore, Wang began to disagree with Mao over major issues on United Front, of which Wang believed all CCP 's work should be carried out and under the direction of United Front,Mao insisted CCP should maintain its independence in the United Front instead. In order to enforce his policy, Wang made another big mistake by leaving the position of Secretariat of CCP who were in charge of daily operation of CCP headquarter and went for the position of General Secretary of Yangtze Division of CCP to handle United Front issues with KMT in Wuhan, which meaned Wang had left the power base in Yanan and with Mao able to use all means to strengthen his power grip without any interference. Length 6,380 km Elevation of the source  ? m Average discharge 31,900 m³/s Area watershed 1,800,000 km² Origin Qinghai Province and Tibet Mouth East China Sea Basin countries China The Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: 长江; Traditional Chinese: 長江; pinyin: Cháng Jiāng; Wade-Giles: Chang Chiang...

Wang Ming and other senior CCP leaders in Wuhan:Wu Yuzhang, Wang, Zhou Enlai, Luo Binhui(from left to right

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Decline

In its battle against Imperial Japan, the KMT suffered great losses due to heavy internal corruption, incompetence in military command, and outdated military supply and logistics. As a strong advocate of United Front, Wang was collateral damaged by KMT's failure in the battlefield.Especially after KMT lost the Xuzhou and Wuhan battle, in 1938 Wang suffered a heavy blow for Yangtze Division being abolished and himslef being dismissed by Yanan , which was divided into Southern China and Central Plain Division, led by Zhou Enlai and Liu Shaoqi respectively ,which was Mao's plot to break up the alliance of Wang and Zhou, and then promote his associate Liu. Wang was called back to Yanan and wait for his fate. Flag of Japan adopted 1870, official 1999 Japanese Naval Ensign adopted 1889, re-adopted 1954 The Empire of Japan (大日本帝国; Dai Nippon Teikoku) was the official title of Japan before the end of World War II. The names Imperial Japan and Japanese Empire are also used. ... Xuzhou (Chinese: 徐州; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in northern Jiangsu Province of China. ... Alternative meaning: In geology, North China (continent) and South China (continent) were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern and southern China. ... Jump to: navigation, search Liu Shaoqi Liú Shàoqí (Simplified Chinese: 刘少奇 Traditional Chinese: 劉少奇 Wade-Giles: Liu Shao-chi) (November 24, 1898 – November 12, 1969) was a leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Wang was reassigned for several insignificant ceremonial jobs, iclusive of work for women which he should discuss with illiterate women all days over trifles which would rather be a humiliation than a honor.Moreover, Mao deprived Wang's authority in propaganda, keeping Wang from publishing his opinions and articles by all means.With the dissolution of Comintern in 1941, Wang lost all hope for saving his political life. In 1942 Mao launched Zheng Feng or "Rectification" Movement against dogmatism, and empiricism. Obviuosly Wang became Mao's main target as representative of dogmatism and Zhou as representative as empiricism. Although Wang experienced great humiliation, he was still fortunate to free from torture iuflicted by Kang's secret police to other CCP members. Nonetheless, in Wang's later book CCP of 50 Years and Yanan Diary written by a reporter from Soviet Union, they accused Mao of implementing plot to murder Wang by poison.Although there are still disagreements over this accusation, Wang' health was greatly damged under this stress for certain.In the late stage of Cheng Feng, Wang had to announce his confession and apology in a public meeting.It was only after Mao receivecd the telegram from Georgi Dimitrov did he stop the persecution.As a show of leniency and a sign of appeasement to Dimitrov and the Soviet Union standing behind him, Mao put Wang into the CCP's Central Committee in the 7th National Congress. Eventually as Wang's credibility and influence waned, Moscow's leaders began to acknowledge Mao's leadership. During the period of Chinese Civil War, Wang was appointed as director of policy research of CCP and responsible for some insignificant legislation work. Wang shed all his enthusiasm on these work. Jump to: navigation, search Zheng Feng (整风运动), or Cheng Feng more commonly known as the Rectification, was a mass movement initiated by Mao Zedong in the 1940’s with deep influence in modern history of China. ... Jump to: navigation, search Georgi Dimitrov Georgi Mikhailov Dimitrov (Георги Димитров, also known as Georgij Mikhailovich Dimitrov) (June 18, 1882 - July 2, 1949) was a Bulgarian Communist leader. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: 國共内戰; Simplified Chinese: 国共内战; pinyin: ; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in China between the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party; KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). ...

From Beijing to Moscow

It was only after the establishment of People's Republic of China in 1949, Wang reappeared in the political stage from the shadow. He was elected as Director of Central Legal Committee of CCP and Central People's Government.It was an irony for him to be responsible for advising on legislation in a dictatorship regime. The life of rubber stamp must made him frustrated and distressed. Before he was elected as Commissioner of Central Committee of CCP in the 8th National Congress of CCP in 1956, Wang went to Moscow for medical treatment and never returned. Jump to: navigation, search Beijing ▶(?) (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

Wang wrote lots of articles denouncing CCP during the conflict between CCP and CP of Soviet Union in 1960 and 1970's. It might be embarrassed for a Chinese to fight against China. But in his memoirs did provide some useful information about CCP histories .Above all Wang was lucky to escape the persecution of Cultural Revolution and lived in peace till his death in 1974 in Moscow. Jump to: navigation, search A poster during the Cultural Revolution. ...

Wang's thoughts and works

There are great controversies on the appraisal of Wang ,his works and thoughts.

According to the orthodox appraisal of Wang, they think the label given by Mao for Wang as representative of dogmatism, subjectivism and sectarianism hits the nail on the head.Wang stuck and constrained to the principles he learned from Marism textbooks. For example, in the struggle with Li Lisan, in his pamphlet Two Routes ,Wang showed more leftism than Li by declaring proletariates and low level bourgeois as the only revolutionists in China ,and there was no third parts or middle camp in the revolution, all capitalists and upper level bourgeois should be overthrown. Wang advocated revolution of extremism in several parts of China to spread to whole country in spite of CCP's being so weak compared with KMT at that time.Wang insisted the city revolution be preferential to peasants movement despite China was a country of agriculture in fact. Furthermore, Wang advocated obedience to Comintern and Soviet Union unconditional without regard to Chinese reality and keeping independence of CCP, which should be harmful to Chinese natioanl interest and pride.

Furthermore, Wang was a theorist or lecturer rather than an activist, an idealist rather than a realist, an intellectual rather than a politician. But devil lies in detail, and action speaks much louder than words.Only by speeches and theories can CCP never win the revolution. When Wang won great power, his weakness of being immature and reckless, with few experiences of struggle under tough conditionn uncovered. He could hardly persist in this toughness and would rather escaped. He seldom realized his power was built on the sand.Compared with Mao, who was a veteran survived in cruel power struggle inside and outside CCP, Wang was destined to fail once he lost the support from Moscow.

But some believe it was without any doubt Wang was a good Marxism learner and practitioner.The best proof for Wang's talent and deep understanding of Marxism and Leninism was he had written a large number of articles and given speeches before his thirties,of which most of the Marxists could not achieve even in their whole lives.His talent in theory and propaganda won him fame and power, and he did make contribution to Chinese revolution in some extents,among which the main thoughts of Wang Ming consists in his theories on Chinese revolution and United Front, for which he wrote for his pamphlet Two Routes and lecture in Comintern in 1935. Moveover, Wang did provide valuable information about CCP of early stage in his memoirs especially the book CCP of 50 years.

In particularly,unlike Mao ,who is a pragmatist and worldly-wise politician learning all his experiences from Chinese history books instead of Marxism and Leninism classics,Wang is a zealot of Marxism and Leninism. He might long for power, but the ultimate goal is the realization of Communism. Judging from the power stuggle between Wang and Mao, Wang still preserve some kind of intellectual mercy and innocence,compared with Mao's being merciless and profane.

It is without any doubt the controversy over Wang will keep on going.There is only one thing for certain.With more and more new findings, we can be closer and closer to the truth of history.

Reference

• Gao Hua. How Did The Red Sun Rise:The Cause And Effect Of Cheng Feng In Yanan The Chinese University Press 2000

• Wang Ming. CCP of 50 Years Orient Press 2004