Military history of the United States Military history of the Confederate States The Military history of the United States spans a period of less than two and a half centuries. ... the confederate states of america were virginia,south carolina,north carolina,georgia,florida,tenesse,texas,mississippi,louisiana,alabama,and arkansas its first and onley presedent was jefferson davis formed feb 4 1861 surenderd april 9 1865 ...
Conflict	American Civil War
Date	1861–1865
Place	Principally in the southern United States; also in eastern, central and southwestern regions
Result	Defeat of seceding CSA
Battles of the American Civil War
Combatants United States of America USA flag 1861–1863. 34 stars, after the admission of Kansas to the Union 1863–1864. 35 stars, after the admission of West Virginia). 1864–1865. 36 stars, after the admission of Nevada. 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... This a list of American Civil War battles organized alphabetically by state. ... Download high resolution version (1520x800, 18 KB)34-star US flag (1861-1863) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Flag ratio: 10:19; nicknames: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory The flag of the United States consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... State nickname: The Sunflower State Other U.S. States Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Governor Kathleen Sebelius Official languages None Area 82,277 mi²; 213,096 km² (15th)  - Land 81,815 mi²; 211,900 km²  - Water 462 mi²; 1,196 km² (0. ... Download high resolution version (1520x800, 18 KB)35-star US flag (1863-1865) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... State nickname: Mountain State Other U.S. States Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Governor Joe Manchin (D) Official languages English Area 62,809 km² (41st)  - Land 62,436 km²  - Water 376 km² (0. ... Download high resolution version (1520x800, 14 KB)36-star US flag (1865-1867) File links The following pages link to this file: Flag of the United States Categories: Flag images ... 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... State nickname: Silver State, Battle Born State (official) Other U.S. States Capital Carson City Largest city Las Vegas Governor Kenny Guinn (R) Official languages None Area 286,367 km² (7th)  - Land 284,396 km²  - Water 1,971 km² (0. ... Confederate States of America CSA flag to May 1863 May 1863 Briefly from March 1865 National Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God our Vindicator) Official language English de facto nationwide Various European and Native American languages regionally Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Danville, Virginia April 3–April 10, 1865 Largest city New Orleans... Stars and Bars flag of the Confederate States of America. ... The following are the flags used by the short-lived Confederate States of America. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Stainless Banner flag of the Confederate States of America. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Third National Flag of the Confederate States of America. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Leaders Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Strength 2,803,300 1,064,200 Casualties KIA: 110,070 Total dead: 359,528 Wounded: 275,175 KIA: 74,524 Total dead: 198,524 Wounded: 137,000+

The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the United States – forces coming mostly from the 23 northern states of the Union – and the newly-formed Confederate States of America, which consisted of 11 southern states that had declared their secession. There were various names used to describe the war itself, its combatants, armies, and battles (see the article Naming the American Civil War). Order: 16th President Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin (1861-1865); Andrew Johnson (1865) Term of office: March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 Preceded by: James Buchanan Succeeded by: Andrew Johnson Date of birth: February 12, 1809 Place of birth: Hardin County, Kentucky (now in LaRue County) Date of death: April 15... Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician. ... KIA is a three-letter abbreviation for killed in action, a term often used in military histories and narratives to count the number of casualties in a conflict, or the status of an individual. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Red states show the core of the Northern region, states shown as pink may or may not be included in the Northern region, and thus their inclusion or exclusion varies from source to source. ... Union states are shaded blue, light blue states allowed slavery to continue during the War The Union was a name used by many to refer to the northern states during the American Civil War, while the derogatory name for people in the north was Yankees. Besides the obvious fact that... National Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God our Vindicator) Official language English de facto nationwide Various European and Native American languages regionally Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Danville, Virginia April 3–April 10, 1865 Largest city New Orleans... Red states show the core of the South, states shown as pink may or may not be included in the South, and thus their inclusion or exclusion varies from source to source. ... Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or political entity. ... The American Civil War has been known by numerous alternative names that reflect the historical, political, and cultural sensitivities of different groups and regions. ...

The division of the country

Seven states seceded shortly after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 – even before he was inaugurated. They were South Carolina (December 20, 1860), Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861), and Texas (February 1, 1861). These Deep South States, where slavery and cotton plantation agriculture were most dominant, formed the Confederate States of America (February 4, 1861), with Jefferson Davis as President, and with a Constitution closely modeled on the U.S. Constitution (see also Confederate States Constitution). After the Battle of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, Lincoln called for troops from all remaining states to recover the forts, resulting in the secession of four more states: Virginia (April 17, 1861), Arkansas (May 6, 1861), North Carolina (May 20, 1861), and Tennessee (June 8, 1861). Presidential electoral votes by state. ... State nickname: Palmetto State Other U.S. States Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Governor Mark Sanford (R) Official languages English Area 82,965 km² (40th)  - Land 78,051 km²  - Water 4,915 km² (6%) Population (2000)  - Population {{{2000Pop}}} (26th)  - Density 51. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... State nickname: Magnolia State Other U.S. States Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Governor Haley Barbour (R) Official languages English Area 125,546 km² (32nd)  - Land 121,606 km²  - Water 3,940 km² (3%) Population (2000)  - Population 2,697,243 (31st)  - Density 23. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... State nickname: Sunshine State Other U.S. States Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Governor Jeb Bush (R) Official languages English Area 170,451 km² (22nd)  - Land 137,374 km²  - Water 30,486 km² (17. ... January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... State nickname: Camellia State, The Heart of Dixie¹, Yellowhammer State Other U.S. States Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Governor Bob Riley (R) Official languages English Area 84,360 mi²/135,765 km² (30th)  - Land 81,664 mi²/131,426 km²  - Water 2,696 mi²/4,338 km² (3. ... January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... State nickname: Pelican State Other U.S. States Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans Governor Kathleen Blanco (D) Official languages None; English and French de facto Area 134,382 km² (31st)  - Land 112,927 km²  - Water 21,455 km² (16%) Population (2000)  - Population 4,468,976 (22nd)  - Density 39. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... State nickname: Lone Star State Other U.S. States Capital Austin Largest city Houston Governor Rick Perry (R) Official languages None. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Red states show the core of the Deep South, states shown as pink may or may not be included in the Deep South, and thus their inclusion or exclusion varies from source to source. ... Forestry plantations A plantation of Douglas-fir in Washington, USA; note the trees of uniform size and planted in straight lines, and the lack of diversity in the ground flora In forestry, plantations of trees are typically grown as an even-aged monoculture for timber production, as opposed to a... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician. ... Page I of the Constitution of the United States of America Page II of the United States Constitution Page III of the United States Constitution Page IV of the United States Constitution The Syng inkstand, with which the Constitution was signed The Constitution of the United States is the supreme... The Confederate States Constitution The Constitution of the Confederate States of America was the supreme law of the Confederate States of America, as adopted on March 11, 1861 and in effect through the conclusion of the American Civil War. ... The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12 – 13, 1861), a minor military engagement at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, began the American Civil War. ... State nickname: Old Dominion Other U.S. States Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Governor Mark R. Warner (D) Official languages English Area 110,862 km² (35th)  - Land 102,642 km²  - Water 8,220 km² (7. ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... State nickname: The Natural State Other U.S. States Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Governor Mike Huckabee Official languages English Area 137,732 km² (29th)  - Land 134,856 km²  - Water 2,876 km² (2. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... State nickname: Tar Heel State Other U.S. States Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Governor Michael Easley (D) Official languages English Area 139,509 km² (28th)  - Land 126,256 km²  - Water 13,227 km² (9. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... State nickname: Volunteer State Other U.S. States Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis (largest metropolitan area is Nashville) Governor Phil Bredesen Official languages English Area 109,247 km² (36th)  - Land 106,846 km²  - Water 2,400 km² (2. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Four "slave states" did not secede, and one seceding state split; these five are known as the Border States. Delaware, which had voted for John C. Breckinridge, had few slaves and never considered secession. Maryland also voted for Breckinridge; its legislature rejected secession (April 27, 1861), but only after the rioting in Baltimore and other events had prompted a federal declaration of martial law. Missouri and Kentucky remained in the Union, but in both, factions organized "secessions", which were recognized by the Confederate States of America. In Missouri, the State government under Governor Claiborne F. Jackson, a southern sympathizer, evacuated the state capital of Jefferson City when it was attacked by northern Gen. Nathaniel Lyon on June 14, 1861. A slave state is a U.S. state that had legal slavery (overwhelmingly the enslavement of African-Americans, although historically also the enslavement of Native Americans, and whites through indentured servitude) in the period before the American Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation. ... The term border states refers to four slave states and one free state that were on the border between the Northern Union states and the Southern slave-states that formed the Confederate States of America. ... State nickname: The First State Other U.S. States Capital Dover Largest city Wilmington Governor Ruth Ann Minner Official languages None Area 6,452 km² (49th)  - Land 5,068 km²  - Water 1,387 km² (21. ... John C. Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821–May 17, 1875) was a lawyer, U.S. Representative, Senator from Kentucky, the fourteenth Vice President of the United States, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. ... State nickname: Old Line State; Free State Other U.S. States Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Governor Robert L. Ehrlich Official languages English Area 32,160 km² (42nd)  - Land 25,338 km²  - Water 6,968 km² (21%) Population (2000)  - Population 5,296,486 (19th)  - Density 165 /km² (5th) Admission into... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Baltimore on April 19, 1861 The Baltimore riot of 1861 (also called the Pratt Street Riot and the Pratt Street Massacre) was an incident that took place on April 19, 1861 in Baltimore, Maryland between Confederate sympathizers and infantrymen of the United States Army. ... Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect (usually after a formal declaration) when a military authority takes control of the normal administration of justice (and usually of the whole state). ... Missouri, named after the Missouri Siouan Indian tribe meaning canoe, is a Midwestern state in the United States with Jefferson City as its capital. ... State nickname: Bluegrass State Other U.S. States Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Governor Ernie Fletcher Official languages English Area 104,749 km² (37th)  - Land 102,989 km²  - Water 1,760 km² (1. ... Claiborne Fox Jackson (1806 - 1862) was the governor of Missouri from 1860 to 1861. ... Alternate uses: see Jefferson City (disambiguation). ... Nathaniel Lyon (July 14, 1818 - August 10, 1861) was the first Union general to be killed in the American Civil War and is noted for his action in the state of Missouri at the beginning of the conflict. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Map of the division of the states during the Civil War. Blue represents Union states, including those admitted during the war; light blue represents Union states which permitted slavery; Grayish blue represents Confederate states. Yellow colored areas were territories. All other areas are grey.

The elected Missouri government, under Jackson, met in-exile at the town of Neosho, Missouri and adopted a secession ordinance that was recognized by the Confederacy on October 30, 1861 (see the Missouri secession controversy). Meanwhile the Union organized a competing government of the state by calling a constitutional convention, originally convened to vote on secession. Although Kentucky did not secede, for a time, it declared itself neutral in the conflict, and southern sympathizers organized a secession convention, and swore in a Confederate Governor, during a brief sojourn by the Confederate Army. Residents of the northwestern counties of Virginia organized a secession from Virginia and entered the Union (with a plan for gradual emancipation) in 1863 as West Virginia. Download high resolution version (904x593, 99 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: American Civil War Union (American Civil War) ... Download high resolution version (904x593, 99 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: American Civil War Union (American Civil War) ... A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a countrys legitimate government, but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power, and instead resides in a foreign country. ... Neosho is a city located in Newton County, Missouri. ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The Missouri Secession controversy refers to the disputed status of the state of Missouri during the American Civil War. ... A constitutional convention is a gathering of delegates for the purpose of writing a new constitution or, less frequently, revising an existing constitution (strictly speaking, a limited constitutional convention). ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... State nickname: Mountain State Other U.S. States Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Governor Joe Manchin (D) Official languages English Area 62,809 km² (41st)  - Land 62,436 km²  - Water 376 km² (0. ...

The southern half of the federal territory of New Mexico voted to secede, and was accepted into the Confederacy as the Territory of Arizona (not shown on the map), with its capital in Mesilla (now New Mexico). State nickname: The Grand Canyon State, The Copper State Other U.S. States Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Governor Janet Napolitano Official languages English Only State Area 295,254 km² (6th)  - Land 294,312 km²  - Water 942 km² (0. ... State nickname: Land of Enchantment Other U.S. States Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Governor Bill Richardson Official languages English and Spanish Area 315,194 km² (5th)  - Land 314,590 km²  - Water 607 km² (0. ...

California was a free state and a part of the Union. Lincoln had won a plurality there, but there were a number of Southern Sympathizers. 28% of its votes went to the Southern Democrat candidate, John C. Breckinridge. California's soldiers were kept under state control and were used to keep the land routes between the Mississippi and the state open. California gold helped finance the Union war effort.[1] Although the present-day state of California has been occupied for millennia, the lack of a written history and the significant marginalization in the population of native inhabitants after European colonization means that most of its known history begins with European exploration. ... For the term free state as it arises in United States history, see: Free state. ... John C. Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821–May 17, 1875) was a lawyer, U.S. Representative, Senator from Kentucky, the fourteenth Vice President of the United States, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. ...

Origins of the conflict

Main article, Origins of the American Civil War. See also, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War.

Slave "patrollers," mostly poor whites, were given the authority to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any slave who violated the slave codes. In their agitation against the South, abolitionists cited the slave codes as an example of the barbarism of Southern society. Above, a woodcut from the abolitionist Anti-Slavery Almanac (1839) depicts the capture of a fugitive slave by a slave patrol.

On the eve of the Civil War, the United States was a nation divided into four quite distinct regions: the Northeast, with a growing industrial and commercial economy and an increasing density of population; the Northwest, now known as the Midwest, a rapidly expanding region of free farmers where slavery had been forever prohibited under the Northwest Ordinance; the Upper South, with a settled plantation system and (in some areas) declining economic fortunes; and the Southwest, a booming frontier-like region with an expanding cotton economy. With two fundamentally different labor systems at their base, the economic and social changes across the nation's geographical regions – based on wage labor in the North and on slavery in the South – underlay distinct visions of society that had emerged by the mid-nineteenth century in the North and in the South. The origins of the American Civil War lay in the complex issues of slavery, expansionism, sectionalism, and political party politics of the Antebellum Period. ... This is a timeline of significant events leading to the American Civil War. ... Taken from [1] This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Taken from [1] This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ... The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio, and also known as the Freedom Ordinance) was an act of the Continental Congress of the United States passed on July 13, 1787 under the Articles of Confederation. ... A wage is the amount of money paid for some specified quantity of labour. ... A monument celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, erected in Victoria Tower Gardens, Millbank, Westminster, London Look up Slavery in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Slavery is a condition of control over a person against their will, enforced by violence or other forms of coercion. ...

Before the Civil War, the Constitution provided a basis for peaceful debate over the future of government, and had been able to regulate conflicts of interest and conflicting visions for the new, rapidly expanding nation. For many years, compromises had been made to balance the number of "free states" and "slave states" so that there would be a balance in the Senate. The last slave state admitted was Texas in 1845, with five free states admitted between 1846 and 1859. The admission of Kansas as a slave state had recently been blocked, and it was due to enter as a free state instead in 1861. The rise of mass democracy in the industrializing North, the breakdown of the old two-party system, and increasingly virulent and hostile sectional ideologies in the mid-nineteenth century made it highly unlikely, if not impossible, to bring about the gentlemanly compromises of the past (such as the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850) necessary to avoid crisis. For the term free state as it arises in United States history, see: Free state. ... The Missouri Compromise, also called the Compromise of 1820, was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. ... Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber; Millard Fillmore presides as Calhoun and Webster look on. ...

Sectional tensions changed in their nature and intensity rapidly during the 1850s. The United States Republican Party was established in 1854. The new party opposed the expansion of slavery in the Western territories. Although only a small share of Northerners favored measures to abolish slavery in the South, the Republicans were able to mobilize popular support among Northerners and Westerns who did not want to compete against slave labor if the system were expanded beyond the South. The Republicans won the support of many ex-Whigs and Northern ex-Democrats concerned about the South's disproportionate influence in the Senate, the Buchanan administration, and the Supreme Court. The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party [1]), is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... The United States Whig Party was a political party of the United States. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States. ... Seal of the Senate The United States Senate is one of the two houses of the Congress of the United States, the other being the House of Representatives. ... Order: 15th President Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Term of office: March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 Preceded by: Franklin Pierce Succeeded by: Abraham Lincoln Date of birth: April 23, 1791 Place of birth: Cove Gap, Pennsylvania Date of death: June 1, 1868 Place of death: Lancaster, Pennsylvania First Lady... Seal of the Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest federal court in the United States. ...

Meanwhile, the profitability of cotton, or "King Cotton," as it was touted, solidified the South's dependence on the plantation system and its foundation: slave labor. A small class of slave barons, especially cotton planters, dominated the politics and society of the South.

Abraham Lincoln
16th President (1861-1865)

Southern secession was triggered by the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a moderate in his opposition to slavery. He pledged to do all he could to oppose the expansion of slavery into the territories (thus also preventing the admission of any additional slave states to the Union); but he also said the federal government did not have the power to abolish slavery in the states in which it already existed, and that he would enforce Fugitive Slave Laws. The southern states expected increasing hostility to their "peculiar institution"; not trusting Lincoln, and mindful that many other Republicans were intent on complete abolition of slavery. Lincoln had even encouraged abolitionists with his 1858 "House divided" speech[2], though that speech was also consistent with an eventual end of slavery achieved gradually and voluntarily with compensation to slave-owners and resettlement of former slaves. Lincoln headshot File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Order: 16th President Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin (1861-1865); Andrew Johnson (1865) Term of office: March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 Preceded by: James Buchanan Succeeded by: Andrew Johnson Date of birth: February 12, 1809 Place of birth: Hardin County, Kentucky (now in LaRue County) Date of death: April 15... Order: 16th President Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin (1861-1865); Andrew Johnson (1865) Term of office: March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 Preceded by: James Buchanan Succeeded by: Andrew Johnson Date of birth: February 12, 1809 Place of birth: Hardin County, Kentucky (now in LaRue County) Date of death: April 15... The Fugitive Slave Law of the United States may refer to one of two laws of the same name: Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influencial in mobilizing public opinion against slavery in Great Britain and the United States. ...

In addition to Lincoln's presidential victory, the slave states had lost the balance of power in the Senate and were facing a future as a perpetual minority after decades of nearly continuous control of the presidency and the Congress. Southerners also felt they could no longer prevent protectionist tariffs such as the Morrill Tariff, which generally placed a greater burden upon the South. Protectionism is the economic policy of promoting favored domestic industries through the use of high tariffs and other regulations to discourage imports. ... The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a major protectionist tariff bill instituted in the United States. ...

The Southern justification for a unilateral right to secede cited the doctrine of states' rights, which had been debated before with the 1798 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, the Hartford Convention during the War of 1812, and the 1832 Nullification Crisis with regard to tariffs. In American politics and constitutional law, states rights are guaranteed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, (i. ... The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, also known as the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves, were passed in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts. ... The Hartford Convention was an event in early United States History during which New Englands secession from the United States was discussed. ... The War of 1812 was a conflict fought in North America between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815. ... In the United States, the Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson over the issue of protective tariffs. ...

Before Lincoln took office, seven states seceded from the union, establishing a rebel government, the Confederate States of America on February 9, 1861. They took control of federal forts and property within their boundaries, with little resistance from President Buchanan. Ironically, by seceding, the rebel states weakened any claim to the territories that were in dispute, cancelled any obligation for the North to return fugitive slaves, and assured easy passage of many bills and amendments they had long opposed. The Civil War began when Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard opened fire upon Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina on April 12, 1861. There were no casualties from enemy fire in this battle. February 9 is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard (BO-rih-gahrd) (May 28, 1818 – February 20, 1893), best known as a general for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, was also a writer, civil servant, and inventor. ... Before the attack Map detailing the location of Fort Sumter 1861, inside the fort flying the Confederate Flag Fort Sumter under fire Fort Sumter, South Carolina, viewed from a sandbar in Charleston Harbor, 1865. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Narrative summary

Battles of the American Civil War by Theater, Year

Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's secession from the Union. Lincoln was not even on the ballot in nine states in the South. Leaders in South Carolina had long been waiting for an event that might unite the South against the antislavery forces. Once the election returns were certain, a special South Carolina convention declared "that the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the 'United States of America' is hereby dissolved." By February 1, 1861, six more Southern states had seceded. On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their capital at Montgomery, Alabama. The pre-war peace conference of 1861 met at Washington, D.C. The remaining southern states as yet remained in the Union. Several seceding states seized federal forts within their boundaries; President Buchanan made no military response. Download high resolution version (1110x659, 42 KB) Created by brian0918 and released into the public domain. ... Download high resolution version (1110x659, 42 KB) Created by brian0918 and released into the public domain. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Montgomery, Alabama - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Prior to the beginning of fighting between Americans in 1861, there took place a meeting at Washington, D. C. of many of the most influential Americans in the United States. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the...

Less than a month later, on March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President of the United States. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called the secession "legally void". He stated he had no intent to invade southern states, but would use force to maintain possession of federal property. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union. The South, particularly South Carolina, ignored the plea, and on April 12, the South fired upon the Federal troops stationed at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina until the troops surrendered. March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Seal of the President of the United States The President of the United States is the head of state of the United States. ... An inauguration is a ceremony of formal investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power. ... The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, commonly known as the Articles of Confederation, formed the first governing document of the United States of America. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... Before the attack Map detailing the location of Fort Sumter 1861, inside the fort flying the Confederate Flag Fort Sumter under fire Fort Sumter, South Carolina, viewed from a sandbar in Charleston Harbor, 1865. ... City Flag Charleston is a city in Charleston County in the U.S. state of South Carolina. ...

Lincoln called for all of the states in the Union to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union. Most Northerners believed that a quick brutal victory for the Union would crush the nascent rebellion, and so Lincoln only called for volunteers for 90 days. This resulted in four more states voting to secede. Once Virginia seceded, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia. Downtown Richmond as seen from the James River Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra (Such is the way to the Stars) Nickname: River City Location in Virginia Founded  -Incorporated  1607   County  Independent city Mayor  Douglas Wilder Area  - Total  - Water  162. ...

Even though the Southern states had seceded, there was considerable anti-secessionist sentiment within several of the seceding states. Eastern Tennessee, in particular, was a hotbed for pro-Unionism. Winston County, Alabama issued a resolution of secession from the state of Alabama. The Red Strings were a prominent Southern anti-secession group. Winston County is a county of the State of Alabama. ... The Red Strings or the Heroes of America were a Southern peace society in the Confederacy during the American Civil War. ...

Winfield Scott created the Anaconda Plan as the Union's main plan of attack during the war. Winfield Scott Winfield Scott (June 13, 1786 – May 29, 1866) was a United States general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. ... The Anaconda Plan was drawn up by General Winfeild Scott to end the American Civil War in favor of the North. ...

Eastern Theater 1861–1863

As a Confederate force was built up by July 1861 at Manassas, Virginia, a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces there was halted in the First Battle of Bull Run, or First Manassas, whereupon they were forced back to Washington, D.C., by Confederate troops under the command of Generals Joseph E. Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard. It was in this battle that Confederate General Thomas Jackson received the name of "Stonewall" because he stood like a stone wall against Union troops. Alarmed at the loss, and in an attempt to prevent more slave states from leaving the Union, the U.S. Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution on July 25 of that year, which stated that the war was being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery. Manassas is an independent city located in the state of Virginia. ... General Irvin McDowell Irvin McDowell (October 15, 1818 – May 4, 1885) was an American military officer, famous for his participation in the American Civil War. ... The First Battle of Bull Run, referred to as the First Battle of Manassas in the South, (July 21, 1861), was the first major land battle of the American Civil War. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the... Joseph E. Johnston Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... Stonewall Jackson For the 1960s country music artist, see Stonewall Jackson (musician); for the submarine, see USS Stonewall Jackson (SSBN-634). ... Seal of the Congress. ... The Crittenden-Johnson Resolution (also called the Crittenden Resolution) was passed by the United States Congress on July 25, 1861 after the start of the American Civil War, which began on April 12, 1861. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... A monument celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, erected in Victoria Tower Gardens, Millbank, Westminster, London Look up Slavery in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Slavery is a condition of control over a person against their will, enforced by violence or other forms of coercion. ...

Major General George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 (he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck), and the war began in earnest in 1862. George McClellan George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885) was a Major General of the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... Generals Burnside, Hancock, Couch, Ferro, Patrick, Wilcox, Cochrane, Buford and others. ... July 26 is the 207th day (208th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 158 days remaining. ... Henry Wager Halleck (1815 - 1872) was an American soldier and politician. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan invaded Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River, southeast of Richmond. Although McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign, Joseph E. Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines, then Robert E. Lee defeated him in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat. McClellan was stripped of many of his troops to reinforce John Pope's Union Army of Virginia. Pope was beaten spectacularly by Lee in the Northern Virginia Campaign and the Second Battle of Bull Run in August. The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads, and Chesapeake Bay. ... The York River is a navigable estuary, approximately 40 mi (64 km) long, in eastern Virginia in the United States. ... The James River in the state of Virginia is 547 km (340 miles) long and drains a watershed encompassing 26 000 km² (10 000 square miles), home to 2. ... Map of the events of the campaign. ... Joseph E. Johnston Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... Battle of Seven Pines Conflict American Civil War Date May 31 - June 1, 1862 Place Henrico County, Virginia Result Inconclusive The Battle of Seven Pines, also known as the Battle of Fair Oaks or Fair Oaks Station, took place from May 31 – June 1, 1862, in Henrico County, Virginia, as... Robert Edward Lee, as a U.S. Army Colonel before the war Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a career army officer and the most successful general of the Confederate forces during the American Civil War. ... Eastern Theater operations in 1862 The Seven Days Battles was a series of six major battles over the seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near Richmond, Virginia, in the American Civil War. ... Major General John Pope John Pope (March 18, 1822 – September 23, 1892) was a career Army officer and general in the American Civil War. ... The Army of Virginia was organized as a major unit of the Union Army and operated briefly and unsuccessfully in 1862 in the American Civil War. ... Union soldiers at the Orange & Alexandria Railroad The Northern Virginia Campaign, or the Second Bull Run Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during August and September, 1862, in the American Civil War. ... Second Battle of Bull Run Conflict American Civil War Date August 28–30, 1862 Place Prince William County Result Confederate victory The Second Battle of Bull Run, known as the Second Battle of Manassas in the South, was fought August 30, 1862, as the major battle in the Northern Virginia...

Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia, killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863.

Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North, when General Lee led 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5. Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan. McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in American history. Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it. Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided justification for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1420x1080, 367 KB)Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia, killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1420x1080, 367 KB)Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia, killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863. ... The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War in the eastern theater. ... Upper part of the Potomac River The Potomac River flows into Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States (USA). ... State nickname: Old Line State; Free State Other U.S. States Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Governor Robert L. Ehrlich Official languages English Area 32,160 km² (42nd)  - Land 25,338 km²  - Water 6,968 km² (21%) Population (2000)  - Population 5,296,486 (19th)  - Density 165 /km² (5th) Admission into... September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ... The Battle of Antietam (known as the Battle of Sharpsburg in the South), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. ... Sharpsburg is a town located in Washington County, Maryland. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation - Lincoln meets with his Cabinet. ...

When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Burnside suffered near-immediate defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862, when over ten thousand Union soldiers were killed or wounded. After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph "Fighting Joe" Hooker. Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863. He was replaced by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North, in June. Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863), the largest battle in North American history, which is sometimes considered the war's turning point. Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000), again forcing it to retreat to Virginia, never to launch a full-scale invasion of the North again. Portrait of Ambrose Burnside by Mathew Brady, ca. ... Battle of jo mama Conflict American Civil War Date December 11–15, 1862 Place Spotsylvania County and Fredericksburg Result Confederate victory The Battle of Fredericksburg, fought on December 13, 1862 between General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia and the Army of the Potomac commanded by Maj. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about Joseph Hooker, the U.S. Civil War Major General. ... The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War in 1863. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... George Gordon Meade (December 31, 1815 - November 6, 1872) was an American military officer during the American Civil War. ... The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863), fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign, was the largest battle ever fought in North America, and is generally considered to be the turning point of the American Civil War. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... July 3 is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... There is widespread disagreement over the Turning Point of the American Civil War. ...

Western Theater 1861–1863

While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern theater, they crucially failed in the West. Confederate forces were driven from Missouri early in the war as result of the Battle of Pea Ridge. Leonidas Polk's invasion of Kentucky enraged the citizens who previously had declared neutrality in the war, turning that state against the Confederacy. Battle of Pea Ridge Conflict American Civil War Date March 6-8, 1862 Place Benton County, Arkansas Result Union victory The Battle of Pea Ridge (also known as The Battle of Elkhorn Tavern) was a land battle of the American Civil War which occurred on 7 March 1862 at Pea... Leonidas Polk, The Fighting Bishop Leonidas Polk (April 10, 1806 – June 14, 1864) was a Confederate general who was once a planter in Maury County, Tennessee, and a cousin of President James K. Polk. ... State nickname: Bluegrass State Other U.S. States Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Governor Ernie Fletcher Official languages English Area 104,749 km² (37th)  - Land 102,989 km²  - Water 1,760 km² (1. ...

Nashville, Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862. Most of the Mississippi was opened with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid, Missouri, and then Memphis, Tennessee. New Orleans, Louisiana, was captured in May, 1862, allowing the Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi as well. Only the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi prevented unchallenged Union control of the entire river. [Nashville skyline] <<a href=b class=external free title=b>b>Nashville</<a href=b class=external free title=b>b> is the capital of the [state] of [Tennessee]. It is located on the [River] in [County, Tennessee|Davidson County]. Nicknamed Music City, U.S.A., Nashville is the home... Length 6,270 km Elevation of the source 450 m Average discharge Saint Louis¹: 5,500 m³/s Vicksburg²: 16,800 m³/s Baton Rouge³: 12,800 m³/s Area watershed 2,980,000 km² Origin Lake Itasca Mouth Gulf of Mexico Basin countries United States (98. ... Battle of Island No. ... New Madrid is a city located in New Madrid County, Missouri. ... City nickname: The River City or The Bluff City Location in the state of Tennessee County Shelby County, Tennessee Area  - Total  - Water 763. ... City nickname: The Crescent City, The Big Easy, The City that Care Forgot Location of New Orleans Country   State     Parish United States   Louisiana     Orleans Parish Mayor C. Ray Nagin Area   â€“Land   â€“Water 350. ... Vicksburg is a city located in Warren County, Mississippi. ...

Braxton Bragg's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky was repulsed at the confused and bloody Battle of Perryville and he was narrowly defeated by William S. Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee. Braxton Bragg Braxton Bragg (March 22, 1817 – September 27, 1876) was a career U.S. Army officer and a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... Battle of Perryville Conflict American Civil War Date October 8, 1862 Place Boyle County, Kentucky Result Union strategic victory The Battle of Perryville was an important but largely neglected encounter in the American Civil War. ... William Starke Rosecrans (September 6, 1819 - March 11, 1898), nicknamed Old Rosy, served as an American military officer. ... The Battle of Stones River or Second Battle of Murfreesboro (in the South, simply the Battle of Murfreesboro), was fought from December 31, 1862, to January 3, 1863, in central Tennessee, as the culmination of the Stones River Campaign in the American Civil War. ... State nickname: Volunteer State Other U.S. States Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis (largest metropolitan area is Nashville) Governor Phil Bredesen Official languages English Area 109,247 km² (36th)  - Land 106,846 km²  - Water 2,400 km² (2. ...

The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga in Tennessee, near the Georgia border, where Bragg, reinforced by the corps of James Longstreet (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans despite the heroics of George Henry Thomas and forced him to retreat to Chattanooga, which Bragg then besieged. The Battle of Chickamauga, fought September 18–20, 1863, marked the end of a Union offensive in south-central Tennessee and northwestern Georgia called the Chickamauga Campaign. ... James Longstreet James Longstreet (January 8, 1821 – January 2, 1904) was one of the foremost generals of the American Civil War, and later enjoyed a successful post-war career working for the government of his former enemies, as a diplomat and administrator. ... George Henry Thomas (July 31, 1816 – March 28, 1870), the Rock of Chickamauga, was a career U.S. Army officer and a Union general during the American Civil War. ...

The Union's key strategist and tactician in the west was Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, who won victories at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Chattanooga, Tennessee, driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee. Order: 18th President Vice President: Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873); Henry Wilson (1873–1875) Term of office: March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1877 Preceded by: Andrew Johnson Succeeded by: Rutherford B. Hayes Date of birth: April 27, 1822 Place of birth: Point Pleasant, Ohio Date of death: July 23, 1885 Place... --204. ... Battle of Fort Donelson Conflict American Civil War Date February 11-16, 1862 Place Stewart County, Tennessee Result Union victory The Battle of Fort Donelson was fought February 12–16, 1862 in the American Civil War. ... Battle of Shiloh Conflict American Civil War Date April 6-7, 1862 Place Hardin County, Tennessee Result Union victory The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was a major battle in the American Civil War, fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. ... The Battle of Vicksburg or Siege of Vicksburg was the final significant battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... This article is about a city in the US State of Tennessee. ...

Trans-Mississippi Theater 1861–1865

Though geographically isolated from the battles to the east, a number of military actions took place in the Trans-Mississippi theater, a region encompassing states and territories to the west of the Mississippi River. In 1861 Confederates launched a successful campaign into the territory of present day Arizona and New Mexico. Residents in the southern portions of this territory adopted a secession ordinance of their own and requested that Confederate forces stationed in nearby Texas assist them in removing Union forces still stationed there. The Confederate territory of Arizona was proclaimed by Col. John Baylor after victories at Mesilla, New Mexico, and the capture of several Union forces. Confederate troops were unsuccessful in attempts to press northward in the territory and withdrew from Arizona completely in 1862 as Union reinforcements arrived from California. State nickname: The Grand Canyon State, The Copper State Other U.S. States Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Governor Janet Napolitano Official languages English Only State Area 295,254 km² (6th)  - Land 294,312 km²  - Water 942 km² (0. ... State nickname: Land of Enchantment Other U.S. States Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Governor Bill Richardson Official languages English and Spanish Area 315,194 km² (5th)  - Land 314,590 km²  - Water 607 km² (0. ... State nickname: Lone Star State Other U.S. States Capital Austin Largest city Houston Governor Rick Perry (R) Official languages None. ... Mesilla is a town located in Doña Ana County, New Mexico. ... State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd)  - Land 404,298 km²  - Water 20,047 km² (4. ...

The Battle of Glorieta Pass was a small skirmish in terms of both numbers involved and losses (140 Federal, 190 Confederate). Yet the issues were large, and the battle decisive in resolving them. The Confederates might well have taken Fort Union and Denver had they not been stopped at Glorieta. As one Texan put it, "if it had not been for those devils from Pike's Peak, this country would have been ours.

This small battle smashed any possibilty of the Confederacy taking New Mexico and the far west territories. In April, Union volunteers from California pushed the remaining Confederates out of present-day Arizona at the Battle of Picacho Pass. In the eastern part of the United States, the fighting dragged on for three more years, but in the Southwest the war was over. [3]

The Union mounted several attempts to capture the trans-Mississippi regions of Texas and Louisiana from 1862 until the war's end. With ports to the east under blockade or capture, Texas in particular became a blockade-running haven. Referred to as the "back door" of the Confederacy, Texas and western Louisiana continued to provide cotton crops that were transferred overland to Matamoros, Mexico, and shipped to Europe in exchange for supplies. Determined to close this trade, the Union mounted several invasion attempts of Texas, each of them unsuccessful. Confederate victories at Galveston, Texas, and the Battle of Sabine Pass repulsed invasion forces. The Union's disastrous Red River Campaign in western Louisiana, including a defeat at the Battle of Mansfield, effectively ended the Union's final invasion attempt of the region until the final fall of the Confederacy. Isolated from events in the east, the Civil War continued in the Trans-Mississippi theater for several months after Robert E. Lee's surrender. The last battle of the war occurred at Palmito Ranch in southern Texas—ironically a Confederate victory. Battle of Glorieta Pass Conflict American Civil War Date March 26-28, 1862 Place Santa Fe County and San Miguel County, New Mexico Result Union victory The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought on March 26–28, 1862, in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico... The Battle of Picacho Pass was fought out west during the Civil War. ... Matamoros is a city in the north of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. ... Galveston is a city and island located in Galveston County, Texas. ... Second Battle of Sabine Pass Conflict American Civil War Date September 8, 1863 Place Jefferson County, Texas Result Confederate victory The Second Battle of Sabine Pass took place on September 8, 1863, and was the result of a Union expedition into Confederate-controlled Texas during the American Civil War. ... The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War between the dates of 10 March and 22 May, 1864. ... The Battle of Mansfield, also known as the Battle of Sabine Cross-Roads or Pleasant Grove, on April 9, 1864 in De Soto Parish, Louisiana, was the first major clash of the Unions Red River campaign. ... Battle of Palmito Ranch Conflict American Civil War Date May 12-13, 1865 Place Cameron County, Texas Result Confederate victory The American Civil War Battle of Palmito Ranch was fought on May 12 – May 13, 1865, and in the kaleidoscope of events following the surrender of Robert E. Lees...

Fall of the Confederacy 1864–1865

Jefferson Davis
First and only President of the Confederate States of America

At the beginning of 1864, Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and given command of all Union armies. He chose to make his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, although Meade remained the actual commander of that army. He left Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would bring an end to the war. Therefore, scorched earth tactics would be required in some important theaters. He devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of Confederacy from multiple directions: Grant, Meade, and Benjamin Butler would move against Lee near Richmond; Franz Sigel would invade the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman would invade Georgia, defeat Joseph E. Johnston, and capture Atlanta; George Crook and William W. Averell would operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia; and Nathaniel Banks would capture Mobile, Alabama. Download high resolution version (550x696, 61 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (550x696, 61 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician. ... Portrait of William Tecumseh Sherman by Mathew Brady William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, and author. ... Total War is the name of a strategy game series developed by The Creative Assembly. ... Scorched earth is a military tactic which involves destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy whilst advancing through or withdrawing from an area. ... Benjamin Franklin Butler Benjamin Franklin Butler (November 5, 1818–January 11, 1893) was an American lawyer, soldier and politician. ... Franz Sigel Franz Sigel ( November 18, 1824 – August 21, 1902) was a German military officer and immigrant to the United States who was a teacher, newspaperman, politician, and served as a Union general in the American Civil War. ... Eastern Theater operations in 1864 The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October, 1864. ... Joseph E. Johnston Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... This article is about the state capital of Georgia. ... Portrait of George Crook George Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career U.S. Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. ... William Woods Averell, (November 5, 1892 - February 3, 1900) United States army officer. ... State nickname: Mountain State Other U.S. States Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Governor Joe Manchin (D) Official languages English Area 62,809 km² (41st)  - Land 62,436 km²  - Water 376 km² (0. ... Nathaniel Prentiss Banks (January 30, 1816–September 1, 1894), American politician and soldier, was born at Waltham, Massachusetts. ... Mobile and Mobile Bay from space, June 1991 Mobile (pronounced mo-BEEL) is a city located in Mobile County, Alabama, United States. ...

Union forces in the East attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles during that phase ("Grant's Overland Campaign") of the Eastern campaign. An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend. Grant was tenacious and, despite astonishing losses (over 66,000 casualties in six weeks), kept pressing the Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. He pinned down the Confederate army in the Siege of Petersburg, where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months. Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee The Overland Campaign, or Grants Overland Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and June, 1864, in the American Civil War. ... Federal earthworks at Bermuda Hundred The Bermuda Hundred Campaign was a series of battles fought outside Richmond, Virginia, during May, 1864, in the American Civil War. ... The Siege of Petersburg (June 15, 1864 – April 2, 1865) was a ten-month long siege of Petersburg, Virginia, during the American Civil War. ... Trench warfare is a form of war in which both opposing armies have static lines of fortifications dug into the ground, facing each other. ...

After two failed attempts (under Sigel and David Hunter) to seize key points in the Shenandoah Valley, Grant finally found a commander, Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Sheridan was sent in response to a raid by the aggressive Jubal Early, whose corps reached the outer defenses of Washington before withdrawing back to the Valley. Sheridan proved to be more than a match for Early, and defeated him in a series of battles, including a final decisive defeat at Cedar Creek, Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural and industrial base of the Valley, a strategy similar to the scorched-earth tactics Sherman would later employ in Georgia. Categories: Stub | 1803 births | 1888 deaths ... Philip Sheridan Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6, 1831 – August 5, 1888), a military man and one of the great generals in the American Civil War. ... Eastern Theater operations in 1864 The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October, 1864. ... Jubal Anderson Early (November 3, 1816 – March 2, 1894) was a lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil War. ... Battle of Cedar Creek Conflict American Civil War Date October 19, 1864 Place Frederick County, Shenandoah County and Warren County Result Union victory The Battle of Cedar Creek, or The Battle of Belle Grove, October 19, 1864, was one of the last battles in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign (August-December...

Meanwhile, Sherman marched from Chattanooga to Atlanta, Georgia, defeating Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Hood. The fall of Atlanta on September 2, 1864, was a significant factor in the re-election of Abraham Lincoln. Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched with an unclear destination, laying waste to much of the rest of Georgia in his celebrated "March to the Sea", and reaching the sea at Savannah, Georgia in December 1864. Burning towns and plantations as they went, Sherman's armies hauled off crops and killed livestock to retaliate and to deny use of these economic assets to the Confederacy, a consequence of Grant's scorched earth doctrine. When Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Virginia lines from the south, it was the end for Lee and his men, and for the Confederacy. Joseph E. Johnston Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... John Bell Hood John Bell Hood (June 1, 1831–August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years). ... 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Major General William T. Sherman. ... Savannah Savannah is a city located in (and the county seat of) Chatham County, Georgia. ...

Lee attempted to escape from the besieged Petersburg and link up with Johnston in North Carolina, but he was overtaken by Grant. He surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House. Johnston surrendered his troops to Sherman shortly thereafter at a local family's farmhouse in Durham, North Carolina. The Battle of Palmito Ranch, fought on May 13, 1865, in the far south of Texas, was the last land battle of the war and ended, ironically, with a Confederate victory. All Confederate land forces surrendered by June 1865. Confederate naval units surrendered as late as November 1865, with the last actions being attacks on private New England whaling ships by the CSS Shenandoah in the Bering Strait through June 28, 1865. State nickname: Tar Heel State Other U.S. States Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Governor Michael Easley (D) Official languages English Area 139,509 km² (28th)  - Land 126,256 km²  - Water 13,227 km² (9. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... The McLean house Appomattox Court House is a historic village located three miles (5 km) east of Appomattox, Virginia, famous as the site of the Battle of Appomattox Court House and containing the house of Wilmer McLean, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union... Popularly known as Bennett Place, the farmhouse owned by James and Nancy Bennett (alternately and probably correctly, Bennitt) was the site of the largest surrender of troops during the American Civil War on April 26, 1865. ... Nickname: City of Medicine Location in North Carolina Founded  -Incorporated April 10, 1869  {{{incorporated}}} County Durham County, North Carolina Mayor Bill Bell Area  - Total  - Water 245. ... Battle of Palmito Ranch Conflict American Civil War Date May 12-13, 1865 Place Cameron County, Texas Result Confederate victory The American Civil War Battle of Palmito Ranch was fought on May 12 – May 13, 1865, and in the kaleidoscope of events following the surrender of Robert E. Lees... May 13 is the 133rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (134th in leap years). ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... State nickname: Lone Star State Other U.S. States Capital Austin Largest city Houston Governor Rick Perry (R) Official languages None. ... CSS Shenandoah, formerly Sea King, was an iron-framed, teak-planked, full-rigged vessel with auxiliary steam power. ... Satellite photo of the Bering Strait Nautical chart of the Bering Strait The Bering Strait is a sea strait between Cape Dezhnev, the eastmost point of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales, the westernmost point of the American continent, about 85 km in width, with a depth of... (Some entries on this page have been duplicated on August 1. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Reasons for the Outcome

Why the Union prevailed (or why the Confederacy was defeated) in the Civil War has been a subject of extensive analysis and debate. Advantages widely believed to have contributed to the Union's success include:

• The more industrialized economy of the North, which aided in the production of arms and munitions.
• Strong compatible railroad links between Union cities, which allowed for the relatively quick movement of troops. (It should be noted, however, that the Confederacy had more railroads per capita than any other country at the time.)
• The Union's larger population and greater immigration during the war, allowing for a larger pool of potential conscripts.
• The Union's possession of the U.S. merchant marine fleet and naval ships, which led to its successful blockade of Confederate ports.
• The Union's more established government, which may have resulted in less infighting and a more streamlined conduction of the war.
• The moral cause assigned to the war by the Emancipation Proclamation, which may have given the Union additional incentive to continue the war effort, and also may have encouraged international support.
• The recruitment of African-Americans, including many freed slaves, into the Union Army after the Emancipation Proclamation took effect, thus allowing the Union to tap a population source their enemy ideologically refused to use. In the final weeks of the war, the Confederacy relented and began to allow African-Americans to enlist in the army, but this was only a token effort.
• The Confederacy's possible squandering of resources on early audacious conventional offensives and its failure to fully use its advantages in guerilla warfare against Union communication and transportation infrastructure.
• The Confederacy's failure to win military support from any foreign powers, mostly due to the Battle of Antietam, and a well-timed release of the Emancipation Proclamation.

USS Port Royal (CG-73), a Ticonderoga class cruiser. ... The Union blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865, during the American Civil War, in which the United States Navy maintained a massive effort on the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the Confederate States of America designed to prevent the passage of trade goods, supplies, and arms... First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation - Lincoln meets with his Cabinet. ... First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation - Lincoln meets with his Cabinet. ...

Major land battles

Main article: Battles of the American Civil War This a list of American Civil War battles organized alphabetically by state. ...

The ten costliest land battles, measured by casualties (killed, wounded, captured, and missing) were:

Dead soldiers lie where they fell on the field at Antietam

Other major land battles included First Bull Run, The Seven Days, Perryville, Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, the Siege of Petersburg, and the battles of Franklin and Nashville. There was also Jackson's Valley Campaign, the Atlanta Campaign, Red River Campaign, Missouri Campaign, Valley Campaigns of 1864, and many coastal and river battles. February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... John Buchanan Floyd (June 1, 1807 - August 26, 1863), American politician, was born at Blacksburg, Virginia. ... Simon Bolivar Buckner, Sr. ... Order: 18th President Vice President: Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873); Henry Wilson (1873–1875) Term of office: March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1877 Preceded by: Andrew Johnson Succeeded by: Rutherford B. Hayes Date of birth: April 27, 1822 Place of birth: Point Pleasant, Ohio Date of death: July 23, 1885 Place... Download high resolution version (1024x611, 211 KB)Stereoview of the field at Antietam, American Civil War. ... Download high resolution version (1024x611, 211 KB)Stereoview of the field at Antietam, American Civil War. ... First Battle of Bull Run Conflict American Civil War Date July 21, 1861 Place Fairfax County and Prince William County Result Confederate victory The First Battle of Bull Run, referred to as the First Battle of Manassas in the South, (July 21, 1861) was the first major land battle of... The Seven Days Campaign (June 25–July 1, 1862), or Seven Days Battle, of the American Civil War was a successful effort by the Confederate commander Robert E. Lee to turn back the Union general George McClellans Army of the Potomac in its attempt to capture Richmond, Virginia in... Battle of Perryville Conflict American Civil War Date October 8, 1862 Place Boyle County, Kentucky Result Union strategic victory The Battle of Perryville was an important but largely neglected encounter in the American Civil War. ... Battle of jo mama Conflict American Civil War Date December 11–15, 1862 Place Spotsylvania County and Fredericksburg Result Confederate victory The Battle of Fredericksburg, fought on December 13, 1862 between General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia and the Army of the Potomac commanded by Maj. ... The Battle of Vicksburg or Siege of Vicksburg was the final significant battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... The Battle of Chattanooga may refer to several American Civil War Battles: Battle of Chattanooga I Battle of Chattanooga II Battle of Chattanooga III (1863) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Siege of Petersburg (June 15, 1864 – April 2, 1865) was a ten-month long siege of Petersburg, Virginia, during the American Civil War. ... Battle of Franklin II Conflict American Civil War Date November 30, 1864 Place Williamson County, Tennessee Result Union victory The Battle of Franklin was a major engagement of the American Civil War fought at Franklin, Tennessee on November 30, 1864. ... Battle of Nashville Conflict American Civil War Date December 15–16, 1864 Place Davidson County, Tennessee Result Decisive Union victory The Battle of Nashville was a two day battle in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign that represented the end of large-scale fighting in the Western Theater of the American Civil... The Valley Campaign was Confederate General Stonewall Jacksons brilliant campaign through the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia in 1862, during the American Civil War. ... Union General William T. Sherman and his staff in the trenches outside of Atlanta The Atlanta Campaign was a series of battles fought throughout northeast Georgia and the area around Atlanta, Georgia, during the summer of 1864, leading to the eventual fall of Atlanta and hastening the end of the... The Red River Campaign was a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War between the dates of 10 March and 22 May, 1864. ... Eastern Theater operations in 1864 The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October, 1864. ...

Major naval battles

Main article: Naval Battles of the American Civil War

Major naval battles included Battle of Island Number Ten, Battle of Hampton Roads, Battle of Memphis, Battle of Drewry's Bluff, Battle of Fort Hindman, and Battle of Mobile Bay. In addition to this, a Union blockade of Confederate ports throughout the war managed to deny supplies to the CSA. Battle of Island No. ... The Battle of Hampton Roads, often called the Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac, was a naval battle of the American Civil War, famous for being the first fight between two powered iron-covered warships, or ironclads, the CSS Virginia and the USS Monitor. ... Battle of Memphis I Conflict American Civil War Date June 6, 1862 Place Shelby County, Tennessee Result Union victory The Battle of Memphis was a naval battle fought on the Mississippi River on June 6, 1862 during the American Civil War. ... Battle of Drewrys Bluff Conflict American Civil War Date May 15, 1862 Place Chesterfield County, Virginia Result Confederate victory The Battle of Drewry’s Bluff, also known as the Battle of Fort Darling or Fort Drewry, took place on May 15, 1862 in Chesterfield County, Virginia as part of... Battle of Fort Hindman / Battle of Arkansas Post Conflict American Civil War Date January 9-11, 1863 Place Arkansas County, Arkansas Result Union victory The Battle of Fort Hindman (January 9 - 11, 1863) was a battle of the American Civil War which took place near the mouth of the Arkansas... The Battle of Mobile Bay was a naval battle fought on August 5, 1864, during the American Civil War. ... The Union blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865, during the American Civil War, in which the United States Navy maintained a massive effort on the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the Confederate States of America designed to prevent the passage of trade goods, supplies, and arms...

Civil War leaders and soldiers

One of the reasons that the US Civil War wore on as long as it did and the battles were so fierce was that most important generals on both sides had formerly served in the United States Army--some including Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee, during the Mexican-American War between 1846 and 1848. Most were graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, where Lee had been commandant for 3 years in the 1850s. The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... Order: 18th President Vice President: Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873); Henry Wilson (1873–1875) Term of office: March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1877 Preceded by: Andrew Johnson Succeeded by: Rutherford B. Hayes Date of birth: April 27, 1822 Place of birth: Point Pleasant, Ohio Date of death: July 23, 1885 Place... Robert Edward Lee, as a U.S. Army Colonel before the war Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a career army officer and the most successful general of the Confederate forces during the American Civil War. ... The Mexican-American War was a war fought between the United States and Mexico between 1846 and 1848. ... The Chapel at West Point The United States Military Academy, also known simply as West Point and USMA, is a U.S. military academy and former Army fort. ...

Significant Southern leaders included Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, P.G.T. Beauregard, John Mosby, Braxton Bragg, John Bell Hood, James Ewell Brown (JEB) Stuart, William Mahone, Judah P. Benjamin, Jubal Early, and Nathan Bedford Forrest. Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician. ... Robert Edward Lee, as a U.S. Army Colonel before the war Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a career army officer and the most successful general of the Confederate forces during the American Civil War. ... Joseph E. Johnston Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... For the 1960s country music artist, see Stonewall Jackson (musician); for the submarine, see USS Stonewall Jackson (SSBN-634). ... James Longstreet James Longstreet (January 8, 1821 – January 2, 1904) was one of the foremost generals of the American Civil War, and later enjoyed a successful post-war career working for the government of his former enemies, as a diplomat and administrator. ... Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard (BO-rih-gahrd) (May 28, 1818 – February 20, 1893), best known as a general for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, was also a writer, civil servant, and inventor. ... Colonel John Singleton Mosby (December 6, 1833 - May 30, 1916), also known as the Gray Ghost, was a Confederate guerilla fighter in the American Civil War. ... Braxton Bragg Braxton Bragg (March 22, 1817 – September 27, 1876) was a career U.S. Army officer and a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... John Bell Hood John Bell Hood (June 1, 1831 – August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. ... James Ewell Brown Stuart (February 6, 1833 – May 12, 1864) was an American soldier from Virginia. ... William Mahone (December 1, 1826 – October 8, 1895), was a civil engineer, teacher, soldier, and a member of the Virginia General Assembly and U.S. Congress. ... Judah P. Benjamin Judah Philip Benjamin (August 6, 1811–May 6, 1884) was a British-American politician and lawyer, who served as a representative in the Louisiana State Legislature, as U.S. Senator for Louisiana, in three successive cabinet posts in the government of the Confederate States of America, and... Jubal Anderson Early (November 3, 1816 – March 2, 1894) was a lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil War. ... Nathan Bedford Forrest Nathan Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821 – October 29, 1877), was a Confederate general and perhaps the American Civil Wars most highly regarded cavalry and partisan ranger (guerrilla leader). ...

Northern leaders included Abraham Lincoln, William H. Seward, Edwin M. Stanton, Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, George H. Thomas, George B. McClellan, Henry W. Halleck, Joseph Hooker, Ambrose Burnside, Irvin McDowell, Philip Sheridan, George Crook, George Armstrong Custer, Christopher "Kit" Carson, John E. Wool, George G. Meade, Winfield Hancock, Elihu Washburne, Abner Read, and Robert Gould Shaw. Order: 16th President Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin (1861-1865); Andrew Johnson (1865) Term of office: March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 Preceded by: James Buchanan Succeeded by: Andrew Johnson Date of birth: February 12, 1809 Place of birth: Hardin County, Kentucky (now in LaRue County) Date of death: April 15... William H. Seward William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801–October 10, 1872) was United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. ... Edwin M. Stanton Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869), was an American lawyer, politician and Secretary of War through most of the American Civil War and in the Reconstruction era. ... Order: 18th President Vice President: Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873); Henry Wilson (1873–1875) Term of office: March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1877 Preceded by: Andrew Johnson Succeeded by: Rutherford B. Hayes Date of birth: April 27, 1822 Place of birth: Point Pleasant, Ohio Date of death: July 23, 1885 Place... Portrait of William Tecumseh Sherman by Mathew Brady William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, and author. ... General George Henry Thomas (July 31, 1816 - March 28, 1870), Northern general during the American Civil War, was born in Southampton County, Virginia. ... George McClellan George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885) was a Major General of the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... Henry Wager Halleck (1815 - 1872) was an American soldier and politician. ... This article is about Joseph Hooker, the U.S. Civil War Major General. ... Portrait of Ambrose Burnside by Mathew Brady, ca. ... General Irvin McDowell Irvin McDowell (October 15, 1818 – May 4, 1885) was an American military officer, famous for his participation in the American Civil War. ... Philip Sheridan Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6, 1831 – August 5, 1888), a military man and one of the great generals in the American Civil War. ... Portrait of George Crook George Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career U.S. Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. ... George Armstrong Custer Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was an American cavalry commander in the Civil War and the Indian Wars who is best remembered for his defeat and death at the Battle of the Little Bighorn against a coalition of Native American tribes... Kit Carson Kit Carson (December 24, 1809–May 23, 1868), born Christopher Houston Carson, was an American frontiersman. ... John Ellis Wool (February 20, 1784 - November 10, 1869) was one of the four general officers of the United States Army in 1861, and was the one who saw the most Civil War service. ... George Gordon Meade (December 31, 1815 - November 6, 1872) was an American military officer during the American Civil War. ... Portrait of Winfield S. Hancock during the Civil War Winfield Scott Hancock (February 14, 1824 - February 9, 1886) was born in Montgomery Square, Pennsylvania and named after the famous general Winfield Scott. ... Categories: Stub | 1816 births | 1887 deaths | Members of the U.S. House of Representatives | U.S. Secretaries of State ... Abner Read (5 April 1821 - 7 July 1863) was an officer of the United States Navy who distinguished himself in the American Civil War. ... Robert Gould Shaw Robert Gould Shaw (October 10, 1837 – July 18, 1863), was the white colonel in command of the all-black 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, which entered the American Civil War in 1863. ...

Five men who served as Union officers eventually became presidents of the United States: Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, and William McKinley. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877 – 1881). ... James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 - September 19, 1881) was the 20th (1881) President of the United States, the first left-handed President, and the second U.S. President to be assassinated. ... This article is about the President. ... Order: 25th President Vice President: Garret A. Hobart (1897-1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Term of office: March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901 Preceded by: Grover Cleveland Succeeded by: Theodore Roosevelt Date of birth: January 29, 1843 Place of birth: Niles, Ohio Date of death: September 14, 1901 Place of death...

After 1980 scholarly attention turned to ordinary soldiers, and to women and African Americans.

After the war, the Grand Army of the Republic, a fraternal organization open to Union war veterans, was founded in 1866. Confederate veterans formed the United Confederate Veterans in 1889. In 1905, a campaign medal was authorized for all Civil War veterans, known as the Civil War Campaign Medal. According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the last surviving Union veteran of the conflict, Albert Woolson, died on August 2, 1956 at the age of 109, and the last Confederate veteran, John Salling, died on March 16, 1958, at the age of 112. However, William Marvel investigated the claims of both for a 1991 piece in the Civil War history magazine Blue & Gray. Using census information, he found that Salling was born in 1858, far too late to have served in the Civil War. In fact, he concluded, "Every one of the last dozen recognized Confederates was bogus." He found Woolson to be the last true veteran of the Civil War on either side; he had served as a drummer boy late in the war. G.A.R. Memorial, Washington, D.C. The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army who had served in the American Civil War. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... The United Confederate Veterans, also known as the UCV, was a veterans organization for former Confederate soldiers of the American Civil War, and was equivalent to the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) which was the organization for Union veterans. ... 1889 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Army & Navy Civil War Campaign Medals The Civil War Campaign Medal is considered the first campaign service medal of the United States military. ... The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for administering programs of veterans benefits for veterans, their families, and survivors. ... Albert H. Woolson (February 11, 1847_August 2, 1956), was the last surviving member of the Union Army, which fought in the American Civil War. ... August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in Leap years). ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Women were not allowed to fight--though some did fight in disguise. Clara Barton became a leader of the Union Nurses and was widely known as the "Angel of the Battlefield." She experienced the horror of 16 battles, helping behind the lines to heal the injured soldiers. Barton organized a relief program that helped to better distribute supplies to wounded soldiers of both the North and South. Famed American nurse Clara Barton, first president of the American Red Cross Clarissa Harlowe Barton (better known as Clara Barton) (December 25, 1821 (although there is a confusion with her date of birth, as her birth certificate says the 25th, while her family members say that she was born the...

Aftermath

As slavery and constitutional questions concerning states' rights were widely viewed as causes for the war, the victorious Union government sought to end slavery and to guarantee a perpetual union that could never be broken.

During the early part of the war, Lincoln, to hold together his war coalition of Republicans and War Democrats, emphasized preservation of the Union as the sole Union objective of the war, but with the Emancipation Proclamation, announced in September 1862 and put into effect four months later, Lincoln adopted the abolition of slavery as a second mission. The Emancipation Proclamation declared all slaves held in territory then under Confederate control to be "then, thenceforth, and forever free." It had little initial effect but served to commit the United States to the goal of ending slavery. The Proclamation would be put into practical effect in Confederate territory captured over the remainder of the war. First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation - Lincoln meets with his Cabinet. ...

The border States of Missouri and Maryland moved during the course of the war to end slavery, and in December 1864, the Congress proposed the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, barring slavery throughout the United States; the 13th Amendment was fully ratified by the end of 1865. The 14th Amendment, defining citizenship and giving the Federal government broad power to require the States to provide equal protection of the laws was adopted in 1868. The 15th Amendment guaranteeing black men (but not women) the right to vote was ratified in 1870. The 14th and 15th Amendments reversed the effects of the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision of 1857, but the 14th Amendment, in particular, had unanticipated and far-reaching effects. Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution states: Section 1 Section 2 Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ... Amendment XIV (the Fourteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution is one of the post-Civil War amendments and includes the due process and equal protection clauses (Section 1). ... Contemporary drawing depicting the first vote by African-Americans Amendment XV (the Fifteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution is one of the post-Civil War, Reconstruction amendments. ... Dred Scott Dred Scott (ca. ...

From the election of 1876 until the election of 1964, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas gave no electoral votes to the Republican Party, with South Carolina and Louisiana making an exception only once each. Most other states that had seceded voted overwhelmingly against Republican presidential nominees also, with the same trend predominantly applying in state elections too. This phenomenon was known as the Solid South. However, starting with the election of 1964, this trend has almost completely reversed, and most of the Southern states have now become Republican strongholds. Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... State nickname: Camellia State, The Heart of Dixie¹, Yellowhammer State Other U.S. States Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Governor Bob Riley (R) Official languages English Area 84,360 mi²/135,765 km² (30th)  - Land 81,664 mi²/131,426 km²  - Water 2,696 mi²/4,338 km² (3. ... State nickname: Magnolia State Other U.S. States Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Governor Haley Barbour (R) Official languages English Area 125,546 km² (32nd)  - Land 121,606 km²  - Water 3,940 km² (3%) Population (2000)  - Population 2,697,243 (31st)  - Density 23. ... State nickname: The Natural State Other U.S. States Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Governor Mike Huckabee Official languages English Area 137,732 km² (29th)  - Land 134,856 km²  - Water 2,876 km² (2. ... In the United States, the president is elected through the an electoral college system. ... The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party [1]), is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... State nickname: Palmetto State Other U.S. States Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Governor Mark Sanford (R) Official languages English Area 82,965 km² (40th)  - Land 78,051 km²  - Water 4,915 km² (6%) Population (2000)  - Population {{{2000Pop}}} (26th)  - Density 51. ... State nickname: Pelican State Other U.S. States Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans Governor Kathleen Blanco (D) Official languages None; English and French de facto Area 134,382 km² (31st)  - Land 112,927 km²  - Water 21,455 km² (16%) Population (2000)  - Population 4,468,976 (22nd)  - Density 39. ... The phrase Solid South describes the reliable electoral support of the U.S. Southern states for Democratic Party candidates from the Reconstruction era through much of the 20th century. ...

A good deal of ill will among the Southern survivors resulted from the consequent shift of political power to the North, the destruction inflicted on the South by the Union armies as the end of the war approached, and the Reconstruction program instituted in the South by the Union after the war's end. Bitterness about the war continued for decades. Some southerners, particularly in the Deep South, maintain that the Confederacy fought for a just cause, while some northeasterners continue to regard the south as backward. Southerners sometimes display confederate flags and other symbols to show defiance against northern domination. However, most people on both sides have moved on. Political power is a type of power held by a person or group in a society. ... In the history of the United States, Reconstruction was the period after the American Civil War when the southern states of the breakaway Confederacy were reintegrated into the United States of America. ... Red states show the core of the Deep South, states shown as pink may or may not be included in the Deep South, and thus their inclusion or exclusion varies from source to source. ...

Books

There have been over 50,000 books published about the Civil War. It is often cited as the single subject with the most number of books published in the United States.

• Eicher, David J., The Civil War in Books: An Analytical Bibliography, University of Illinois, 1997, ISBN 0-252-02273-4

Histories and biographies

• Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J.: Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3
• Foote, Shelby, The Civil War, A Narrative (3 volumes), Random House, 1974, ISBN 0-394-74913-8
• Freeman, Douglas S., R. E. Lee, A Biography (4 volumes), Scribners, 1940
• Freeman, Douglas S., Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command (3 volumes), Scribners, 1946, ISBN 0-684-85979-3
• McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford History of the United States), Oxford University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-195-03863-0
• Woodword, C. Vann, Ed., Mary Chesnut's Civil War, Yale University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-300-02979-9

Shelby Foote (November 7, 1916 – June 27, 2005) was a noted author and historian of the American Civil War. ... Dr. Douglas Southall Freeman (May 16, 1886-June 13, 1953) was an American journalist and author. ... James M. McPherson (born October 11, 1936) is an American Civil War historian, and is the George Henry Davis 86 Professor of United States History at Princeton University. ...

Novels about the war

• Crane, Stephen, The Red Badge of Courage
• Mitchell, Margaret, Gone With the Wind
• Shaara, Jeffrey, Gods and Generals
• Shaara, Jeffrey, The Last Full Measure
• Shaara, Michael, The Killer Angels
• Verne, Jules, North against South (Nord Contre Sud)
• Reed, Ishmael, Flight to Canada

For other notable men with this name see: Stephen Crane (disambiguation). ... The Red Badge of Courage (1895) is a short novel (or a long short story) by Stephen Crane about the meaning of courage, as it is discovered by Henry Fleming, a young recruit in the Civil War. ... Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell (November 8, 1900 - August 16, 1949) was the author of the immensely successful novel Gone With the Wind, which was published June 30th 1936. ... Gone With the Wind was an instant success. ... Jeffrey Shaara (born 1952) is an American novelist, the son of Pulitzer Prize winner Michael Shaara. ... Gods and Generals is the prequel to Michael Shaaras 1974 novel about the Battle of Gettysburg, The Killer Angels. ... The Last Full Measure (published May 19, 1998 by Ballantine Books; ISBN 0345404912) is the sequel to The Killer Angels and Gods and Generals. ... Michael Shaara (1928 - May 5, 1988) was a writer of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. ... The Killer Angels (1974) is a historical novel by Michael Shaara which was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1975. ... Jules Verne. ... Ishmael Scott Reed (b. ...

See also

• List of American Civil War topics
• List of people associated with the American Civil War
• Casualties of the American Civil War
• List of victims of the American Civil War
• African Americans in the Civil War
• Photography and photographers of the American Civil War
• Canada and the American Civil War
• Illinois in the Civil War
• Rail transport in the American Civil War
• English Civil War

This is a list of topics relating to the American Civil War. ... This is a list of people associated with the American Civil War. ... The American Civil War (1861-1865) direct and indirect casualties breakdown as follows: NOTE: deaths listed include being killed in action and/or of other causes such as dying of disease, starvation, exposure, drought, drowning, friendly fire, atrocities etc. ... This list includes notable individuals who died in or as a result of actions related to the American Civil War, including their years of birth and death, rank or occupation, and battle or event of death. ... A company of 4th USCT Infantry History of African Americans in the Civil War - Approximately 180,000 African Americans comprising 163 units served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and many more African Americans served in the Union Navy. ... The American Civil War (1861–1865) was the third war in history to be caught on camera. ... This article covers Canada and the American Civil War. ... Illinois infantry regimental flag (77th IL is shown) During the American Civil War, over 250,000 Illinois men served in the Union Army, more than any other northern state except New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. ... Confederate railroads During the American Civil War, the Confederacy depended heavily on railroads to get supplies to their lines. ... The term English Civil War (or Wars) refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has more media related to:

American Civil War

• Guide to Civil War and Reconstruction on WWW
• The American Civil War Homepage
• Civil War photos at the National Archives
• Online texts of Civil War books at the National Park Service
• University of Tennessee: US Civil War Generals
• Shotgun's Home of the American Civil War
• American Civil War
• The Civil War, a PBS documentary by Ken Burns
• Individual state's contributions to the Civil War: California, Florida, Illinois #1, Illinois #2, Ohio, Pennsylvania
• Alexander Hamilton Stephens' Cornerstone Speech
• Civil War Trails - A project to map out sites related to the Civil War in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... The United States National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records. ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States Federal Government agency that deals with all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation properties with various designations. ... PBS logo The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting television service with 349 member TV stations in the United States. ... Ken L. Burns (born July 29, 1953) is an American documentary filmmaker. ...

History of the United States: timeline & topics

Pre-colonial | Colonial | 1776–1789 | 1789–1849 | 1849–1865 | 1865–1918 | 1918–1945 | 1945–1964 | 1964–1980 | 1980–1988 | 1988–present // Pre-Colonial America For details, see the main Pre-Colonial America article. ... This is a timeline of United States history. ... This is a list of articles related to the History of the United States. ... Download high resolution version (1520x800, 18 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... // Unification of the British colonies Although each of the British colonies was strikingly different from the others, throughout the 17th and 18th centuries several events and trends took place that brought them together in various ways and to various degrees. ... // Era Overview On April 19, 1775, a detachment of the British regular Army marched inland from Boston, Massachusetts, in search of a cache of arms and with orders to arrest certain prominent local leaders. ... After the election of George Washington as the first President of the United States in 1789, Congress passed the first of many laws organizing the government, and adopted a bill of rights in the form of ten amendments to the new Constitution—the United States Bill of Rights. ... Origins of the American Civil War Main article: Origins of the American Civil War Slave patrollers, mostly poor whites, were given the authority to stop, search, whip, maim, and even kill any slave who violated the slave codes. ... At the end of the Civil War, the country was still bitterly divided. ... // Aftermath of World War I A 1919 sheet music cover A popular Tin Pan Alley song of 1919 asked, concerning the United States troops returning from World War I, How Ya Gonna Keep Em Down On the Farm After Theyve Seen Paree?. In fact, many did not remain down... The Cold War Main article: Cold War (1953-1962). ... Civil rights The assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 changed the political mood of the country. ... Changing demographics and the growth of the Sun Belt The most widely discussed demographic phenomenon of the 1970s was the rise of the Sun Belt, the Southwest, Southeast, and especially Florida and California (surpassing New York as the nations most populous state in 1964). ... // 1988 presidential election For details see the main article U.S. presidential election, 1988. ... Military | Postal | Diplomatic | Imperialist | Religious | Industrial | Feminist | Music | Diplomatic history | Imperial history | Economic history | Cultural history 48-star flag, 1957 This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the United States. ... The United States has a rich and complicated diplomatic history. ... At its start, the United States was a collection of small colonies on the eastern seaboard with little international import. ... See also Religion in the United States The religious history of the United States is a complex narrative that begins more than a century before the former British colonies became the United States of America in 1776. ... This is a history of feminism and the role of women throughout the history of the United States. ... The United States is a large and diverse country, with a long history of producing many styles of folk, popular and classical music. ... The United States has a rich and complicated diplomatic history. ... At its start, the United States was a collection of small colonies on the eastern seaboard with little international import. ... The economic history of the United States spans a period of less than two and a half centuries. ... The cultural history of the United States is a broad topic, covering or having influence in many of the worlds cultural aspects. ...