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War crimes of the Wehrmacht are those carried out by traditional German armed forces during World War II. While the principal perpetrators of the Holocaust amongst German armed forces were the Nazi German political armies (the Waffen-SS and particularly the Einsatzgruppen), the traditional armed forces represented by the Wehrmacht committed war crimes of their own, particularly on the Eastern Front in the war against the Soviet Union. The Nuremberg Trials of the major war criminals at the end of World War II found that the Wehrmacht was not an inherently criminal organization, but that it had committed crimes in the course of the war. Wehrmacht (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ...
Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ...
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...
Waffen-SS recruitment poster; Volunteer to the Waffen-SS The Waffen-SS was the armed wing of the Schutzstaffel. ...
A member of Einsatzgruppe D is just about to shoot a Jewish man kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, in 1942. ...
Eastern Front may refer to one of the following. ...
Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Günther von Kluge Heinz Guderian Ernst Busch Georg von Küchler Wilhelm List Erich von Manstein Ion Antonescu C.G.E. Mannerheim Giovanni Messe Italo Gariboldi Mikl...
The Süddeutsche Zeitung announces The Verdict in Nuremberg. ...
War crimes
The war crimes of Wehrmacht include:
Wehrmacht units killed thousands of Polish civilians during the 1939 September campaign through executions and terror bombing of cities. After the end of hostilities, during the Wehrmacht's administration of Poland, which went on until October 25, 1939, 531 towns and villages were burned, and the Wehrmacht carried out 714 mass executions and a number of other crimes. Altogether, it is estimated that 16,376 Polish civilians had perished. Approximately 60% of these crimes were committed by the Wehrmacht.[1] Combatants Poland Germany, Slovakia, Soviet Union Commanders Edward Rydz-Śmigły Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand Čatloš (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total: 950...
Terror bombing is a strategy of deliberately bombing civilian targets and strafing civilians in order to break the morale of the enemy and make its civilian population panic. ...
October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Between May 25 and May 28 1940, the German Wehrmacht committed several war crimes in and near the small village of Vinkt. Hostages were taken and used as human shields. As the Belgian army continued to resist, farms were searched (and looted) for more hostages who were later executed. In all 86 civilians were executed, but the total death toll was probably 140. The reason for the carnage is unclear. See massacre at Vinkt. Combatants France United Kingdom Canada Czechoslovakia Poland Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Germany Italy Commanders Maurice Gamelin, Maxime Weygand (French) Lord Gort (British Expeditionary Force) Leopold III (Belgian) H.G. Winkelman (Dutch) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group A) Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Wilhelm von Leeb (Army Group C) H.R...
Vinkt is a small village in Belgium, with about 1200 inhabitants, now part of the town of Deinze and situated 20 km South West of Gent. ...
Destruction of Warsaw - Further information: Battle of Warsaw (1939) and Warsaw Uprising
Up to 13,000 soldiers and 250,000 civilians were killed by German-led forces during the Warsaw Uprising. Human shields were used by German forces during the fighting and during the Wola Massacre 50,000 civilians were executed in one day (September 11, 1944) to intimidate the Poles into surrender. Battle of Warsaw Conflict Polish Defence War of 1939 Date 8 to September 28, 1939 Place Warsaw, Poland Result Polish defeat The 1939 Battle of Warsaw was fought between the Poland (Warsaw) and the German Army. ...
Combatants Poland Nazi Germany Commanders Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski #, Antoni Chruściel #, Tadeusz Pełczyński Erich von dem Bach, Rainer Stahel, Heinz Reinefarth, Bronislav Kaminski Strength 47,500 troops[1] 25,000 troops (initially)[1] Casualties 15,200[2] killed, 5,000[2] wounded, 15,000[2] taken prisoner...
Combatants Poland Nazi Germany Commanders Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski #, Antoni Chruściel #, Tadeusz Pełczyński Erich von dem Bach, Rainer Stahel, Heinz Reinefarth, Bronislav Kaminski Strength 47,500 troops[1] 25,000 troops (initially)[1] Casualties 15,200[2] killed, 5,000[2] wounded, 15,000[2] taken prisoner...
The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...
The order cast the war against Russia as one of ideological and racial differences, and provided for the immediate liquidation of political commissars of the Red Army. The order stated that German soldiers guilty of violating international laws would be "excused". The order was formulated on Hitler's behalf by the Wehrmacht command and distributed to field commanders. The Commissar Order (German: Kommissarbefehl) was a written order given by Adolf Hitler on 6 June 1941, prior to Operation Barbarossa. ...
Barbarossa Decree The decree, issued by Field Marshal Keitel a few weeks before Operation Barbarossa, exempted punishable offences committed by enemy civilians (in Russia) from the jurisdiction of military justice. Suspects were to be brought before an officer who would decide if they were to be shot. Prosecution of offenses against civilians by members of the Wehrmacht was decreed to be "not required" unless necessary for maintenance of discipline. Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel (September 22, 1882 - October 16, 1946) was a German field marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) and a senior military leader during World War II. // Keitel was born in Helmscherode, Brunswick, German Empire, the son of Carl Keitel, a middle-class landowner, and his wife Apollonia...
Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Günther von Kluge Heinz Guderian Ernst Busch Georg von Küchler Wilhelm List Erich von Manstein Ion Antonescu C.G.E. Mannerheim Giovanni Messe Italo Gariboldi Mikl...
A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ...
POW Camps - see also Prisoner of war and Geneva Convention (1929)
In 1929, the Third Geneva Convention (1929) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War had been signed by Germany and most other countries, while the USSR and Japan did not sign until after the war (final version of the Third Geneva Convention of 1949). This meant that Germany was obliged to treat all POWs according to it, while in turn, Germans captured by the Red Army could not expect to be treated in such a manner. In fact, the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan also did not treat prisoners of war in accordance with the Geneva Convention. Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Geneva Convention (1929) The Geneva Convention (1929) was signed at Geneva, July 27, 1929. ...
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Geneva Convention (1929) The Geneva Convention (1929) was signed at Geneva, July 27, 1929. ...
Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Third Geneva Convention The Third Geneva Convention (or GCIII) of 1949, one of the Geneva Conventions, is a treaty agreement that primarily concerns the treatment of prisoners of war (POWs), and also touched on other topics. ...
Anthem Kimi ga Yo Imperial Reign Slogan: Fukoku Kyohei Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Military (a. ...
While the Wehrmacht's prisoner-of-war camps in the West generally satisfied the humanitarian conditions prescribed by international law, prisoners from Poland (which did never capitulate) and the USSR were incarcerated under significantly worse conditions. By December 1941, more than 2.4 million Soviet Red Army troops that had been taken prisoner. These prisoners suffered from malnutrition and diseases like typhus that resulted from the Wehrmacht's failure to provide sufficient food, shelter, proper sanitation and medical care for the prisoners. Prisoners were regularly subject to torture, beatings and humiliation. Between the launching of Operation Barbarossa in summer 1941 and the following spring, more than two million Soviet prisoners of war died while in German hands. The German failure to attain their anticipated victory in the East led to significant shortages of labor for German war production and, beginning in 1942, prisoners of war in the eastern POW camps — primarily Soviets — were seen as a source of slave labor to keep Germany's wartime economy running. For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Epidemic typhus. ...
Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Günther von Kluge Heinz Guderian Ernst Busch Georg von Küchler Wilhelm List Erich von Manstein Ion Antonescu C.G.E. Mannerheim Giovanni Messe Italo Gariboldi Mikl...
1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ...
A Grand total of 5,6 Million Soviet Soldiers were taken prisoner and out the 5,6 million 3,6 million would die in captivity. [1]
Massacres of prisoners-of-war Killing of POWs by Wehrmacht soldiers started during the September 1939 campaign in Poland. Numerous examples exist in which Polish soldiers were killed after capture, for instance at Śladów where 252 POWs were shot or drowned, at Ciepielów where some 300 POWs were killed, and at Zambrów where a further 200 POWs were killed. Some 50 British officers who had escaped from Stalag Luft III were shot after recapture, and 15 uniformed U.S. Army officers and men were shot without trial in Italy. Hitler's Commando Order, issued in 1942, provided "justification" for the shooting of enemy commandos whether uniformed or not. The massacres include that of at least 1500 black French POWs of West African origin and was preceded by propaganda depicting the Africans as savages. German tank of the 4th Division during the failed assault of Warsaw The German 4th Panzer Division () was established in 1938. ...
Polish POWs murdered in Ciepielów Ciepielów is a village in Poland, in southern part of the Mazovian Voivodship. ...
Coat of Zambrów is a town in north-eastern Poland with 22,933 inhabitants (2003). ...
model of a Stalag Luft III compound Stalag Luft III (Stammlager Luft, or Permanent Camp for Airmen #3) was a German Air Force prisoner-of-war camp during World War II that housed captured air force personnel. ...
The Commando Order was a top secret order issued by Adolf Hitler on October 18, 1942 stating that all commandos captured in Europe and Africa (but excluding sailors), should be immediately executed even if they attempted to surrender. ...
1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ...
This decree, issued by Hitler in 1941 and disseminated along with a directive from Keitel, was operative within the conquered territories in the West (Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark and the Netherlands). The decree allowed those "endangering German security" to be seized and to make them disappear without a trace. Keitel's directive stated that "efficient intimidation can only be achieved either by capital punishment or by measures by which the relatives of the criminal and the population do not know his fate." Nacht und Nebel (Night and Fog ) was an incident and edict in Nazi Germany. ...
Reprisal actions - see also Partisan (military)
On the Greek island of Cephalonia , Italian soldiers not supporting the German cause (see Italian resistance movement) were massacred by Wehrmacht forces on the Greek island of Cephalonia. Greek villages were razed and their inhabitants murdered during anti-partisan operations. Look up partisan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Geography The capital of the Cephallonia prefecture is Argostoli. ...
Partisans parading in Milan The Italian resistance movement was a partisan force during World War II. // After Italys capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Italian resistance movement became massive. ...
Geography The capital of the Cephallonia prefecture is Argostoli. ...
In occupied Poland and the USSR hundreds of villages were wiped out with their inhabitants murdered. In the USSR, captured Soviet partisans and Jewish partisans were used to sweep fields of land mines. German supply train blown up by the Armia Krajowa during World War II. Polish resistance movement was a resistance movement in Poland, part of the anti-fascist resistance movement which fought against the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany during World War II. Resistance to the Nazi German occupation began...
The Soviet partisans were members anti-fascist resistance movement which fought against the occupation of the Soviet Union by Axis forces during World War II. At the end of June 1941, immediately after the Germans crossed the Soviet border, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik) (see...
Jewish partisans were groups of irregulars participating in the Jewish resistance movement during World War II against the Nazis and their collaborators. ...
“Minefield†redirects here. ...
In a number of occupied countries, the Wehrmacht's response to partisan attacks of Resistance movements was to take and shoot hostages, up to 100 hostages for every German killed. In 1944, prior to and after the invasion, French Resistance and the Maquis (World War II) increased their activities against all German organisations, including Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS. About 600 Maquis died in combat against the 15,000 strong Waffen-SS] in Southern France, slowing the move to the new front in the North. After further incidents, Major Otto Dickmann's Waffen-SS troops wiped out the village of Oradour-sur-Glane in retaliation. A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Maquis is a type of high ground in southeastern France]] covered with scrub growth. ...
Waffen-SS recruitment poster; Volunteer to the Waffen-SS The Waffen-SS was the armed wing of the Schutzstaffel. ...
Oradour-sur-Glane was a village in the Limousin région of France that came under direct German control in 1942, after the occupation of Vichy France by the Wehrmacht. ...
In issuing orders for hostage-taking, Keitel stated that "it is important that these should include well-known personalities or members of their families." A Wehrmacht commander in France stated that "the better known the hostages to be shot, the greater will be the deterrent effect on the perpetrators." Author William Shirer stated that, in all, over 30,000 hostages are believed to have been executed in the West alone, and the Wehrmacht's hostage policy was pursued in Greece, Yugoslavia, Scandinavia, and Poland as well. William Lawrence Shirer (1904 - 1993), U.S. historian & journalist. ...
Postwar views Upon the end of the war in 1945, several Wehrmacht generals made a statement that defended the actions against partisans, executions of hostages, and the use of slave laborers as necessary to war effort. The generals contended that the Holocaust was committed by the SS and its partner organizations, and that the Wehrmacht command had been unaware of these actions in the death camps. This statement said that the armed forces had fought honorably and left the impression that the Wehrmacht had not committed war crimes and was "unblemished". Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...
For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ...
SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop...
However a number of high Wehrmacht officers stood trial for war crimes. OKW commander-in-chief Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and chief of operations staff Alfred Jodl were indicted and tried for war crimes by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg in 1946. Both were convicted of all charges, sentenced to death and executed by hanging. While the tribunal declared that the Gestapo, SD and SS (including the Waffen-SS) were inherently criminal organizations, the court did not reach the same conclusion with respect to the Wehrmacht General Staff and High Command. This was seen by many in the German public as exonerating the Wehrmacht's role in war crimes. The command flag for the Chief of the High Command of the German Armed Forces (1938 - 1941) The command flag for a Generalfeldmarschall as the Chief of the High Command of the German Armed Forces (1941 - 1945) The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW (Wehrmacht High Command, Armed Forces High Command...
Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel (September 22, 1882 - October 16, 1946) was a German field marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) and a senior military leader during World War II. // Keitel was born in Helmscherode, Brunswick, German Empire, the son of Carl Keitel, a middle-class landowner, and his wife Apollonia...
Alfred Jodl (May 10, 1890 – October 16, 1946) was a German military commander, attaining the position of Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) during World War II, acting as deputy to Wilhelm Keitel. ...
The Nuremberg Trials is the general name for two sets of trials of Nazis involved in World War II and the Holocaust. ...
Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg, Polish: Norymberga) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ...
Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
Sicherheitsdienst (SD) sleeve insignia. ...
The prosecution of war crimes lost steam during the 1950s as the Cold War deepened; both Germanies needed to establish armed forces, and could not do so without trained soldiers and officers that had served in the Wehrmacht. Cold War priorities and taboos about revisiting the most unpleasant aspects of World War II meant that the Wehrmacht's role in war crimes was not seriously re-examined until the early 1980s. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...
Wehrmachtsausstellung -
Main article: Wehrmachtsausstellung The so-called Wehrmachtsausstellung (German: ) was a exhibition focusing on War crimes of the Wehrmacht committed on the East Front from 1941 to 1944. ...
Original exhibition 1995 - 1999 The view of the "unblemished" Wehrmacht was shaken by an exhibition produced by the Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung (Hamburg Institute for Social Research)[2] titled Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944 ("War of Annihilation. Crimes of the Wehrmacht 1941 to 1944"). The popular and controversial traveling exhibition seen by an estimated 1.2 million visitors over the last decade asserted, with the support of written documents and photographs, that the Wehrmacht was "involved in planning and implementing a war of annihilation against Jews, prisoners of war, and the civilian population". Historian Hannes Heer and Gerd Hankel had prepared it.
Criticism After criticisms about incorrect attribution and captioning of some of the images in the exhibition, e.g. by Polish historian Bogdan Musial and Hungarian historian Krisztián Ungváry, the head and founder of the Hamburg Institute for Social Research, Jan Philipp Reemtsma suspended the display, pending review of its content by a committee of historians. In 1999, the institute transferred the exhibition to a "Trägerverein". Hannes Heer resigned from his post as "Leiter", and in 2000 from the institute, too. Reports had surfaced about his extreme left wing past in which he was sentenced several times[citation needed]. Bogdan Musial or Bogdan MusiaÅ‚ is German historian of Polish background[1] specializing in history of the Second World War. ...
The committee's report [3] in 2000 stated that accusations of forged materials were not justified, but that some of the exhibit's documentation had inaccuracies and that the arguments presented were too sweeping. Yet, the committee reaffirmed the reliability of the exhibition in general:
- The fundamental statements made in the exhibition about the Wehrmacht and the war of annihilation in 'the east' are correct. It is indisputable that, in the Soviet Union, the Wehrmacht not only 'entangled' itself in genocide perpetrated against the Jewish population, in crimes perpetrated against Soviet POWs, and in the fight against the civilian population, but in fact participated in these crimes, playing at times a supporting, at times a leading role. These were not isolated cases of 'abuse' or 'excesses'; they were activities based on decisions reached by top level military leaders or troop leaders on or behind the front lines.[2]
The committee recommended that the exhibition be reopened in revised form, presenting the material and, as far as possible, leaving the formation of conclusions to the exhibition's viewers.
Revised exhibition 2001 - 2004 The revised exhibition was now named Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941–1944.("Crimes of the German Wehrmacht: Dimensions of a War of Annihilation 1941-1944").[3]. It focuses on Public international law and travelled from 2001 to 2004. Since, it is since permanently at Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin. International law deals with the relationships between states, or between persons or entities in different states. ...
The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ...
Movie The documentary Der unbekannte Soldat (The unknown soldier) by Michael Verhoeven was in cinemas from August 2006, and is available on DVD since Februar 2007. It compares the two versions of the exhibitions, and the background of its maker Jan Philipp Reemtsma, heir of the Reemtsma tobacco company which had held a reported 60% market share in Nazi Germany. Michael Verhoeven (July 13, 1938 in Berlin) is a German film director. ...
Reemtsma is one of the biggest tobacco and cigarette producers in Europe. ...
Exhibition about Wehrmacht in Poland 1939 It was criticized that both exhibitions only covered German presence in the Soviet Union in the years 1941-1945, and excluded German occupation of Poland since September 1939. A cooperation of Polish Institute of National Remembrance and Deutsches Historisches Institut in Warsaw, the Polish exhibition „Größte Härte ... Verbrechen der Wehrmacht in Polen September/Oktober 1939“ was presented on 1 September 2004 in Poland, and the German version in 2005 ([4] [5]). From 1 September 2007 to early 2008, it will be shown in Nuremberg at the Documentation Center Nazi Party Rallying Grounds. [6] Institute of National Remembrance (Polish: ; IPN) is a Polish institution created by the IPN Act in 18 December 1998. ...
Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg, Polish: Norymberga) is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. ...
Entrance to the Documentation Center. ...
See also Peace Palace in The Hague Command responsibility, sometimes referred to as the Yamashita standard, or the Medina standard is the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of war crimes. ...
Germany committed war crimes in both World War I and World War II. The most notable of these is the Holocaust, where millions of people, about half of which were Jews, were murdered. ...
For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ...
Richard Harwoods Did Six Million Really Die? Holocaust denial is the claim that the mainstream historical version of the Holocaust is either highly exaggerated or completely falsified. ...
Allied war crimes were violations of the laws of war committed by the Allies of World War II against civilian populations or the soldiers of the Axis Armed Forces. ...
References - ^ Lukas, Richard C.. Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939-1944, Davies, Norman, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0901-0.
- ^ Crimes of the German Wehrmacht: Dimensions of a War of Annihilation 1941-1944: An outline of the exhibition (English) (PDF). Hamburg Institute for Social Research. Retrieved on 2006-03-12.
- ^ Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941—1944. Retrieved on 2006-03-12.
- Fritz, Stephen G. (1997). Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0943-4.
- Heer, Hannes (ed.) (1995). Vernichtungskrieg: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941-1944 (War of Annihilation: Crimes of the Wehrmacht). Hamburg: Hamburger Edition HIS Verlag. ISBN 3-930908-04-2.
- Rossino, Alexander B. (2005). Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity. Modern War Studies. ISBN 0-7006-1392-7.
- Scheck, Raffael (2006). Hitler's African Victims: The German Army Massacres of Black French Soldiers in 1940. ISBN 0-521-85799-6.
- Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John (2005). The Nemesis of Power: German Army in Politics, 1918-1945. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
right|thumb|Richard C. LukasRichard C. Lukas is a noted American historian and author of numerous books and articles on Polish history and Polish-Jewish relations. ...
Norman Davies, Warsaw (Poland), October 7, 2004 Norman Davies (born June 8, 1939 in Bolton, Lancashire) is an English historian of Welsh descent, noted for his publications on the history of Poland, Europe and the British Isles. ...
Hippocrene Books are a US publishing press located at 171 Madison Avenue, New York City, NY 10016. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
March 12 is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
March 12 is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Sir John Wheeler Wheeler-Bennett, GCVO, MCG, OBE, FRSL, FBA, (October 13, 1902-December 9, 1975) was a conservative British historian of German and diplomatic history. ...
External links - Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat
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