NationMaster - Encyclopedia: War of Resistance Against Japan

The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) was a major invasion of eastern China by Japan preceding and during World War II. It ended with the surrender of Japan in 1945.

In Chinese, the war is variously known as the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War of Resistance (中国人民抗日战争), Anti-Japanese War of Resistance (抗日战争), War of Resistance (抗战), or Eight Years' War of Resistance (八年抗战).
World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The war is also known in Japan as HEI, the "C" Operation, The Chinese Invasion, or the Japanese-Chinese War (日中戦争, Nitchū Sensō,), a Strategic Plan made by the Japanese Army as part of their large-scale plans to control the Asian mainland. World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ...

The early manifestations of this plan were commonly known as "China Incidents". The 1931 invasion of Manchuria by Japan is referred to as the Mukden Incident.The last of these was called 'Luokouchiao' or the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Mukden Incident (September 18, 1931), also called Manchurian Incident, occurred in northern Manchuria when the Japanese blew up a section of their own railroad near Mukden (todays Shenyang). ... The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ...

Newly trained Chinese forces march to replace a division at the front, 1939. ... Newly trained Chinese forces march to replace a division at the front, 1939. ...

Invasion of China

Most historians place the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War on the Battle of Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge Incident) on July 7, 1937. Contemproary Chinese historians, however place the starting point at the Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931. Following the Mukden Incident, the Japanese Guandong Army occupied Manchuria and established the puppet state of Manchukuo in February 1932. Japan pressured China into recognising the independence of Manchukuo. I feel like crying when I see this picture. ... I feel like crying when I see this picture. ... The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ... The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Mukden Incident (September 18, 1931), also called Manchurian Incident, occurred in northern Manchuria when the Japanese blew up a section of their own railroad near Mukden (todays Shenyang). ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Kwantung Army or Guandong Army (関東軍 Japanese: Kantōgun) was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that originated from a Guandong garrison established in 1906 to defend the Kwantung Leased Territory and the areas adjacent to the South Manchurian Railway. ... Extent according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: ä¸œåŒ—; Traditional Chinese: æ±åŒ—; pinyin: ; literally east-north) and Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified Chinese: æ»¡æ´²; Traditional Chinese: æ»¿æ´²; pinyin: ) are names of a vast region in Northeast Asia. ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... It has been suggested that Manchukuo (administration) be merged into this article or section. ... 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ...

Following the Battle of Lugou Bridge in 1937, the Japanese occupied Shanghai, Nanjing and Northern Shanxi as part of campaigns involving approximately 200,000 Japanese soldiers, and considerably more Chinese soldiers. Chinese historians estimate as many as 300,000 people perished in the Nanjing Massacre, after the fall of Nanjing. Shanghai (Chinese: ä¸Šæµ·; pinyin: ; Shanghainese IPA: ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta, is Chinas largest city. ... Nanjing (Chinese: å—äº¬; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Nan-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Nanking), is the capital of Chinas Jiangsu province and a city with a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. ... Shanxi (Chinese: å±±è¥¿; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shansi) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Nanking Massacre (Chinese: 南京大屠殺, pinyin: Nánjīng Dàtúshā; Japanese: 南京大虐殺, Nankin Daigyakusatsu), also known as the Rape of Nanking and sometimes in Japan as the Nanking Incident (南京事件, Nankin Jiken), refers to what many historians recognize as widespread atrocities committed by the Japanese army in and around Nanking (now Nanjing... The Battle of Nanjing began after the fall of Shanghai in October 9, 1937 ,and ended with the fall of the capital city of Nanjing in December, 1937 to Japanese troops, a few days after the Republic of China Government had evacuated the city and relocated to Chongqing. ...

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident not only marked the beginning of an open, undeclared, war between China and Japan, but also hastened the formation of the second Kuomintang-Communist Party of China (CCP). The collaboration took place with salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP. The distrust between the two antagonists was scarcely veiled. Their alliance was forged literally at gun point when Chiang was kidnapped in the Xian incident and forced to ally with the CCP. The uneasy alliance began breaking down by late 1938, despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich Yangtze River Valley in central China. After 1940, conflict between the Nationalists and Communists became more frequent in the areas outside Japanese control. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities were presented, through mass organizations, administrative reforms, land and tax reform measures favoring peasants -- and the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence. The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party of China (Traditional: ä¸åœ‹åœ‹æ°‘é»¨; Simplified: ä¸å›½å›½æ°‘å…š; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguo Guomindang) is a conservative political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. ... Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…š; Traditional Chinese: ä¸åœ‹å…±ç”£é»¨; pinyin: ) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Xian Incident (西安事变 Xīān shìbiàn) occurred in Xian on December 12, 1936. ... Length 6,380 km Elevation of the source ? m Average discharge 31,900 mÂ³/s Area watershed 1,800,000 kmÂ² Origin Qinghai Province and Tibet Mouth East China Sea Basin countries China The Yangtze River (Chinese: æ‰¬åæ±Ÿ; pinyin: ) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the...

The Japanese had neither the intention nor the capability of directly administering China. Their goal was to set up friendly puppet governments favorable to Japanese interests. However, the atrocities of the Japanese army made the governments that were set up very unpopular, and the Japanese refused to negotiate with either the Kuomintang or the Communist Party of China, which could have brought them popularity. Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…š; Traditional Chinese: ä¸åœ‹å…±ç”£é»¨; pinyin: ) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Chinese Strategy

Compared to Japan, China was unprepared for war and had little military industrial strength, few mechanized divisions, and virtually no armor support. Up until the mid 1930s China had hoped that the League of Nations would provide countermeasures to Japan's aggression. In addition, the Kuomintang government was mired in an internal war against the Communists. All these disadvantages forced China to adopt a strategy whose first goal was to preserve its army strength, whereas a full frontal assault on the enemy would often prove to be suicidal. Also, pockets of resistance were to be continued in occupied areas to pester the enemy and make their administration over the vast lands of China difficult. // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded after the First World War at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. ...

However, Chiang realized that in order to win the support from the United States or other foreign nations, China must prove that it was indeed capable of fighting. A fast retreat would discourage foreign aid so Chiang decided to make the Battle of Shanghai his grand stage. Chiang sent his elite German trained army to defend China's largest and most commercialized city from the Japanese. The battle saw heavy casualties on both sides and ended with a Chinese retreat. While the battle was a military defeat for the Chinese, it proved that China was not willing to be defeated and showcased the Chinese determination to the world. The battle lasted over three months and proved to be an enormous morale booster as it ended the Japanese taunt of conquering Shanghai in three days and China in three months. The Battle of Shanghai (Chinese: æ·žæ»¬æœƒæˆ°, lit. ...

While this direct army to army fighting lasted during the early phases of the war, large amounts of Chinese defeats compared to few victories enventually led to the strategy of stalling the war. Large areas of China was conquered during the early stages of the war but the Japanese advancements began to stall. The Chinese strategy at this point was to prolong the war until it had sufficient foreign aid to defeat the Japanese. Chinese troops engaged in a practice of scorched earth in an attempt to slow down the Japanese. Dams and levees were sabotaged which led to the 1938 Huang He flood. By 1940, the war had reached a stalemate with both sides making minimal gains. The Chinese had succesfully defended their land from oncoming Japanese on several occasions while strong resistance in areas occupied by the Japanese made a victory seem impossible to the Japanese. This frustrated the Japanese and led them to employ a policy of "burn all, kill all, destroy all". It was during this time period that a bulk of Japanese atrocities were committed. Scorched earth is a military tactic which involves destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy whilst advancing through or withdrawing from an area. ...

In 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor which brought the United States into the war. China officially declared war on Japan on 8 December. It refused to declare war earlier because receiving military aid while officially at war would break the neutrality of the donor nation. At this point, the strategy changed from survival to minimizing warfare. Chiang realized that the Americans would do a bulk of the fighting and were better equipped to fight the Japanese so he decided to curtail the activities of his army and focus on the potential civil war after the war. By 1945, it was obvious that the Japanese would soon be defeated so small advances were made by the Chinese army. Satellite image of Pearl Harbor. ... December 8 is the 342nd day (343rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The basis of Chinese strategy during the war, which can be divided into three periods:

The three periods are each divided into finer phases. July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 67 days remaining. ... 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Hankou (漢口; pinyin: Hànkǒu; Wade-Giles: Hankow) is one of the three towns, together with Wuchang and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ... Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: é‡åº†; Traditional Chinese: é‡æ…¶; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking; literally Double Celebration) is the largest and most populous of the Peoples Republic of Chinas four provincial-level municipalities, and the only one in the less densely populated western half of China. ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 67 days remaining. ... 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The term Battle of Changsha can refer to at least six separate events. ... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Chinese and Japanese equipment

At the commencement of the Chinese-Japanese War the Japanese Army possessed 17 divisions, each composed of approximately 22,000 men, 5,800 horses, 9,500 rifles and sub machine guns, 600 heavy machine guns of assorted types, 108 artillery pieces, and 24 tanks. Special forces were also available. The Japanese Navy displaced a total of 1,9 million tonnes, ranking third in the world, and possessed 2,700 aircraft at the time. Each Japanese division was equal in combat power of three Chinese regular divisions.

The Chinese Forces possessed only 80 Army infantry divisions, 9 separated brigades, 9 cavalry divisions, 2 artillery brigades, 16 regiments and one or two armored divisions. The Chinese Navy displaced a total of 59,000 tonnes and the Chinese Air Force totaled 600 aircraft. In spite of the lopsided military match-up, the Chinese had a size advantage: territory 31 times larger than Japan and a population 5 times that of Japan.

Although Japan possessed significant mobile operational capacity it did not possess capability for maintaining a long sustained war. As a result, Japan adopted a strategy of rapid warfare and conquest. In the first three months the Japanese were successful at making rapid gains in what was dubbed the "China Incident". At this point the Chinese adopted a defensive strategy aimed at weakining Japanese warmaking capabilities. The Chinese goal was to degrade Japanese military strength before resuming an offensive.

Stalemate and foreign aid

By 1940, the fighting had reached a stalemate. While Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China, guerrilla fighting continued in the conquered areas. The Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek struggled on from a provisional capital at the city of Chongqing; however, realizing that he also faced a threat from communist forces of Mao Zedong, he mostly tried to preserve the strength of his army and avoid heavy battle with the Japanese in the hopes of defeating the Communists once the Japanese left. Chiang feared the Communists more than the Japanese as he famously quoted, "the Japanese are a disease of skin, the Communists are a disease of the heart". Moreover, Chiang could not risk an all-out campaign given the poorly-trained, under-equipped, and unorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within Kuomintang and in China at large. He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equiped army defending Shanghai and the remaining troops were used to preserve his army. Distinguish from the type of ape called a gorilla. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887â€“April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: é‡åº†; Traditional Chinese: é‡æ…¶; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking; literally Double Celebration) is the largest and most populous of the Peoples Republic of Chinas four provincial-level municipalities, and the only one in the less densely populated western half of China. ... Communism - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 â€“ September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-Tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ...

Most military analysts predicted that the Kuomintang could not continue fighting with most of the war factories located in the prosperous areas under or near Japanese control. Other global powers were reluctant to provide any support — unless supporting an ulterior motive — because in their opinion the Chinese would eventually lose the war, and did not wish to antagonize the Japanese who might, in turn, eye their colonial posessions in the region. They expected any support given to Kuomintang might worsen their own relationship with the Japanese, who taunted the Kuomintang with the prospect of conquest within 3 months. The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party of China (Traditional: ä¸åœ‹åœ‹æ°‘é»¨; Simplified: ä¸å›½å›½æ°‘å…š; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguo Guomindang) is a conservative political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. ...

Germany and the Soviet Union did provide support to the Chinese before the war escalated to the Asian theatre of World War II. The Soviet Union was exploiting the Kuomintang government to hinder the Japanese from invading Siberia, thus saving itself from a two-front war. Furthermore, the Soviets expected any major conflict between the Japanese and the China to hamper any Kuomintang effort to remove the Communist Party of China (CCP) opposition or, in the best case, hoped to install a Comintern ally surreptitiously after the dwindling of Kuomintang authority. Soviet technicians upgraded and handled some of the Chinese war-supply transport. Military supplies and advisors arrived, including future Soviet war hero Georgy Zhukov, who witnessed the battle of Tai er zhuang. It also supported the Communists, at least until war with Germany forced her into conserving everything for her own forces. Siberia Siberia (Russian: , common English transliterations: Sibirâ€™, Sibir; from the Tatar for â€œsleeping landâ€) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…š; Traditional Chinese: ä¸åœ‹å…±ç”£é»¨; pinyin: ) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The first edition of Communist International, journal of the Comintern published in Moscow and Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) in May 1919. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgi Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (Russian: Ð“ÐµÐ¾ÌÑ€Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ ÐšÐ¾Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ñ‚Ð¸ÌÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð–ÑƒÌÐºÐ¾Ð²) (December 1, 1896 (N.S.); November 19, 1896 (O.S.)) - June 18, 1974), Soviet military commander and politician, considered by many as one of the most successful field commanders of World War II. // Prewar career Born into a peasant... The Battle of Taierzhuang was a battle of the Second Sino_Japanese War in 1938, between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan. ...

Because of Chiang Kai-shek's anti-communist nationalist policies and hopes of defeating the CCP, Germany provided the largest proportion of Kuomintang arms imports. German military advisors modernized and trained the Kuomintang armies; Kuomintang officers (including Chiang's second son) were educated in and served in the German army prior to World War II. Nevertheless the proposed 30 new divisions equipped with all German arms did not materialize as the Germans sided with the Japanese later in World War II.

Other prominent powers, including the United States of America, Britain and France, only officially assisted in war supply contracts up to the attack on Pearl Harbor in late 1941, when a major influx of trained military personnel and supplies significantly boosted the Kuomintang chance of maintaining the fight. In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... The Imperial Japanese Navy made its attack on Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 7, 1941. ...

Unofficially, public opinion in the United States was becoming favorable to the Kuomintang. At the start of the 1930's, public opinion in the United States had tended to support the Japanese. However, reports of Japanese brutality added to Japanese actions such as the attack on the U.S.S. Panay swung public opinion sharply against Japan. By the start of 1941, the United States had begun to sponsor the American Volunteer Group otherwise known as the Flying Tigers to boost Chinese air defenses. In addition, the United States began an oil and steel embargo which made it impossible for Japan to continue operations in China without another source of oil from Southeast Asia. This set the stage for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Panay underway during the standardization trial off Woosung, China on 30 August 1928. ... For the airline, see Flying Tiger Line. ... A blood chit issued to the American Volunteer Group Flying Tigers. ... This article is about the economic term. ... Satellite image of Pearl Harbor. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

photo courtesy of http://www. ... Stilwell with Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887â€“April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek with General Stilwell in Burma (1942). ...

The Pacific War

Within a few days of the attack on Pearl Harbor, both the United States and China officially declared war against Japan. Chiang Kai-shek then received great quantities of supplies from the United States, as the Chinese conflict was merged into the Asian theatre of World War II. Chiang was appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief in the China theater in 1942. General Joseph Stilwell served for a time as Chiang's chief of staff, while commanding US forces in the China Burma India Theater. The Pacific War, which is known in Japan as the Greater East Asia War and in China as the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (kang-Ri zhanzheng, literally Resist Japan War), occurred in the Pacific Ocean, its islands, and in Asia. ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... This article is about the year. ... Stilwell with Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek. ... China Burma India Theater (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces in China, Burma, India during World War II. Well_known US units in this theater included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, the engineers who built Ledo Road, and Merrill...

However, relations between Stilwell and Chiang soon broke down, due largely to the corruption and inefficiency of the Chinese government. Despite massive amounts of American lend-lease aid (over US$5 billion from 1941 through 1945), the Nationalist Chinese Army frequently avoided major engagements with the Japanese and was seen as preferring to stockpile material for a later struggle with the communists. Stilwell criticised the Chinese government's conduct of the war in the American media, and to President Franklin Roosevelt. The Allies thus lost confidence in the Chinese ability to conduct offensive operations, and instead concentrated their efforts against the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean Areas and South West Pacific Area. The Lend-lease Act of March 11, 1941 permitted the President of the United States to sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government [whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States] any defense article. It thus extended... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Pacific Ocean Areas was a major Allied military command during World War II. It was one of four major commands during the Pacific War, and one of two United States commands in the Pacific theatre of operations. ... This article deals with the military command/theatre known as the South West Pacific Area. ...

The United States saw the Chinese theater as a means to tie up a large number of Japanese troops, as well as being a possible location for American airbases. In 1944, as the Japanese position in the Pacific was deteriorating fast, they launched Operation Ichigo to attack the airbases which had begun to operate. This brought the Hubei, Henan, and Guangxi provinces under Japanese administration. This article needs to be wikified. ... Not to be confused with the unrelated province of Hebei Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei, also seen as Hupeh), abbreviated to 鄂 (pinyin: È, WG: O), a province of the Peoples Republic of China, lies to the north of the Dongting Lake, giving it the... Henan (Chinese: æ²³å—; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ... Guangxi (Simplified Chinese: å¹¿è¥¿; Traditional Chinese: å»£è¥¿; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kuang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangsi; Zhuang: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigi or (old orthography) ) is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Nevertheless the Japanese prospect of transferring their troops to fight the Americans was in vain and they only committed the Guandong Army from Manchuria in their "Sho plan", which later facilitated the Soviet advancement after the Soviet war declaration on August 8, 1945. The Kwantung Army or Guandong Army (関東軍 Japanese: Kantōgun) was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that originated from a Guandong garrison established in 1906 to defend the Kwantung Leased Territory and the areas adjacent to the South Manchurian Railway. ... Extent according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: ä¸œåŒ—; Traditional Chinese: æ±åŒ—; pinyin: ; literally east-north) and Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified Chinese: æ»¡æ´²; Traditional Chinese: æ»¿æ´²; pinyin: ) are names of a vast region in Northeast Asia. ... Operation August Storm was the codename for the Soviet invasion of Manchukuo, Mengjiang, Korea, the southern portion of Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and Hokkaido. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Number of troops involved

Chinese side

See more information of combat effectiveness of 8° and 4° Route Communist Armies and other units of Chinese forces: The Eighth Route Army (八路軍 Pinyin: bālù-jūn) was one of the main military forces of the Communist Party of China, active during the Chinese Civil War and Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ... The New Fourth Army (新四軍 Pinyin: xin-si-jun) and the Eighth Route Army were the two main communist forces from 1938. ...

Chinese Army Some testimonies of the effectiveness of the Chinese Army in fights against the Japanese, during the Second Sino-Japanese War: -In first tentative in Shangtung,Hopei and Shanghai the Japanese forces suffering losses or stay obligued to retireing of area debt at Chinese Army defensive actions. ...

Japanese side

About Japanese personal observations in very hard life in Chinese combat front see: German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ...

Casualties assessment

Chinese Casualties

The Chinese Civil War was a conflict in China between the Kuomintang (The Nationalist Party; The Nationalists; KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). ...

Japanese Casualties

The Japanese recorded around 1.1 million military casualties, killed, wounded and missing.

Aftermath

As of mid 1945, all sides expected the war to continue for at least another year. However it was suddenly ended by the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan capitulated to the allies on August 14, 1945. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on September 9, 1945 and by the provisions of the Cairo Conference of 1943 the lands of Manchuria, Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands reverted to China. However, the Ryukyu islands were maintained as Japanese territory. The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Citizens of Hiroshima walk by the A-Bomb Dome, the closest building to have survived the citys atomic bombing. ... August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Chiang, Roosevelt, and Churchill in Cairo, 11/25/1943 Photocopy of the Cairo Declaration, an unsigned press release The Cairo Conference of November 22-26, 1943, held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed the Allied position against Japan during World War II and made decisions about postwar Asia. ... Extent according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: ä¸œåŒ—; Traditional Chinese: æ±åŒ—; pinyin: ; literally east-north) and Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified Chinese: æ»¡æ´²; Traditional Chinese: æ»¿æ´²; pinyin: ) are names of a vast region in Northeast Asia. ... The Pescadores Islands (Chinese: 澎湖群島; Wade-Giles: Peng-hu; Pinyin: Pénghú, from Portuguese, fishermen) are an archipelago in the Taiwan Strait. ... The Ryukyu Islands (琉球列島 Ryūkyū-rettō) are an island group, the southern portion belonging to Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, and the northern part belonging to Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. ...

In 1945 China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but actually a nation economically prostrate and on the verge of all-out civil war. The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of foreign war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by Nationalist profiteering, speculation, and hoarding. Starvation came in the wake of the war, and millions were rendered homeless by floods and the unsettled conditions in many parts of the country. The situation was further complicated by an Allied agreement at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 that brought Soviet troops into Manchuria to hasten the termination of war against Japan. Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted; they had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the Nationalist government. After the war, the Soviet Union, as part of the Yalta agreement's allowing a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria, dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese. The Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to move in long enough to arm themselves with the equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army. The problems of rehabilitating the formerly Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering, to say the least. The Chinese Civil War was a conflict in China between the Kuomintang (The Nationalist Party; The Nationalists; KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). ... Starvation is a severe reduction in vitamin, nutrient, and energy intake, and is the most extreme form of malnutrition. ... Look up Flood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary A flood (in Old English flod, a word common to Teutonic languages; compare German Flut, Dutch vloed from the same root as is seen in flow, float) is an overflow of water, an expanse of water submerging land, a deluge. ... The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from February 4 to 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. ...

The war left the Nationalists severely weakened and their policies left them unpopular. Meanwhile the war strengthened the Communists, both in popularity and as a viable fighting force. At Yan'an and elsewhere in the "liberated areas," Mao was able to adapt Marxism-Leninism to Chinese conditions. He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts. When this failed, however, more repressive forms of coercion, indoctrination and ostracization were also employed. The Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people. In addition, the CCP was effectively split into "Red" (cadres working in the "liberated" areas) and "White" (cadres working underground in enemy-occupied territory) spheres, a split that would later sow future factionalism within the CCP. Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force. Mao also began preparing for the establishment of a new China, well away from the front at his base in Yan'an. In 1940 he outlined the program of the Chinese Communists for an eventual seizure of power and began his final push for consolidation of CCP power under his authority. His teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as Mao Zedong Thought. With skillful organizational and propaganda work, the Communists increased party membership from 100,000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945. Soon, all out war broke out between the KMT and CPC, a war that would leave the Nationalists banished to Taiwan and the Communists victorious on the mainland. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Chinese Civil War was a conflict in China between the Kuomintang (The Nationalist Party; The Nationalists; KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). ... In this map of China, the light-coloured areas represent Mainland China, while yellow coloured area refers to Taiwan. ...

Who really fought the Sino-Japanese War?

The question as to which political group directed the Chinese war effort and exerted most of the effort to resist the Japanese still remains a controversial issue.

Through its Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War of Resistance Memorial near the Marco Polo Bridge, the People’s Republic of China emphasizes that the Communist Party was the only group that directed Chinese efforts in the war and did everything to resist the Japanese invasion, although it has recently admitted that certain Nationalist generals made important contributions in resisting the Japanese. This emphasis is partially reflected by the PRC’s labeling of the war as Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War of Resistance rather than merely the War of Resistance. To the PRC’s official point of view, the Nationalists/Kuomintang mostly avoided fighting the Japanese in order to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Communists. The Communists usually avoided any conflict even remotely approaching open warfare (the Hundred Regiments Campaign and the Battle of Pingxingguan are notable exceptions), preferring to fight in small squads to harass the Japanese supply lines. The Hundred Regiments Offensive (Chinese: 百團大戰) (August 20, 1940 - December 5, 1940) was a major campaign of the Communist Party of Chinas Red Army commanded by Peng Dehuai against the Imperial Japanese Army in Central China. ... The Battle of Pingxingguan, commonly called the Great Victory of Pingxingguan (平型关大捷) in Mainland China, was an engagement fought between the 8th Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party and the Imperial Japanese Army on September 25, 1937. ...

Besides Nationalists sources, third party Japanese and Soviet sources have documented that the Communists actually played a miniscule involvement in the war against the Japanese compared to the Nationalists and used guerilla warfare as well as opium sales to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Kuomintang (Chang and Ming, July 12, 2005, pg. 8; and Chang and Halliday, pg. 233, 246, 286-287). The Communists were not the main participants in the 22 major battles between China and Japan, which can be attributed to the fact that Chinese fought guerilla warfare in very small squads. Soviet liaison to the Chinese Communists Peter Vladimirov documented that he never found the Chinese Communists and Japanese engaged in battle from 1942 to 1945. However, since Vladimirov was a foriegn diplomat, he could hardly have been expected to actually journey with Chinese squads in guerila warfare. In comparison, the Nationalists sent their best troops to defend Shanghai from the Japanese of which a third of those troops were decimated. The Japanese considered the Kuomintang rather than the Communists as their main enemy (Chang and Halliday, pg. 231) and bombed the Nationalist wartime capital of Chongqing to the point that it became the most heavily bombed city in the world to date (Chang and Halliday, pg. 232). However, the size of the Nationalists were at least three times larger than the CCP at the time, so the Japanese saw the Nationalists as a bigger threat purely through size.

A third perspective advocated by some historians is that the warlords actually mostly fought the Japanese, considering that the majority of Chiang Kai Shek's army were actually led by warlords. While the Communists and Nationalists tried to preserve their troop strengths for a final showdown with each other and therefore did not resist the Japanese to the fullest, the warlords had to do everything to defend from the Japanese the territories that they jealously controlled. This perspective is not as well-known because both the Nationalists and Communists were against the warlords and the warlords were unlikely to have well-documented, extensive archives that the Nationalists and Communists have.

Major figures

China: Communist Pai Chung-hsi (Chinese: 白崇禧, pinyin: Bái Chóngxǐ) (March 18, 1893 - December 1, 1966) was a general of the Republic of China (ROC) and former warlord. ... Chen Cheng (陳誠 Chén Chéng) (January 4, 1897 - March 5, 1965), was Vice President (1960 - 1965) and Premier (March 7, 1950 - June 7, 1954; June 30, 1958 - December 15, 1963) of the Republic of China and Chairman of Taiwan Province (1948). ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887â€“April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Du Yuming (py) or Tu Yü-ming (wg) (杜聿明) (1903-1981) was a Kuomintang field commander active in the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) theatre of World War II and in the Chinese civil war from 1945 to 1949. ... Feng Yü-hsiang (Traditional Chinese:馮玉祥, Simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥, pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; 1882-1948) was a warlord during the early years of the Republic of China. ... Gu Zhutong(顾祝同)(1893～1987) Courtesy name:Moshan(墨山) Gu Zhutong was born in Lianshui,located in Jiangsu. ... H.H. Kung Kung Hsiang-hsi (孔祥熙, pinyin: Kǒng Xiángxī) (1881 - 1967), often known as H. H. Kung, was a wealthy Chinese banker and politician in the early 20th Century. ... Li Tsung-jen (李宗仁 Pinyin: Lǐ Zōngrén) (August 13, 1890 - January 13, 1969), courtesy name Delin (德鄰), was vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China and adversary of Chiang Kai-shek. ... Sòng Zhéyuán (宋哲元) (October 30, 1885-April 5, 1940) was a Chinese general during the Chinese Civil War and World War II. Born in the Zhaohong Village, northwest of downtown area of Leling County, Shandong Province, China, he was educated under his uncle from his mother side, a teacher of... Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek with General Joseph Stilwell in Burma (1942). ... Tse-ven Soong, or Soong Tzu-wen (Chinese: 宋子文, pinyin: Sòng Zǐwén; 1894 - 1971), a prominent millionaire businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China, had Charlie Soong as a father and the Soong sisters as siblings. ... Sun Li-jen (Traditional Chinese: 孫立人; Hanyu Pinyin: Sūn Lìrén]]) (November 19, 1899–November 19, 1990) was a Kuomintang general, best known for his leadership in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. ... a nationalist general during Kuomintang government in China. ... Tang Shengzhi (唐生智) (1889-April 6, 1970) was a Chinese military commander during World War II. He was put in command of Nanking during the citys siege in December 1937 by the Japanese. ... Wang Jingwei Wang Jingwei (Traditional: æ±ªç²¾è¡›; Simplified: æ±ªç²¾å«; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei) (1883 â€“ November 10, 1944), was a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang and is most noted from breaking with Chiang Kai-Shek and forming a Japanese supported collaborationist government in Nanjing. ... Xue Yue (Chinese: 薛岳; pinyin: Xuē Yuè) (December 26, 1896 - December 26, 1998) was one of Nationalist Chinas best generals. ... Yen Hsi-shan (閻錫山; pinyin: Yán Xíshān) (1883 - 1960) was a Chinese politician who served in the Republic of China government. ... Zhāng Zìzhōng (Traditional Chinese: 張自忠, Simplified Chinese: 张自忠; Wade-Giles Chang Tzu-chung) (1891-May 16, 1940) was a Chinese general of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ...

Japan Chen Yi (陳毅, Pinyin: Chén Yì; August 26, 1901 - June 6, 1972) was a Chinese communist military commander and politician. ... Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping listen? (Simplified Chinese: é‚“å°å¹³; Traditional Chinese: é„§å°å¹³; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; pronounced Dung Shyao-ping; August 22, 1904â€”February 19, 1997) was a revolutionary elder in the Communist Party of China (CPC) who served as the de facto ruler of the Peoples Republic of... Lin Biao (林彪; pinyin: lín biāo; Wade-Giles: Lin Piao;) (December 5, 1907 - September 13, 1971) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader, once known as Mao Zedongs comrade-in-arms and likely successor, but later discredited as a traitor. ... Liu Bocheng (刘伯承, Wade-Giles: Liu Po-cheng; December 4, 1892 - October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander. ... Liú Shàoqí (Simplified Chinese: 刘少奇 Traditional Chinese: 劉少奇 Wade-Giles: Liu Shao-chi) (November 24, 1898 – November 12, 1969) was a leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Peoples Republic of China. ... Luo Ronghuan (罗荣桓, Wades-Giles: Lo Jung-huan, November 26, 1902 – December 16, 1963) was a Chinese communist military leader. ... Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 â€“ September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-Tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Nie Rongzhen (Simplified Chinese: 聂荣臻, Traditional Chinese: 聶榮臻, py: Niè Róngzhēn Wade-Giles:Nieh Jung-chen) (1899-1992) was a Chinese Communist military leader. ... PÃ©ng DÃ©huÃ¡i (T. Chinese: å½å¾·æ‡·, S. Chinese: å½å¾·æ€€, Wade-Giles: Peng Te-huai) (October 24, 1898 - November 29, 1974) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader. ... Su Yu (粟裕) (August 10, 1907 - February 5, 1984) was a Chinese Communist military leader. ... Xu Xiangqian (徐向前; Wade-Giles:Hsu Hsiang-chen) (November 8, 1901 - September 21, 1990) was a prominent Communist military leader in the Peoples Republic of China. ... Zhou Enlai (Simplified Chinese: å‘¨æ©æ¥; Traditional Chinese: å‘¨æ©ä¾†; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chou En-lai) (March 5, 1898 â€“ January 8, 1976), a prominent Chinese Communist leader, was Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from 1949 until his death. ... Zhu De Zhū Dé (朱德, Wade-Giles: Chu Teh, zi: Yùjiē 玉阶) (December 1886 - July 6, 1976) was a Chinese Communist military leader and statesman. ...

Others Korechika Anami (阿南惟幾 Anami Korechika, 1887_1945) was a Japanese general in World War II. In April of 1945 he was made the War Minister of Japan, giving him great power in Japan as a member of the Japanese Cabinet and the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War. ... Nobuyuki Abe (阿部信行 November 24, 1875–September 7, 1953) was a Japanese soldier and politician, and was the 36th Prime Minister of Japan from August 30, 1939 to January 16, 1940. ... Kenji Doihara (土肥原賢二 Doihara Kenji, 1883 - December 23, 1948) was a Japanese spy who served in northeastern China since 1913. ... Prince Fujiwara (Konoe) Fumimaro Prince Fumimaro Konoe (è¿‘è¡› æ–‡éº¿ Konoe Fumimaro) (sometimes Konoye, October 12, 1891â€“December 16, 1945) was a Japanese politician and the 34th (June 4, 1937â€“January 5, 1939), 38th (July 22, 1940â€“July 18, 1941) and 39th (July 18, 1941â€“October 18, 1941) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Kanji Ishiwara (石原莞爾, 1889 - 1949) was a Japanese military officer in the Guandong Army. ... Kuniaki Koiso Kuniaki Koiso (小磯国昭 Koiso Kuniaki, March 22, 1880–November 3, 1950) was the 41st Prime Minister of Japan from July 22, 1944 to April 7, 1945. ... Hata Shuroku (born 1879 - died 1962), was a Japanese General during World War II. He entered the Imperial Japanese Army in 1888. ... Isogai Rensuke (磯谷廉介, 1886 - 1967) was a General of the Japanese Army in the World War II period. ... Itagaki Seishiro (板垣征四郎) (1885-1948) was a Japanese military officer in the Guandong Army. ... Gen. ... Categories: People stubs | 1887 births | 1944 deaths | Japanese military leaders | Japanese World War II people | Imperial Japanese Navy admirals | Suicides ... General Yoshijiro Umezu (梅酢芳次郎 Umezu Yoshijirō, 1882-1949) was the chief commander of the Japanese army in World War II. Along with War Minister Korechika Anami and Soemu Toyoda, Chief of Staff of the Navy, Umezu opposed surrender in August of 1945; he believed that the military should fight on... Takashi Sakai (酒井隆 Sakai Takashi; 1887–September 30, 1946) was a General in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. He commanded the Japanese Army at the Battle of Hong Kong and was later captured and sentenced to death for war crimes. ... Admiral Kantarō Suzuki (鈴木貫太郎 Kantarō Suzuki, December 24, 1867 - April 17, 1948) was the 42nd Prime Minister of Japan from April 7, 1945 to August 17, 1945. ... Field marshal Count Terauchi Hisaichi (寺内寿一) (1879 - June or November 1945) was the commander of the Japanese Imperial Armys Southern Expeditionary Army Group during World War II. His headquarters was in Saigon. ... Hideki Tojo Hideki Tojo (東條英機 Tōjō Hideki) (December 30, 1884–December 23, 1948) was a Japanese general and the 27th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from October 18, 1941 to July 22, 1944. ... Vice-Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi (山&#21475 ;多聞 1892-June 4, 1942), was one of Japans most able admirals. ... Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku Yamamoto (山本五十六 Yamamoto Isoroku) (April 4, 1884 - April 18, 1943) was the outstanding Japanese naval commander of World War II. Family background Yamamoto was born Isoroku Takano (高野五十六 Takano Isoroku) in Nagaoka in Niigata. ... General Tomoyuki Yamashita (山下奉文 Yamashita Tomoyuki) (November 8, 1885 - February 23, 1946) was a general of the Japanese Army during the WWII era. ...

Statue of Bethune in Montreal Dr. Henry Norman Bethune (March 3, 1890 â€“ November 12, 1939) was a Canadian physician, medical innovator, and humanitarian. ... Alexander von Falkenhausen ( October 29, 1878 - July 31, 1966) was the head of the military government of Belgium during the German occupation, from 1940 until 1944 in the Second World War. ... Maj. ... Stilwell with Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek. ... General Albert Coady Wedemeyer (1897–1989) born July 9, 1897, Omaha, Neb. ...

Military engagements

Campaigns

-Japanese Campaign during Chinese war: First Previous Operations East Chinese Railway Incident(1929) Russian incursion in Manchouli(1929) Mukden Incident(July 1931) The Manchurian Incident in Harbin(Jan. ...

Battles

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Chinese as: Incident of July 7 (七七事變 pinyin: qi1 qi1 shi4 bian4) Lugouqiao Incident (蘆溝橋事變 lu2 gou1 qiao2 shi4 bian4) July 7 Lugouqiao (七七蘆溝橋 qi1 qi1... The Battle of Shanghai (Chinese: æ·žæ»¬æœƒæˆ°, lit. ... The Battle of Nanjing began after the fall of Shanghai in October 9, 1937 ,and ended with the fall of the capital city of Nanjing in December, 1937 to Japanese troops, a few days after the Republic of China Government had evacuated the city and relocated to Chongqing. ... The Battle of Taierzhuang was a battle of the Second Sino_Japanese War in 1938, between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan. ... The term Battle of Changsha can refer to at least six separate events. ... The Battle of Changsha (1944), also known as the Battle of Hengyang or Battle of Hengyang-Changsha, was an invasion of the Chinese province of Hunan by Japanese troops near the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Hundred Regiments Offensive (Chinese: 百團大戰) (August 20, 1940 - December 5, 1940) was a major campaign of the Communist Party of Chinas Red Army commanded by Peng Dehuai against the Imperial Japanese Army in Central China. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... The Battle of Chekiang-Kiangsi refers to a campaign by the Japanese Imperial Army and its collaborationist Chinese allies fought in the Chinese provinces of Chekiang and Kiangsi in 1942. ... -Battle of Xiushui River Date : March, 1939 Place : Nanchang, China Opponent : Chinese Army Artillery Unit:6th Field Heavy Artillery Brigade HQ Commander:Major Gen. ... -Szechwan Invasion(Spring1942-Spring 1943): These Plan are suppose last decisive operation to defeat at Chinese army in Central West China area and definitive conquest of China. ... The Battle of Pingxingguan, commonly called the Great Victory of Pingxingguan (平型关大捷) in Mainland China, was an engagement fought between the 8th Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party and the Imperial Japanese Army on September 25, 1937. ...

Battles in Burmese Campaign

Attacks on civilians

The Nanking Massacre (Chinese: 南京大屠殺, pinyin: Nánjīng Dàtúshā; Japanese: 南京大虐殺, Nankin Daigyakusatsu), also known as the Rape of Nanking and sometimes in Japan as the Nanking Incident (南京事件, Nankin Jiken), refers to what many historians recognize as widespread atrocities committed by the Japanese army in and around Nanking (now Nanjing... Body disposal at Unit 731 Unit 731 was a secret military medical unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that researched biological warfare and other topics through human experimentation during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and World War II era. ... Comfort women is a euphemism for women forced to work as prostitutes in military brothels in Japanese-occupied countries during World War II. Comfort women were from the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Indonesia, and other Japanese-occupied countries/regions. ... The Tongzhou Incident (July, 1937) was the assault incident on Japanese troop and residents (including Koreans) which Chinese troop caused. ... Shantung Incident: Reffering to one very little knowed provocation,instigated by Kaku Mori,powerfull ultranationalist consellor of Prime Minister Guichi Tanaka during the Spring of 1927-28. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Bombing of Chongqing (February 18, 1938 - August 23, 1943) was a Japanese strategic bombing campaign against the Chinese provisional capital of Chongqing that lasted 5 1/2 years. ... The Kaimingye germ weapon attack was a Japanese bacteriological warfare strike against Kaimingye, a village near the port of Ningpoo in the Chinese province of Chekiang during 1938 or 1939, during the Chinese-Japanese conflict. ... Changteh Chemical Weapon Attack: Reffering to Japanese Chemical toxic gas agent agression during Battle of Changteh,in Chinese Province of Hunan during May 1943. ... The Sook Ching Massacre (è‚…æ¸…å¤§å± æ®º) was a systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among Singaporean ethnic Chinese by the Japanese military administration, after the British colony surrendered on 15 February 1942 during World War II. The term sook ching (è‚ƒæ¸…) is a Chinese word meaning a purge through cleansing. Ironically, the Japanese...

References

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