The IBRA regions, with Warren in red

Warren, also known as Karri Forest Region and the Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands ecoregion, is a biogeographic region in southern Western Australia. Located in the southwest corner of Western Australia between Cape Naturaliste and Albany, it is bordered to the north and east by the Jarrah Forest region. Its defining characteristic is an extensive tall forest of Eucalyptus diversicolor (Karri). This occurs on dissected, hilly ground, with a moderately wet climate. Much of the Karri forest has been logged over, but less than a third has been cleared for agriculture. Recognised as a region under the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA), and as a terrestrial ecoregion by the World Wide Fund for Nature, it was first defined by Ludwig Diels in 1906. Biogeography is the science which deals with patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. ... Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $100,900 (4th)  - Product per capita  $50,355/person (3rd) Population (December 2006)  - Population  2,050,900 (4th)  - Density  0. ... Cape Naturaliste Is a headland, and lighthouse location in the south west region of Western Australia The source of the name (and northern most point of) of the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge, and the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park and also the Cape to Cape walk track. ... Albany, (IPA: ; ; post code: 6330), is a city on the south coast of Western Australia, 408 kilometres south-southeast of Perth. ... Loggers on break, c. ... The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organisation for the conservation, research and restoration of the natural environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in the United States and Canada. ...

Geography and geology

The Warren region is defined as the coastal sandplain between Cape Naturaliste and Albany. Extending from the ocean to the edge of the Yilgarn craton plateau, for most of its extent it may be adequately approximated as the land within ten kilometres (6 mi) of the coast. North of Point D'Entrecasteaux, however, it extends inland almost as far as Nannup and Manjimup. It has an area of about 8,300 square kilometres (3200 mi²), making it about 2.7% of the South West Province, 0.3% of the state, and 0.1% of Australia. It is bounded to the north and east by the Jarrah Forest region.^[1] Much of the region is unpopulated, but there are a number of towns with substantial populations, most notably Margaret River, Augusta, Pemberton, Walpole, Denmark and Albany. // The Yilgarn Craton is a huge craton which constitutes the bulk of the Western Australian land mass. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Nannup is a town and shire located in the South West region of Western Australia, the town is 288 km south of the state capital Perth. ... Entrance to Manjimup, late afternoon. ... Rivermouth, Margaret River Location of Margaret River // Geography Margaret River is a town and river in Western Australia. ... Augusta is a town on the south-west coast of Western Australia, where the [Blackwood River] emerges into Flinders Bay. ... Its a dump full of whores. ... Walpole is situated 432 km SSE of Perth, Western Australia and 66 km west of Denmark. ... Albany, (IPA: ; ; post code: 6330), is a city on the south coast of Western Australia, 408 kilometres south-southeast of Perth. ...

The Warren region, with agricultural areas in yellow, and native vegetation in green

Warren has a hilly topography, caused by two factors: the underlying geology, which consists of infolded metamorphic rock of the Leeuwin Complex and Archaean granite of the Albany-Fraser Orogen; and the dissection of rivers such as the Blackwood, Warren, Shannon and Frankland. The western extent of the region takes in the Leeuwin Naturaliste Ridge, an 80 kilometre (50 mi) long strip of coastal limestone on top of a ridge of granite, with an extensive cave system.^[2] There are a number of soil types, including hard setting loamy soil, lateritic soil, leached sandy soil and Holocene marine dunes.^[3][4] The term Metamorphic can be associated with a number of meanings:- Metamorphic rock The term for rocks that have been transformed by extreme heat and pressure. ... The Archean is a geologic eon; it is a somewhat antiquated term for the time span between 2500 million years before the present and 3800 million years before the present. ... Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ... The Blackwood River is a major river and catchment in the south west of Western Australia. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ... Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter. ... The Holocene epoch is a geological period that extends from the present day back to about 10,000 radiocarbon years, approximately 11,430 ± 130 calendar years BP (between 9560 and 9300 BC). ...

Climate

Warren has a moderate Mediterranean climate. It has the highest rainfall in the state, with annual falls of from 650 to 1500 millimetres (25.6–59.1 in), and a short dry season of only three to four months.^[4] A Mediterranean climate is a climate that resembles those of the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. ...

Its a dump full of whores. ...

Vegetation

Karri forest near Pemberton, showing typical hilly topography.

The characteristic vegetation of the Warren region is the Karri forest, a tall forest of Eucalyptus diversicolor (Karri) in association with E. brevistylis (Rates Tingle), E. jacksonii (Red Tingle) and E. guilfoylei (Yellow Tingle). The most important plant families are Fabaceae, Orchidaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae and Proteaceae.^[2] Its a dump full of whores. ... Subfamilies Faboideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae References GRIN-CA 2002-09-01 The name Fabaceae belongs to either of two families, depending on viewpoint. ... Subfamilies Apostasioideae Cypripedioideae Epidendroideae Orchidoideae Vanilloideae For genera, see list of Orchidaceae genera. ... Infrafamilies Acacieae Ingeae Mimoseae Mimozygantheae Parkieae Mimosoideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae (alt. ... Genera 130; see list The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. ... Genera See text The Proteaceae are a large family of flowering plants, which includes 75-80 genera and 1500 species of evergreen trees, shrubs, and herbs. ...

The Karri forest occurs in deep loam, and covers nearly half of the region. Although very moist in winter, it is not considered to be a rainforest because the dry season precludes the establishment of a characteristic rainforest understory of epiphytes, liverworts, ferns and mosses. Some rainforest relict species do occur, however, such as Anthocercis sylvicola, Cephalotus follicularis (Albany Pitcher Plant) and Podocarpus drouynianus (Wild Plum).^[2] The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia. ... Near Orosí, Costa Rica Epiphytes on a tree near Santa Elena in Costa Rica An example of an epiphyte assemblage of orchids and bromeliads in a garden setting in Hawaii An epiphyte is any plant that grows upon or attached to another living plant. ... Orders Need to be entered Liverworts are non-vascular plants in the Class Marchantiopsida, formerly known as the Hepaticae. ... Classes Psilotopsida Equisetopsida Marattiopsida Polypodiopsida A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta. ... Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1-10 cm tall, occasionally more. ... Binomial name Cephalotus follicularis Labill. ...

About a quarter of the region is vegetated by medium forest of E. marginata (Jarrah) and Corymbia calophylla (Marri); this occurs on the poorer, lateritic soils. Other significant vegetation forms include low woodland of E. marginata and Banksia species (8%); Agonis flexuosa woodlands or scrub on Holocene marine dunes (5%); and swamps supporting sedges (5%) or low woodlands of Melaleuca (4%).^[1] Binomial name Corymbia calophylla (R. Br. ... Diversity About 80 species; see List of Banksia species Synonyms Sirmuellera<br. ... The Holocene epoch is a geological period that extends from the present day back to about 10,000 radiocarbon years, approximately 11,430 ± 130 calendar years BP (between 9560 and 9300 BC). ... Genera See text The family Cyperaceae, or the Sedge family, is a taxon of monocot flowering plants that superficially resemble grasses or rushes. ... Species 236; see List of Melaleuca species Melaleuca is a genus of plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. ...

As of 2007, the Warren is known to contain 1865 indigenous vascular plant species, and a further 419 naturalised alien species. The endangered flora of the Warren region consists of 28 species, with a further 160 species having been declared Priority Flora under the Department of Environment and Conservation's Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora.^[6] The Department of Environment and Conservation is a department of the Government of Western Australia that is responsible for implementing the states conservation and environment policies. ...

The region is considered one of the most important centres of plant endemism in the South West. The three Tingle species are endemic to the region, as is Eucalyptus ficifolia (Red Flowering Gum) and Cephalotus follicularis. The area around Albany is especially rich in endemics.^[2]

Fauna

The Warren region supports a rich diversity of fauna, much of which is apparently Gondwanan in origin. Mammal species include Western Ringtail Possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis), Chudditch (Dasyurus geoffroii), Brush-tailed Phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa), Quokka (Setonix brachyurus), Yellow-footed Antechinus (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster), Southern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) and Woylie (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi). The first four of these are endangered species.^[2] Gondwanaland redirects here. ... Categories: Stub | Dasyuromorphs ... Binomial name Setonix brachyurus Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 The Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) is a small macropod, about the size of a large domestic cat. ... The Yellow-Footed Antechinus is a mouse-like marsupial found in Australia. ... Binomial name Isoodon obesulus (Shaw, 1797) The Southern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus), also known as the Quenda from the local Noongar tongue, is a short-nosed bandicoot found mostly in southern Australia. ... Binomial name Bettongia penicillata Gray, 1837 The Woylie (Bettongia penicillata) is a small (30cm long) marsupial. ... The critically endangered Siberian Tiger, a rare subspecies of tiger. ...

As with the rest of the South West, there is a fairly low diversity of bird species. Endemism is similarly low, as most South West bird species are habitat generalists with wide distributions. Exceptions include the Red-eared Firetail (Stagonopleura oculata) and the White-breasted Robin (Eopsaltria geogiana), both of which occur only in the Karri forest; the Western Bristlebird (Dasyornis longirostris), Western Whipbird (Psophodes nigrogularis nigrogularis) and Western Ground Parrot (Pezoporus wallicus flaviventris), all of which inhabit the region's heath vegetation; and the Noisy Scrub-bird (Atrichornis clamosus), which inhabits densely vegetated gullies.^[2]

The freshwater streams of the Warren region support only a low diversity of fauna, but much of it is highly endemic. A number of frog species are endemic or nearly so, including the Orange-bellied Frog (Geocrinia vitellina), the White-bellied Frog (Geocrinia alba), and the Sunset Frog (Spicospina flammocaerulea). Endemic freshwater invertebrates include freshwater worms of the family Phreodrilidea, and freshwater crayfish of the genera Chelax and Engaewa.^[2] Invertebrate is a term that describes any animal without a spinal column. ... Earthworm A worm is an elongated soft-bodied invertebrate animal. ... Families Astacoidea   Astacidae   Cambaridae Parastacoidea   Parastacidae Crayfish, often referred to as crawfish or crawdad, are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are closely related. ...

Land use

Karri forest near Pemberton. This forest is recovering from extensive logging, and most trees pictured are quite young.

The Warren region falls entirely within what the Department of Agriculture and Food calls the "Intensive Land-use Zone" (ILZ), the area of Western Australia that has been largely cleared and developed for intensive agriculture such as cropping and livestock production. Despite this, only a small amount of the region's natural vegetation has been cleared and given over to agriculture. The proportion of cleared land was calculated as 13.2% in 2002,^[7] although Beard gave a much larger figure of 31% in 1984.^[1] The remaining land is considered to be native vegetation, but this need not be pristine; a substantial proportion of the remaining native vegetation has been degraded by selective logging and other human activities. The Department of Agriculture and Food (An Roinn Talmhaíochta agus Bia) is a department of the Irish government. ...

The Tree Top Walk in the Valley of the Giants

Historically, logging was the primary land use in the region, and this remains a significant industry. There has been substantial selective logging in the region, and some clearfelling. There has also previously been some bauxite mining in the area, but this has now ceased, and the mining areas are at least partially reforested. Dams have also been constructed in high-rainfall forest areas.^[8] Clearcutting or clearfelling is a method of timber harvest in which all trees in a selected area are cut. ... Bauxite with penny Bauxite with core of unweathered rock Bauxite is an aluminium ore which consists largely of the Al minerals gibbsite Al(OH)3, boehmite and diaspore AlOOH, together with the iron oxides goethite and hematite, the clay mineral kaolinite and small amounts of anatase TiO2. ...

The most important land uses for the region are now biodiversity conservation and tourism. More than half of the remaining vegetation is now in protected areas, including Shannon National Park, D'Entrecasteaux National Park, Mount Frankland National Park, Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park and Walpole-Nornalup National Park. These contain numerous tourist attractions, most notably the Walpole-Nornalup National Park's Valley of the Giants, which includes a "Tree Top Walk". Shannon is a national park in Western Australia (Australia), 302 km south of Perth. ... DEntrecasteaux is a national park in Western Australia (Australia), 315 km south of Perth. ... Mount Frankland is a national park in Western Australia (Australia), 327 km south of Perth. ... Leeuwin-Naturaliste is a national park in Western Australia (Australia), 267 km south of Perth. ... Walpole-Nornalup is a national park in Western Australia (Australia), 355 km south of Perth. ...

Conservation

The main threat to the biodiversity of the Warren region is the South West's epidemic of dieback, a disease caused by the introduced plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. Introduced animals such as feral cats, foxes and rats prey on native wildlife and occupy ecological niches to the detriment of native species. Populations are controlled through 1080 baiting as part of the highly successful Western Shield program. Other threats include human activities related to intrastructure and silviculture, such as roads changing surface runoff patterns, and changes to the fire regime.^[2] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into invasive species. ... A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. ... Binomial name Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants called root rot or dieback. infects the roots by zoospores entering the root behind the root tip. ... Rescued feral kittens Most feral kittens have little chance of surving more than a few months and are vulnerable to starvation, predators, disease and even flea-induced anemia. ... Fox is a general term applied to any one of roughly 27 species of small to medium-sized omnivorous canids in the tribe vulpini with sharp features and a brush-like tail. ... Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... Two lichenes species on a rock, in two different ecological niches In ecology, a niche is a term describing the relational position of a species or population in an ecosystem. ... 1080 is the commonly used name for sodium fluoroacetate (also known as sodium monofluoroacetate), a potent metabolic poison used primarily to control mammalian pests. ... Western Shield, managed by the Western Australias CALM (Department of Conservation and Land Management) (CALM), is a nature conservation program, safeguarding Western Australias native animals and bringing them back from the brink of extinction. ... Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values of landowners and society on a sustainable basis. ... Runoff flowing into a stormwater drain Surface runoff is water, from rain, snowmelt, or other sources, that flows over the land surface, and is a major component of the water cycle[1][2]. Runoff that occurs on surfaces before reaching a channel is also called overland flow. ...

Because so much of the Warren region is already protected, it has low priority under Australia's National Reserve System.^[9]

Biogeography

The Warren region first appeared in Ludwig Diels' 1906 biogeographical regionalisation of Western Australia. Diels' concept of Warren region was effectively all the land south of a line from Albany to Busselton; thus it included a substantial area east of Margaret River that is now part of the Jarrah Forest region. The region was not recognised as one of Edward de Courcy Clarke's "natural regions" in 1926, but was resurrected in Charles Gardner's regionalisations of the 1940s and 1950s. Busselton foreshore at sunset Busselton foreshore Busselton is a town in the South West region of Western Australia. ... Rivermouth, Margaret River Location of Margaret River // Geography Margaret River is a town and river in Western Australia. ...

In 1980, John Stanley Beard published a phytogeographical regionalisation of the state based on data from the Vegetation Survey of Western Australia. This new regionalisation included a "Warren Botanical District" that is essentially identical with the present-day Warren. By 1984, Beard's phytogeographic regions were being presented more generally as "natural regions", and as such were given more widely recognisable names. Thus the "Warren Botanical District" became the "Karri Forest Region". John Stanley Beard is a British-born forester and ecologist who now resides in Australia. ...

When the IBRA was published in the 1990s, Beard's regionalisation was used as the baseline for Western Australia. The Warren region was accepted as defined by Beard, but reverted to the name "Warren". It has since survived a number of revisions.

Under the World Wildlife Fund's biogeographic regionalisation of the world's terrestrial surface into "ecoregions", the Warren region is equivalent to the Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands ecoregion. Note: After losing a court case in 2002 on the use of the initials WWF, the organization previously known as the World Wrestling Federation has rebranded itself as World Wrestling Entertainment, or WWE. WWF - The Conservation Organization was formerly known as World Wildlife Fund and Worldwide Fund for Nature. ... An ecoregion is a relatively large area of land or water that contains a geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities. ...

References

John Stanley Beard is a British-born forester and ecologist who now resides in Australia. ... The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organisation for the conservation, research and restoration of the natural environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in the United States and Canada. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Judicial High Court Lower Courts Constitution State and territory governments Executive Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Legislative Parliaments and Assemblies State electoral systems ACT - NSW - NT - Qld. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... John Stanley Beard is a British-born forester and ecologist who now resides in Australia. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Department of Agriculture and Food (An Roinn Talmhaíochta agus Bia) is a department of the Irish government. ... The form of the Government of Western Australia is prescribed in its Constitution, which dates from 1890, although it has been amended many times since then. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Further reading

• Berry, Christopher. "The history, landscape and heritage of the Warren district". Shire of Manjimup.
• Hopper, S. D., Keighery, G. J. and Wardell-Johnson, G.. "Flora of the karri forest and other communities in the Warren Botanical Subdistrict of Western Australia". Occasional Paper 2/92. Department of Conservation and Land Management.
• Wardell-Johnson, G. and P. Horwitz (1996). "Conserving biodiversity and the recognition of heterogeneity in ancient landscapes: a case study from south-western Australia". Forest Ecology and Management 85: 219–238.