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Warren McCulloch (November 16, 1899 - September 24, 1969) was an American neurophysiologist and cybernetician. This image is used for Template:Reqimage, {{reqimage}}. File links The following pages link to this file: Pope Miltiades Pope Victor I Slide guitar Yacc Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication Pope Gelasius I Sherri and Terri Island of stability International Paralympic Committee Nathuram Godse Miller cycle Chimera (creature) Mutts... This image is used for Template:Reqimage, {{reqimage}}. File links The following pages link to this file: Pope Miltiades Pope Victor I Slide guitar Yacc Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication Pope Gelasius I Sherri and Terri Island of stability International Paralympic Committee Nathuram Godse Miller cycle Chimera (creature) Mutts... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... 1899 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years). ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... Cybernetics is a theory of the communication and control of regulatory feedback. ...

Warren Sturgis McCulloch was born in Orange, New Jersey and studied at Yale (philosophy and psychology, A.B. degree in 1921) and Columbia (psychology, M.A. degree in 1923). Receiving his MD in 1927 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York he undertook an internship at Bellevue Hospital, New York before returning to academia in 1934. Orange is a township located in Essex County, New Jersey. ... State nickname: The Garden State Other U.S. States Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Governor Richard Codey (acting) Official languages None defined Area 22,608 km² (47th)  - Land 19,231 km²  - Water 3,378 km² (14. ... This article is about the institution of higher learning in the United States. ... Bellevue Hospital is a famous hospital located in New York City, New York, United States. ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13. ...

He is remembered for his work with Dusser de Barenne (Yale) and later Walter Pitts (Illinois) which provided the foundation for certain brain theories in a number of classic papers, including "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity" (1943) and "How we know universals: the perception of visual and auditory forms" (1947), both in the Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. In the 1943 paper they demonstrated that a Turing machine program could be implemented in a finite network of formal neurons, that the neuron was the base logic unit of the brain. In the 1947 paper they offered approaches to designing "nervous nets" to recognize visual inputs despite changes in orientation or size. Walter Pitts (1923? - 1969) was a logician who worked in the field of cognitive psychology. ... The Turing machine is an abstract machine introduced in 1936 by Alan Turing to give a mathematically precise definition of algorithm or mechanical procedure. As such it is still widely used in theoretical computer science, especially in complexity theory and the theory of computation. ... Neurons (also spelled neurones or called nerve cells) are the primary cells of the nervous system. ...

From 1952 he worked at the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, working primarily on neural network modelling. His team examined the visual system of the frog in consideration of McCulloch's 1947 paper, discovering that the eye provides the brain with information that is already, to a degree, organized and interpreted, instead of simply transmitting an image. McCulloch also posited the concept of "poker chip" reticular formations as to how the brain deals with contradictory information in a democratic, somatotopical neural network. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, is a research institution and university located in the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts along the Charles River and across from Bostons Back Bay district. ... Simplified view of an artificial neural network A neural network is an interconnected group of artificial or biological neurons. ... Frogs are amphibians in the Order Anura, which includes frogs and toads. ... Reticular formation is a part of the brain which is involved in stereotypical actions, such as walking, sleeping, and lying down. ...

He was a founder member of the American Society for Cybernetics and its first president from 1967-1968. He was a mentor to the British operational research pioneer Stafford Beer. Operations research, operational research, or simply OR, is the use of mathematical models, statistics and algorithms to aid in decision-making. ... Anthony Stafford Beer (September 25, 1926 - August 23, 2002) was a theorist in operational research and management cybernetics. ...

He met Alan Turing once, but Turing dismissed him as a 'charlatan'. Alan Turing is often considered the father of modern computer science. ...

Warren McCulloch had a remarkable range of interests and talents. In addition to his scientific contributions he wrote poetry (sonets), and he designed and engineered buildings and a dam at his farm in Old Lyme, Conn. Hie died 1969 in Cambridge. Old Lyme is a town located in New London County, Connecticut. ... The city of Cambridge is an old English university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. ...

References

• New York Times. (1969). Obituaries. September 25.
• McCulloch, Warren S. (1965). Embodiments of Mind. Cambridge.