NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Wars of the Three Kingdoms

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. The best known of these conflicts is the English Civil War. The wars were the outcome of tensions between king and subjects over religious and civil issues. Religious disputes centered on whether religion was to be dictated by the monarch or the choice of the subject, who had a direct relationship with God. The related civil questions were to what extent the king's rule was constrained by parliaments — in particular his right to raise taxes and armed forces without consent. In addition, the wars also had an element of national conflict, as Ireland and Scotland rebelled against England's primacy within the Three Kingdoms. The victory of the English Parliament — ultimately under Oliver Cromwell — over the King, the Irish and the Scots helped to determine the future of Britain as a constitutional monarchy with power centred on London. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms also paralleled a number of similar conflicts at the same time in Europe — such as the Fronde in France and the rebellions of the Netherlands, Catalonia and Portugal against Spanish rule. Some historians have seen this period as one of General Crisis in Europe, characterised by the rebellion of conservative societies against centralising Absolutist monarchs. The Bishops Wars, a series of armed encounters and defiances between England and Scotland in 1639 and 1640, were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... The Irish Confederate Wars were fought in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. ... The First English Civil War (1642â€“1646) was the first of three wars, known as the English Civil War (or Wars). The English Civil War refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652, and includes the Second... Map of Scotland The Scottish Civil War The Scottish Civil War of 1644-47 was part of wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the Bishops Wars, the English Civil War and Irish Confederate Wars. ... The Second English Civil War (1648–1649) was the second of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil... The Third English Civil War (1649â€“1651) was the third of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... Motto: , traditionally rendered in Scots as Wha daur meddle wi me?[1] and in English as No one provokes me with impunity. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... The Personal Rule refers to the period from 1629 to 1640, when King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland ruled without recourse to Parliament. ... The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers) from 1642 until 1651. ... A body now called the English Parliament first arose during the thirteenth century, referred to variously as colloquium and parliamentum. It shared most of the powers typical of representative institutions in medieval and early modern Europe, and was arranged from the fourteenth century in a bicameral manner, with a House... For the Monty Python song based on the historical figure, see Oliver Cromwell (song) Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599 â€“ September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader, considered by critics to be a dictator, best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Fronde (1648â€“1653) was a civil war in France, followed by the Franco-Spanish War (1653). ... Anthem: Els Segadors Capital Barcelona Official language(s) Catalan, Spanish, and Aranese Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 6th 32,114 kmÂ² 6. ... Absolutism is a political theory which argues that one person, who is often generally a monarch, should hold all power. ...

The Wars included the Bishops' Wars of 1639 and 1640, the Scottish Civil War of 1644–5; the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Confederate Ireland, 1642–9 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 (collectively the Irish Confederate Wars); and the First, Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642–6, 1648–9 and 1650–51. The Bishops Wars, a series of armed encounters and defiances between England and Scotland in 1639 and 1640, were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... Map of Scotland The Scottish Civil War The Scottish Civil War of 1644-47 was part of wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the Bishops Wars, the English Civil War and Irish Confederate Wars. ... The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup dÃ©tat by Irish Catholic gentry, but rapidly degenerated into bloody intercommunal violence between native Irish Catholics and English and Scottish Protestant settlers. ... Kilkenny Castle, where the Confederate General Assembly met. ... Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of the English Parliament in 1649. ... The Irish Confederate Wars were fought in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. ... The First English Civil War (1642â€“1646) was the first of three wars, known as the English Civil War (or Wars). The English Civil War refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652, and includes the Second... The Second English Civil War (1648–1649) was the second of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil... The Third English Civil War (1649â€“1651) was the third of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... These military conflicts are known as English civil wars. ...

These linked conflicts were named the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by recent historians aiming to have a unified overview rather than treating some of the conflicts as background to the English Civil War. Some have described them as the British Civil Wars^[1], but this can be misleading as the kingdoms did not become a single political entity until the Act of Union 1800. The Act of Union 1800 merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain (itself a merger of England and Wales and Scotland under the Act of Union 1707) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. ...

The start — riots set off by Jenny Geddes.

1 Background
2 War breaks out
3 Main events
4 Aftermath
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 Footnotes

Rioting at a church service in Scotland after the angry reaction from Jenny Geddes to use of the Anglican service in St Giles Cathedral in 1637. ... Rioting at a church service in Scotland after the angry reaction from Jenny Geddes to use of the Anglican service in St Giles Cathedral in 1637. ... Riot against use of prescribed prayer book The legendary Jenny Geddes famously threw her stool at the head of the minister in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, beginning a riot which led to the Wars of the Three Kingdoms that included the English Civil War. ...

Background

The unity of the Three Kingdoms under one monarch was quite a recent development. Since 1541, monarchs of England had also ruled the Kingdom of Ireland through a separate Irish Parliament, while Wales was made part of the Kingdom of England. Scotland came under the same ruler as England and Ireland when James VI of Scotland also became King James I of England in 1603. Ruling over these three diverse kingdoms proved difficult for James and his succesor Charles I of England, particularly when they tried to impose religious uniformity on the Three Kingdoms. Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... Capital Dublin Head of state King of Ireland Kings representative: Variously called Judiciar, Lord Deputy or Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Head of government: Chief Secretary for Ireland Parliament: Irish House of Commons and Irish House of Lords The Kingdom of Ireland was the name given to the English-ruled... Motto: (Welsh for Wales forever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff Official language(s) English, Welsh Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056 Area - Total 20,779 kmÂ² (3rd in... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Capital Winchester, then London from 11th century. ... Motto: , traditionally rendered in Scots as Wha daur meddle wi me?[1] and in English as No one provokes me with impunity. ... James VI and I King of England, Scotland and Ireland James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... James VI and I (James Stuart) (June 19, 1566 â€“ March 27, 1625) was King of Scots, King of England, and King of Ireland and was the first to style himself King of Great Britain. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 â€“ 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Ireland, and King of Scots from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ...

Different religious conditions pertained in each of these jurisdictions. With the Reformation, King Henry VIII made himself head of the Protestant Church of England and Roman Catholicism was outlawed in England and Wales. Protestantism, in the course of the 16th century became intimately associated with national identity in England, with Catholicism being seen as the national enemy, especially as embodied in France and Spain. However, Catholicism remained the religion of most people in Ireland and was for many a symbol of native resistance to the Tudor re-conquest of Ireland in the 16th century. In the Kingdom of Scotland the Protestant Reformation was a popular movement led by John Knox. The Scottish Parliament legislated for a National Presbyterian church, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland or "Kirk", and the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, was forced to abdicate in favour of her son James VI of Scotland. He grew up under a regency disputed between Catholic and Protestant factions, then took power and aspired to be a "universal King" favouring the English Episcopalian system of bishops appointed by the king. In 1584, he introduced bishops, but met vigorous opposition and was forced to concede that the General Assembly running the church should continue to do so. Calvinists reacted against the formal liturgy of the Book of Common Order moving increasingly to extempore prayer, though this was opposed by an Episcopalian faction. The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Henry VIII King of England and Ireland by Hans Holbein the Younger His Grace King Henry VIII (28 June 1491–28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Tudor re-conquest of Ireland took place under the English Tudor dynasty during the 16th century. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) Capital Edinburgh Government Monarchy Head of State King of Scots Parliament Parliament of Scotland Currency Pound Scots This article is about the historical state called the Kingdom of Scotland (843-1707). ... The Protestant Reformation, also referred to as the Protestant Revolution or Protestant Revolt, was a movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. ... John Knox (1505, 1513 or 1514 â€“ 1572) was a Scottish religious reformer who played the lead part in reforming the Church in Scotland in a Presbyterian manner. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... The Church of Scotland (CofS, known informally as The Kirk, Eaglais na h-Alba in Scottish Gaelic) is the national church of Scotland. ... Kirk can mean church in general or The Church of Scotland in particular. ... Mary, Queen of Scots redirects here. ... James VI and I King of England, Scotland and Ireland James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... The word Episcopal is derived from the Greek επισκοπος epískopos, which literally means overseer; the word however is used in religious terms to mean bishop. ... 1584 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Calvinism is a system of Christian theology and an approach to Christian life and thought within the Protestant tradition articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin, his interpretation of Scripture, and perspective on Christian life and... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...

Religious confrontation in Scotland

James remained Protestant, taking care to maintain his hopes of succession to the English throne, and duly also became James I of England in 1603 and moved to London. His diplomatic and political skills were now fully engaged in dealing with the English Court and Parliament at the same time as running Scotland by writing to the Privy Council of Scotland and controlling the Parliament of Scotland through the Lords of the Articles. He stopped the General Assembly from meeting, then increased the number of Scottish Bishops, and in 1618, held a General Assembly and pushed through Five Articles of Episcopalian practices which were widely boycotted. In 1625, he was succeeded by his son Charles I who was less skilful or restrained and was crowned in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, in 1633 with full Anglican rites. Opposition to his attempts to enforce Anglican practices reached a flashpoint when he introduced a Book of Common Prayer. Charles' confrontation with the Scots came to a head in 1639, when Charles tried and failed to coerce Scotland by military means. In some respects, this revolt also represented Scottish resentment at being sidelined within the Stuart monarchies since James I's accession to the throne of England. See Also Bishops Wars James VI and I (James Stuart) (June 19, 1566 â€“ March 27, 1625) was King of Scots, King of England, and King of Ireland and was the first to style himself King of Great Britain. ... King James I of England/VII of Scotland, the first monarch to rule the Kingdoms of England and Scotland at the same time Events March - Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, sails to Canada March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James I of... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. ... English parliament in front of the king c. ... The Privy Council of Scotland was a body which formerly advised the King. ... The parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland. ... The Scottish Parliament (PÃ rlamaid na h-Alba in Gaelic, Scots Pairlament in Scots) is the national unicameral legislature of Scotland. ... Events March 8 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery). ... Events March 27 - Prince Charles Stuart becomes King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 â€“ 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Ireland, and King of Scots from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... St Giles Cathedral A prominent feature of the Edinburgh skyline, St Giles Cathedral decorates the midpoint of the Royal Mile with its rounded hollow-crown tower. ... Edinburgh (pronounced ; DÃ¹n Ãˆideann () in Scottish Gaelic) is the capital of Scotland and its second-largest city. ... Events February 13 - Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... 1979 ECUSABCP The Book of Common Prayer[1] is foundational prayer book of the Church of England and also the name for similar books used in other churches in the Anglican Communion. ... Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ... The Bishops Wars, a series of armed encounters and defiances between England and Scotland in 1639 and 1640, were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ...

England

Charles shared his father's belief in the Divine Right of Kings and his assertion of this led to a serious break between Charles and his English Parliament. While the Church of England remained dominant, a powerful Puritan minority who made up around one third of the members of Parliament had much in common with the Presbyterian Scots. The Divine Right of Kings is a European political and religious doctrine of political absolutism. ... This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject. ...

The English Parliament also had repeated disputes with the King over such subjects as taxation, military expenditure and the role of parliament in government. While James I had held the same opinions as his son with regard to the King's Rights, he had enough charisma to persuade the Parliament to accept his policies. Charles did not have this skill in human management and so, when faced with a crisis in 1639–42, he was unable to prevent his Kingdoms from sliding into civil war. When Charles approached the Parliament to pay for a campaign against the Scots, they refused, declared themselves to be permanently in session and put forward a long list of civil and religious grievances that Charles would have to remedy before they approved any new legislation.

See also the English Civil War (Background).

The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers) from 1642 until 1651. ...

Ireland

Meanwhile, in the Kingdom of Ireland which had been declared in 1541, but only fully conquered in 1603, tensions were also mounting. Charles I's Lord Deputy there, Thomas Wentworth, had antagonised the native Irish Catholics by repeated initiatives to confiscate their lands and grant them to English colonists. He had also angered them by enforcing new taxes but denying Roman Catholics full rights as subjects. What made this situation explosive was his idea, in 1639, to offer Irish Catholics the reforms they had been looking for in return for them raising and paying for an Irish army to put down the Scottish rebellion. Although the army was to be officered by Protestants, the idea of an Irish Catholic army being used to enforce what was seen by many as tyrannical government horrified both the Scottish and the English Parliament, who in response threatened to invade Ireland. Capital Dublin Head of state King of Ireland Kings representative: Variously called Judiciar, Lord Deputy or Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Head of government: Chief Secretary for Ireland Parliament: Irish House of Commons and Irish House of Lords The Kingdom of Ireland was the name given to the English-ruled... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... King James I of England/VII of Scotland, the first monarch to rule the Kingdoms of England and Scotland at the same time Events March - Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, sails to Canada March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James I of... Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (April 13, 1593 - May 12, 1641) was an English statesman, a major figure in the period leading up to the English Civil War. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

War breaks out

Main events

1637: Charles attempts to impose Anglican services on the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, Jenny Geddes starts riots
1638: Signing of the National Covenant in Scotland.
1639: Conflict between Covenanter and Royalists in Scotland which began with the Covenanters seizing the City of Aberdeen in February
1639: The Bishops' War Charles brings his troops into Scotland but decided not to attack but negotiate instead. The Treaty of Berwick is signed.
1640 Parliament is recalled in order for Charles to obtain money to finance his military struggle with Scotland. Parliament agree to fund Charles but only on condition he answer their grievances relating to his 11 year "personal rule" or "tyranny". Charles refuses and dissolves Parliament after a mere 3 weeks thus earning it the name of the Short Parliament.
1640: The Second Bishops' War or 'Second War of the Covenant' broke out in August. Responding to Charles' attempt to raise an army against them, an army of Covenanters crosses the Tweed and overruns the English force at the Battle of Newburn marching on the city of Newcastle.
1640: The Treaty of Ripon leaves Newcastle in Scots hands who received a large tribute from Charles. Charles has no option but to recall Parliament in order to raise the necessary funds. Parliament convenes in November and remains convened, in one form or another, until 1660. This earning it the name of the Long Parliament.
1641: October 23rd, Irish Rebellion breaks out in Ulster. Violence marked by massacre of Protestants by Catholics. Rebels win a battle against Crown forces at Julianstown Bridge near Drogheda in December.
1641: Parliament issue the Grand Remonstrance to Charles. Perceived by some as a direct challenge to the King's authority, Charles refuses to address the grievances it raises.
1642: A Protestant Scots army is sent by the Covenanters to Ulster to defend the Protestant plantations.

"Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles" by Anthony van Dyck

1642: Charles enters Parliament to arrest five "traitors". The news of his "assault" on Parliament causes uproar in London. Charles leaves the city in fear of his life. In his absence Parliament passes the 'Militia Bill' which, in effect, seizes control of the London arsenal and places the 'Trained Bands' and militia under its authority. Charles retaliates by appointing individuals who are to take control of other regional militias in the King's name. From this moment both sides actively raise troops and munitions.
1642-6: The First English Civil War
1642: Alliance of Irish Catholics; Gaelic Irish and the Old English to form the Catholic Confederation, based at Kilkenny, meets first in March 1642.
1642: October 23rd, Battle of Edgehill - inconclusive first battle in English Civil War.
1643: Ceasefire between the English Royalists and Irish Confederates declared.
1643: 25th September, Alliance between English Parliament and Scottish Covenanters - the Solemn League and Covenant declared. Scottish troops sent to England to fight on Parliament side.
1644: July 2nd, Battle of Marston Moor - major defeat for the royalists by the Parliamentarians and Scots
1644: Scottish Civil War started by Scottish Royalist Montrose, with the aid of Irish Confederate troops under Alasdair MacColla.
1645: New Model Army formed by English Parliament
1645: June 14th, Battle of Naseby - Royalist army crushed, effective end of First English Civil war
1645: Montrose wins Royalist control of Scotland at Battle of Kilsyth, subsequently defeated at Battle of Philiphaugh by Covenanter armies returned from England.
1646: May, Charles I surrenders to Scots Covenanters, who hand him over to English Parliament
1646: battle of Benburb Irish Confederate army under Owen Roe O'Neill defeats Scottish Covenanter army in Ulster.
1647: battle of Dungans Hill and battle of Knocknanauss Parliamentarian forces smash the Irish Confederate armies of Leinster and Munster
1648-9: The Second English Civil War
1648: Ormonde Peace - formal alliance between Irish Confederates and English Royalists declared
1648: Battle of Preston (1648) - Scottish Covenanter (Engagers faction) army invades England to restore Charles I, defeated by Parliamentarians
1649: January 30th, Execution of Charles I by English Parliament
1649: August 2nd, The battle of Rathmines, Irish-Royalist force routed by Parliamentarians outside Dublin, August 15th, New Model Army lands in Ireland - begins Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
1649: September 11th, Cromwell takes Drogheda and Wexford on October 11
1650: Montrose tries to launch Royalist uprising in Scotland, defeated, arrested and executed by the Covenanters.
1650: Charles II takes oath for Solemn League and Covenant,and repudiates the alliance with Irish Confederates. He was subsequently crowned at Scone on New Year's Day 1651.
1650: Third English Civil War breaks out between Scots and English Parliament. Cromwell invades Scotland, smashes Scottish army at battle of Dunbar
1651: Henry Ireton besieges Limerick
1651: June Capture of the Isles of Scilly by Admiral Robert Blake
1651: Sep 3 Defeat of Charles II and the Scots at Worcester ends the Third Civil War. Charles II goes into exile in France.
1652: Surrender of last Irish stronghold in Galway - guerrilla warfare continues
1653: Surrender of last organised Irish troops in Cavan.

The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... The Church of Scotland (CofS, known informally as The Kirk, Eaglais na h-Alba in Scottish Gaelic) is the national church of Scotland. ... Riot against use of prescribed prayer book The legendary Jenny Geddes famously threw her stool at the head of the minister in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, beginning a riot which led to the Wars of the Three Kingdoms that included the English Civil War. ... The Covenanters, named after the Solemn League and Covenant, were a party that, originating in the Reformation movement, played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England, during the 17th century. ... The Covenanters are a radical Presbyterian movement that played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England and Ireland, during the 17th century. ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Cavaliers was the name used by Parliamentarians for the Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642â€“1651). ... The Bishops Wars, a series of armed encounters and defiances between England and Scotland in 1639 and 1640, were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... The Short Parliament (April-May, 1640) of King Charles I is so called because it lasted only three weeks. ... The Bishops Wars, a series of armed encounters and defiances between England and Scotland in 1639 and 1640, were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... The Battle of Newburn took place in 1640 during the Bishops Wars. ... The Treaty of Ripon was an agreement signed by Charles I of England and the Scots on October 26, 1640 in the aftermath of the Second Bishops War. ... The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, in 1640, following the Bishops Wars. ... The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup dÃ©tat by Irish Catholic gentry, but rapidly degenerated into bloody intercommunal violence between native Irish Catholics and English and Scottish Protestant settlers. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 kmÂ² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: CÃºige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... The Battle of Julianstown was fought during the Irish Rebellion of 1641, at Julianstown near Drogheda in eastern Ireland, in November 1641. ... Drogheda, a town in eastern Ireland, was besieged twice in the 1640s, during the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... The Grand Remonstrance was a list of 204 grievances, mostly religious, by the English Parliament against King Charles I of England during the Long Parliaments reign during the English Civil War. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 kmÂ² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: CÃºige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... Anthony van Dyck, Charles Is court painter, created the famous Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles, commonly known as the Triple Portrait. ... Anthony van Dyck, Charles Is court painter, created the famous Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles, commonly known as the Triple Portrait. ... Self Portrait With a Sunflower Sir Anthony (Antoon) van Dyck (*March 22, 1599 - December 9, 1641) was a Flemish painter — mainly of portraits — who became the leading court painter in England. ... The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers) from 1642 until 1651. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Kilkenny Castle, where the Confederate General Assembly met. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was the first pitched battle of the First English Civil War. ... The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers) from 1642 until 1651. ... The Solemn League and Covenant was an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians. ... Combatants Scottish Covenanters Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Earl of Leven Earl of Manchester Lord Fairfax Prince Rupert of the Rhine Marquess of Newcastle Strength 7000 horse 500+ dragoons 14000 foot 30 - 40 guns 6000 horse 11000 foot 14 guns Casualties 300 killed 4000 killed 1500 prisoners The Battle of Marston Moor... Map of Scotland The Scottish Civil War The Scottish Civil War of 1644-47 was part of wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the Bishops Wars, the English Civil War and Irish Confederate Wars. ... James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose (1612 - 21 May 1650), was a Scottish nobleman and soldier, who initially joined the Covenanters in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, but subsequently supported King Charles I as the English Civil War developed. ... Alasdair MacColla (circa 1620 to 1647) was a Scottish-Irish soldier. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ... Combatants Parliamentarians Royalists Commanders Sir Thomas Fairfax King Charles I Strength 6000 horse 7000 foot 4100 horse 3300 foot Casualties unknown 3500 The Battle of Naseby was the key battle of the first English Civil War. ... James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose (1612 - 21 May 1650), was a Scottish nobleman and soldier, who initially joined the Covenanters in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, but subsequently supported King Charles I as the English Civil War developed. ... Battle of Aberdeen Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date August 15, 1645 Place Aberdeen, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Kilsyth was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War which took place on August 15, 1645. ... The Battle of Philiphaugh was fought on September 13th, 1645 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and took place outside the town of Philiphaugh near Selkirk in Scotland between the armies of the Royalist Marquis of Montrose, and the Covenanter army of General Leslie. ... The Battle of Benburb took place in 1646 in the anal region of chans motherIrish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... Eoghan Rua Ã“ NÃ©ill, anglicised as Owen Roe ONeill (c. ... The Covenanters are a radical Presbyterian movement that played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England and Ireland, during the 17th century. ... The Battle of Dungans Hill took place in Meath, in eastern Ireland in August 1647. ... The Battle of Knocknanauss was fought in 1647, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, between Confederate Ireland’s Munster army and an English Parliamentarian army under Inchiquinn. ... The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers) from 1642 until 1651. ... See Battle of Preston (1715) for the battle of the Jacobite Rising. ... The Engagers in Scottish history were a moderate faction of the Covenanter movement, who ruled Scotland during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... The battle of Rathmines was fought in around the modern Dublin suburb of Rathmines in August 1649, during the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ... Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of the English Parliament in 1649. ... Drogheda, a town in eastern Ireland, was besieged twice in the 1640s, during the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... The Sack of Wexford took place in October 1649, during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, when the New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell took Wexford town in south-eastern Ireland. ... The Solemn League and Covenant was an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians. ... For the foodstuff see Scone (bread). ... The Third English Civil War (1649â€“1651) was the third of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... Cromwell at Dunbar, Andrew Carrick Gow The Battle of Dunbar (3 September 1650) was a battle of the Third English Civil War. ... Henry Ireton Henry Ireton (1611 - November 26, 1651), English was a general in the army of Parliament during the English Civil War. ... Combatants Irish Confederate Catholics Ulster Army and English Royalists English Parliamentarians New Model Army Commanders Hugh Dubh ONeill Henry Ireton Strength 2000 soldiers and civilian population 8000 men, 28 siege guns, 4 mortars Casualties c. ... The Isles of Scilly (Cornish: Ynysek Syllan) form an archipelago of islands off the southwesternmost tip of England. ... Robert Blake, General at Sea, 1599â€“1657 by Henry Perronet Briggs, painted 1829. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 â€“ 6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... The Battle of Worcester was the final battle of the English Civil War. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... Cavan (An CabhÃ¡n in Irish, meaning the hollow) is the main town and administrative centre of County Cavan in the Republic of Ireland. ...

Aftermath

While the Wars of the Three Kingdoms pre-figured many of the changes that would shape modern Britain, in the short term it resolved little. The English Commonwealth was neither a monarchy nor a real republic. In practise power was exercised by Oliver Cromwell because of his control over the Parliament's military forces, but his legal position was never clarified, even when he became Lord Protector. While several constitutions were proposed, none were ever accepted. Thus the Commonwealth and the Protectorate established by the victorious Parliamentarians left little behind it in the way of new forms of government. There were two important legacies from this period, the first was that in executing King Charles I for high treason, no future British monarch could be under any illusion that perceived despotism would be tolerated; and the excesses of Army rule, particularly that of the Major-Generals, has left an abiding mistrust of military rule in the English speaking world. The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Britain, Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the periods from 1649 (the monarch Charles I being beheaded on January 30 and An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth being passed by the... Lord Protector is a particular British English title for Heads of State, with two meanings (and full styles) at different periods of history. ... The Protectorate in English history refers specifically to the English government of 1653 to 1659 under the direct control of Oliver Cromwell, who assumed the title of Lord Protector of the newly declared Commonwealth of England (later the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland) after the English Civil War. ... Under English, and later British law, high treason is the crime of disloyalty to the Sovereign. ...

There was religious freedom during the Interregnum, but not for Roman Catholics. The Church of England was abolished, as was the House of Lords. The House of Commons was dismissed by Cromwell and there were no fresh election to it. Nor did Cromwell and his supporters move in the direction of a popular democracy, as the more radical fringes of the Parliamentarians, such as the Levellers wanted. Ireland and Scotland were occupied by the New Model Army during the Interregnum. In Ireland, almost all lands belonging to Irish Catholics were confiscated as punishment for the rebellion of 1641; harsh Penal Laws were also passed against this community. Thousands of Parliamentarian soldiers were settled in Ireland on confiscated lands. The Parliaments of Ireland and Scotland were abolished. In theory, they were represented in the English Parliament, but since this body was never given real powers, this was insignificant. When Cromwell died in 1658, the Commonwealth fell apart, without major violence and Charles II was restored as King of England, Scotland and Ireland. The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... The Levellers were a mid 17th century English political party, who came to prominence during the English Civil Wars. ... In the most general sense, penal is the body of laws that are enforced by the State in its own name and impose penalties for their violation, as opposed to civil law that seeks to redress private wrongs. ...

Under the English Restoration, the political system was restored to what it had been before the wars. Those responsible for the regicide of Charles I were themselve executed or imprisoned for life. Cromwell's corpse was dug up and given a posthumous execution. There was also harsh repression against religious and political radicals who were held responsible for the wars. Scotland and Ireland were returned their Parliaments, some confiscated Irish land was returned and the New Model Army was stood down. However, the issues that had caused the wars - religion, the power of Parliament and the relationship between the Three Kingdoms had not been resolved, only postponed and they would be fought over again in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. It was only after this point that the features of modern Britain that were seen in the Civil Wars - a Protestant constitutional monarchy with England dominant and a strong standing army - emerged permanently. King Charles II, the first monarch to rule after the English Restoration. ... The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a king, or the person responsible for it. ... Posthumous execution is the ritual execution of an already dead body. ... The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). ...

References

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Footnotes

^ British Civil Wars
- Gaunt, Peter The British Wars 1637-1651, Routledge (UK) , 1997, ISBN 0415129664
- Plant David, British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website

Categories: Articles lacking sources | Wars of the Three Kingdoms | Wars of Ireland | Wars of Scotland | Wars of England

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Wars of the Three Kingdoms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (3007 words)
	The Wars included the Bishops' Wars of 1639 and 1640, the Scottish Civil War of 1644–5; the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Confederate Ireland, 1642–9 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 (collectively the Irish Confederate Wars); and the First, Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642–6, 1648–9 and 1650–51.
	The Scottish Parliament legislated for a National Presbyterian church, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, was forced to abdicate in favour of her son James VI of Scotland.
	Ireland and the War of the Three Kingdoms

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms - definition of The Wars of the Three Kingdoms in Encyclopedia (622 words)
	An army of Covenanters crossed the Tweed and overran the English force at the Battle of Newburn marching on the city of Newcastle.
	Chronology of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (http://www.historybookshop.com/articles/commentary/wars-of-three-kingdoms-chronology-ht.asp)
	Ireland and the War of the Three Kingdoms (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/ireland_kingdoms_01.shtml)

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