The Warsaw dialect (język warsiaski, Polish: Gwara warszawska) is a regional dialect of the Polish language spoken in Warsaw. It has been almost extinct since 1944. Polish (polski, jÄ™zyk polski, polszczyzna) is the official language of Poland. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families (families hereforth). ... Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families (families hereforth). ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies Indo-European is originally a linguistic term, referring to the Indo-European language family. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part... This article or section should be merged with List of West Slavic languages The West Slavic languages is a subdivision of the Slavic language group (q. ... The Lechitic languages include three languages spoken in Central Europe, principally in Poland and historically also in eastern part of today Germany. ... ISO 639 is one of several international standards that lists short codes for language names. ... SIL International is a non-profit, faith-based, scientific organization with the main purpose to study, develop and document lesser-known languages for the purpose of expanding linguistic knowledge, promoting world literacy and aiding minority language development. ...

Classification

The Warsaw dialect is composed mostly of the Polish language substratum, with notable (mostly lexical) influences from the Masovian dialect of Polish, as well as Russian, German, Yiddish and other languages. Polish (polski, język polski, polszczyzna) is the official language of Poland. ... In linguistics, a substratum is a language which influences another one while that second language supplants it. ... Masovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a geographical and historical region situated in central Poland with its capital in Warsaw. ... Jump to: navigation, search Yiddish (Yid. ...

The dialect was composed of a variety of different class dialects: the language of the suburbs differed from the language of the city centre and each professional group used its own version of the dialect, slightly different from the others. It is therefore difficult to state the exact classification.

Geographic distribution

The dialect was originally spoken in and around Warsaw, Poland. After 1944 it became dispersed as most of the inhabitants of Warsaw were either killed in the Warsaw Uprising or resettled in other parts of Poland. Currently it is almost completely extinct as a primary language and is mostly used by authors and artists for stylisation in literature, poetry and songwriting. Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search The Warsaw Uprising (Powstanie Warszawskie) was an armed struggle during the Second World War by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule. ...

History

The Warsaw dialect became a separate dialect of the Polish language some time in 18th century, when the Polish substratum was enriched with many borrowed words from the Masovian dialect. The mixture was then heavily influenced by the languages spoken by the burghers of Warsaw and the royal court of Poland. These included the Italian, Yiddish, French, Latin and English. In 19th century during the Partitions of Poland the dialect incorporated a great number of borrowed words from German and then Russian. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... In linguistics, a substratum is a language which influences another one while that second language supplants it. ... Jump to: navigation, search Yiddish (Yid. ... Jump to: navigation, search Latin is an Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Polish Rozbiór or Rozbiory Polski, Lithuanian Padalijimas) happened in the 18th century and ended the existence of a sovereign state of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ...

Until World War II the language spoken by different classes and professions of Warsaw evolved independently, although were eventually mixed and interlinked. After the Warsaw Uprising, when the majority of its speakers were either killed or expelled and resettled in other parts of the world, the dialect became separated from its geographical roots and its users dispersed. After the war a only a small number of pre-war Varsavians returned there while the vast majority of the inhabitants of the city came from other parts of Poland. Because of that, the language spoken in Warsaw became heavily influenced by other dialects of the Polish language. The only boroughs of Warsaw where the dialect was preserved to some extent were Praga and Wola. Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that... Jump to: navigation, search The Warsaw Uprising (Powstanie Warszawskie) was an armed struggle during the Second World War by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule. ... Praga comprises a suburb of Polish capital, Warsaw - or, more accurately, names all that part of Warsaw on the right bank of the river Vistula. ... Jump to: navigation, search Wola Wola is a district of western Warsaw, Poland, formerly the village of Wielka Wola, that was incorporated into Warsaw in 1916. ...

Since the 1960s the uniformisation of the language spoken throughout Poland under the influence of the mass media (such as the television and radio) lead to a rapid decline in speakers of all the dialects of Polish, the Warsaw dialect included. Jump to: navigation, search The 1960s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ...

Among the notable artists who used the Warsaw dialect in their books, songs and poems are Hanka Bielicka, Wiktor Gomulicki, Stanisław Grzesiuk, Alina Janowska, Irena Kwiatkowska, Zygmunt Staszczyk, Stanisław Staszewski, Jarema Stępowski, Stefan Wiechecki and Stasiek Wielanek. The most extensive studies of the Warsaw dialect were carried out by Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz in his book Gwara warszawska wczoraj i dziś (The Warsaw Dialect Yesterday and Today).

Sub-dialects

As mentioned above, the Warsaw dialect was further divided onto several sub-dialects. Those included:

• Sub-dialects of different boroughs - for instance the language of Praga, Wola, Powiśle
• Professional sub-dialects - for instance the language of cabmen, shopkeepers, printers or policemen
• Sub-dialects of criminals - a regional version of grypsera
• Jewish sub-dialect - a regional version of the Yiddish language, largely influenced by the Polish language

All of the above sub-dialects were constantly mixing with each other and the lexical basis of most of them was similar. Praga comprises a suburb of Polish capital, Warsaw - or, more accurately, names all that part of Warsaw on the right bank of the river Vistula. ... Jump to: navigation, search Wola Wola is a district of western Warsaw, Poland, formerly the village of Wielka Wola, that was incorporated into Warsaw in 1916. ... Tourists in a vis-a-vis, Prague The classic definition of a carriage is a four-wheeled horse-drawn private passenger vehicle with leaf springs (elliptical springs in the 19th century) or leather strapping for suspension, whether light, smart and fast or large and comfortable. ... Look up shop in Wiktionary, the free dictionary A shop is an enclosed location where a specific activity is carried out. ... Constables of the Metropolitan Police Royal Canadian Mounted Police A police car of the Saarland Police, Germany Police forces are government organisations charged with the responsibility of maintaining law and order. ... Grypsera (from Low German greips meaning mind) is a distinct non-standard dialect of the Polish language, used traditionally by recidivist prison inmates. ... Jump to: navigation, search Yiddish (Yid. ... Polish (polski, język polski, polszczyzna) is the official language of Poland. ...

Derived dialects

Due to the large number of prisons in Warsaw, the influence of the Warsaw dialect on the evolution of grypsera was immense and to some extent the shape of the latter language is a distant relative of the former. Grypsera (from Low German greips meaning mind) is a distinct non-standard dialect of the Polish language, used traditionally by recidivist prison inmates. ...

Sounds

The basic sounds of the Warsaw dialect were those of the Polish language, with several notable differences. See Polish language for comparison. Polish (polski, język polski, polszczyzna) is the official language of Poland. ...

Vowels

The most important differences between the Polish language and the Warsaw dialect are the following:

The International Phonetic Alphabet. ... A nasal vowel is a vowel that produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through the mouth and the nose. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article discusses the unit of speech. ... Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ... Jump to: navigation, search The accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a verb. ...

Consonants

Grammar

The grammar of the Warsaw dialect is basically the same as the grammar of Polish.

Vocabulary

As mentioned above, the Warsaw dialect includes a large set of borrowed words from a variety of languages.

Writing system

The Warsaw dialect did not develop a literary form. It has been used by several authors in Polish literature and written with a standard set of Polish letters with different sounds denoted by approximation. Poland — Polish literature Writers and novelists Main article: List of Polish language authors Writers in chronological order of birth: Jan Potocki (1761–1815) Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887) Eliza Orzeszkowa (1841–1910) Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916) Bolesław Prus (1847–1912) Stefan Żeromski (1864–1925) Władysław Reymont (1867–1925) Zofia Nałkowska... Jump to: navigation, search The Polish alphabet is the script of the Polish language. ...

See also:

• Warsaw
• Polish language

Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Warsaw (disambiguation) and Warszawa (disambiguation). ... Polish (polski, język polski, polszczyzna) is the official language of Poland. ...

External link:

• Polish-Warsaw dictionary