Welsh nationalism is a popular political and cultural movement that emerged during the nineteenth-century. It generally seeks independence for Wales outside of the United Kingdom, an aspiration supported by around 1 in 5 of the population of Wales, [1] and is further defined by a desire to protect and enhance the cultural distinctiveness of Wales.

Conquest

The mediaeval kingdoms of Wales

Through most of its history before the Anglo-Norman Conquest, Wales was divided into several kingdoms. From time to time, rulers such as Hywel Dda and Rhodri the Great managed to unify many of the kingdoms, but their lands were divided on their deaths. By 1282, only Gwynedd stood out, whose ruler was accorded the title Prince of Wales. Following the defeat of Llywelyn the Last by Edward I Wales lost its last independent kingdom and became subject to the English crown, either directly or indirectly. It retained some vestiges of distinction from its neighbour however, namely the Welsh language, culture, law and customs. Image File history File links CymruMap. ... Image File history File links CymruMap. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The area now known as Wales has been inhabited by modern humans for at least 29,000 years, though continuous human habitation dates from the period after the last Ice age. ... Howell the Good (880?–950; Welsh: Hywel Dda or Hywel ap Cadell) is listed amongst the kings of Gwynedd. ... Rhodri the Great a. ... For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... Gwynedd was one of the kingdoms or principalities of medieval Wales. ... The Prince of Wales Feathers. This Heraldic badge of the Heir Apparent is derived from the ostrich feathers borne by Edward, the Black Prince. ... Arms used by Llywelyn ap Gruffydd Llywelyn ap Gruffydd or Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf (c. ... Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), popularly known as Longshanks[1], also as Edward the Lawgiver because of his legal reforms, and as Hammer of the Scots,[2] achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and who tried to do the same to Scotland. ... This article describes the British monarchy from the perspective of the United Kingdom. ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... Codified by Hywel Dda (Hywell the Good) in the early 10th century, the laws of the Welsh Princes were significantly more complex than would be found in other ares of Western Europe for centuries. ...

Until the victory of Henry VII at Bosworth in 1485, the Welsh on many occasions revolted against English rule in an attempt to gain their independence. The greatest such revolt was that of Welsh nobleman Owain Glyndŵr, who gained popular support in 1400, and defeated an English force at Plynlimon in 1401. In response, the English parliament passed repressive measures denying the Welsh the right of assembly. Glyndŵr was proclaimed Prince of Wales, and sought assistance from the French, but by 1409 his forces were scattered under the attacks of King Henry IV of England and further repressive measures imposed on the Welsh. Glyndŵr himself vanished, and his final resting place remains a mystery. Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), was the founder and first patriarch of the Tudor dynasty. ... The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field was an important battle during the Wars of the Roses in 15th century England. ... // Events August 5-7 - First outbreak of sweating sickness in England begins August 22 - Battle of Bosworth Field is fought between the armies of King Richard III of England and rival claimant to the throne of England Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the Queen England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 967 AD  Area  -  Total 130,395 km²  50,346 sq mi  Population  -  2007 estimate 50... Seal of Owain Glyndŵr The Banner of the Arms of Owain Glyndŵr showing his parentage Owain Glyndŵr [], sometimes anglicised as Owen Glendower (1359–c. ... Events Henry IV quells baron rebellion and executes The Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury for their attempt to have Richard II of England restored as King Jean Froissart writes the Chronicles Medici family becomes powerful in Florence, Italy Births December 25 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of... Plynlimon (anglicised from Pumlumon in Welsh, meaning Five Peaks) is the highest point of the Cambrian Mountains in Wales. ... The Lollards, a religious sect taught by John Wycliffe, were persecuted for their beliefs. ... Events January 1 - The Welsh surrender Harlech Castle to the English. ... Henry IV (3 April 1367 – 20 March 1413) was the King of England and France and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413. ...

Annexation

Throughout the period of conquest the Welsh poets kept alive the dream of independence. In what was known as the canu brud (prophetic poetry), the idea of the coming of a messiah-like figure, known as Y Mab Darogan (The Son of Destiny), who would not only remove the English yoke but win back the whole of the Great Britain for the Brythonic (i.e. Welsh) people. In the Welsh-born Henry VII the Welsh believed that "the Son of Destiny" had come and there were no more revolts or talk of revolt – the people of Wales became as loyal as any of the King's other subjects. Welsh poetry may refer to poetry in the Welsh language, Anglo-Welsh poetry, or other poetry written in Wales or by Welsh poets. ... Prophecy, in a broad sense, is the prediction of future events. ... In Judaism, the Messiah (מָשִׁיחַ Standard Hebrew Arabic: , المسيح), Tiberian Hebrew , Aramaic ) initially meant any person who was anointed to a certain position among the ancient Israelites, at first that of High priest, later that of King and also that of a prophet. ... Y Mab Darogan (English: The Destined or Prophesised Son) is a messianic figure of Welsh and Cornish legend, destined to force the Anglo-Saxons (English) out of Britain and reclaim it for its Celtic inhabitants. ... For other uses of Fate, see Fate Destiny refers to a predetermined course of events. ... Brython and Brythonic are terms which refer to indigenous, pre-Roman, Celtic speaking inhabitants of most of the island of Great Britain, and their cultures and languages, the Brythonic languages. ... Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), was the founder and first patriarch of the Tudor dynasty. ...

During the reign of Henry VIII the Laws in Wales Acts were passed, formally integrating Wales into the English legal system. The repressive measures against the Welsh that had been in place since the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr over a century earlier were removed. It also gave political representation at the Westminster Parliament for Wales. Wales continues to share a legal identity with England to a large degree as the joint entity known simply as England until 1967 and England and Wales since then. The laws also finished the partitioning of Wales into counties that was begun in 1282 and established local government on the English model. The laws also had the effect of making English the language to be used for all official purposes. This excluded most native Welsh from any formal office unless they adopted English to some degree or other. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland, from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... The Acts of Union 1536–1543 were a series of parliamentary measures by which Wales was annexed to England and the norms of English administration introduced in order to create a single state and a single legal jurisdiction, which is frequently referred to as England and Wales. ... Seal of Owain Glyndŵr The Banner of the Arms of Owain Glyndŵr showing his parentage Owain Glyndŵr [], sometimes anglicised as Owen Glendower (1359–c. ... A legal entity is a legal construct through which the law allows a group of natural persons to act as if it were an individual for certain purposes. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... Wales has thirteen traditional counties (or vice counties). ... There is no single system of local government in the United Kingdom. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Welsh are a celtic ethnic group primarily associated with Wales and the Welsh language. ...

On the whole the Welsh who had a way of expressing an opinion welcomed these moves and saw them as further proof that Henry VII and his descendants were the long-awaited sons of destiny and that Wales had regained what it had lost at the conquest of 1282. Patriotism, or a non-politicised form of nationalism, remained a strong force in Wales with pride in its language, customs and history common amongst all levels of society. For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting customs duties and for controlling the flow of animals and goods (including personal effects and hazardous items) in and out of a country. ... Title page to Historians History Of The World. ... Young people interacting within an ethnically diverse society. ...

Revolutionary ideas

Along with the rest of Europe the effects of the French Revolution were felt in Wales. It brought to the forefront a small minority of Welsh people who sympathised with revolutionary ideas: people such as Richard Price (1723–1791), Iolo Morganwg (1747–1826), and Morgan John Rhys (1760–1804). World map showing the location of Europe. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... It has been suggested that Revolutionary be merged into this article or section. ... Richard Price (February 23, 1723 – April 19, 1791), was a Welsh moral and political philosopher. ... Iolo Morganwg (or Morgannwg in modern spelling; pronounced ) was the bardic name of Edward Williams (Llancarfan, Glamorgan, Wales 1747-1826), an influential antiquarian, poet, collector and literary forger. ... Morgan John Rhys (1760-1804) was a Baptist minister who preached the principles of the French Revolution, against slavery, and in favour of the reform of parliament. ...

In the meantime, counter-revolutionary or even anti-revolutionary ideas flourished amongst the leaders of the Welsh Methodist revival, but the consequences of turning Wales into a nation with a nonconformist majority was to create a new sense of Welshness. A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Revolution. ... The Welsh Methodist revival of the 18th century was one of the most significant religious and social movements in the history of Wales. ... One of the most influential doctrines in history is that all humans are divided into groups called nations. ... A nonconformist is an English or Welsh Protestant of any non-Anglican denomination, chiefly advocating religious liberty. ... Daffodils. ...

The Awakening of Wales by Christopher Williams (1911)

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Christopher David Williams (1873 – 1934) was a Welsh artist. ...

Nineteenth century

The rapid industrialisation of parts of Wales, especially Merthyr Tydfil and adjoining areas, gave rise to strong and radical Welsh working class movements which led to the Merthyr Rising of 1831, the widespread support for Chartism, and the Newport Rising of 1839. Merthyr Tydfil (Welsh: ) is a town and county borough in Wales, with a population of about 55,000. ... The term Radical (latin radix meaning root) was used from the late 18th century for proponents of the Radical Movement and has since been used as a label in political science for those favouring or trying to produce thoroughgoing political reforms which can include changes to the social order to... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... The Merthyr Rising of 1831 was the violent climax to years of unrest among the working class of Merthyr Tydfil and the surrounding area. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Chartism is also an alternative term for technical analysis Chartism was a movement for social and political reform in the United Kingdom during the mid-19th century. ... The Newport Rising occurred on November 4, 1839 when several thousand (supposedly) armed coal miners marched on the town of Newport, Gwent in Wales, intent on liberating the Chartist prisoners held under armed guard in the towns Westgate Hotel. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

With the establishment of the Presbyterian Church of Wales nonconformism triumphed in Wales, and gradually the previously majority of conservative voices within it allied themselves with the more radical and liberal voices within the older dissenting churches of the Baptists and Congregationalists. This radicalism was exemplified by the Congregationalist minister David Rees of Llanelli who edited the radical magazine Y Diwygiwr (= The Reformer) from 1835 until 1865. But he was not a lone voice: William Rees (also known as, Gwilym Hiraethog) established the radical Yr Amserau (= The Times) in 1843, and in the same year Samuel Roberts also established another radical magazine, Y Cronicl (= The Chronicle). Both were Congregationalist pastors. The Presbyterian church of Wales (Welsh: Eglwys Bresbyteraidd Cymru), also known as The Calvinistic Methodist Church (Welsh: Yr Eglwys Fethodistaidd Galfinaidd), is a denomination of Protestant Christianity. ... A nonconformist is an English or Welsh Protestant of any non-Anglican denomination, chiefly advocating religious liberty. ... This article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... Dissent is a sentiment or philosophy of non-agreement or opposition to an idea (eg. ... It has been suggested that Ecclesia (Church) be merged into this article or section. ... Baptist churches are part of a Christian movement often regarded as an Evangelical, Protestant denomination. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... The term Radical (latin radix meaning root) has been used since the late 18th century as a label in political science for those favoring or trying to produce thoroughgoing or extreme political reforms which can include changes to the social order to a greater or lesser extent. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... In most Protestant churches, a minister is a member of the ordained clergy who leads a congregation; such a person may also be called a Pastor, Preacher, or Elder. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For the parliamentary constituency of Llanelli, see Llanelli (UK Parliament constituency) For the Llanelli Rural area, see Llanelli Rural Llanelli (English: ), the largest town in the county of Carmarthenshire and West Wales, sits on the Burry estuary on the west Wales coast, approximately 13 miles west of the city of... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... William Rees (born December 18, 1943), is a professor at the University of British Columbia and former director of the School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP) at UBC. Rees has taught at the University of British Columbia since 1969-70. ... Samuel Roberts (1800-1885), or simply S.R., was a Welsh political and economical writer. ... A pastor is a minister or priest of a Christian church. ...

The growth of radicalism and the gradual politicisation of Welsh life did not see any successful attempt to establish a separate political vehicle for promoting Welsh nationalism. But voices did appear within the Liberal Party, which made great gains in Wales in the nineteenth century with the extension of the franchise and the tacit support of Welsh nonconformity. An intended independence movement, Cymru Fydd, established on the pattern of Young Ireland was established in 1886 but was short lived. Politics is a process by which collective decisions are made within groups. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning vote) is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. ... This is a list of currently active, autonomist and secessionist movements around the world. ... The Cymru Fydd movement was founded in 1886 by some of the London Welsh, including J. E. Lloyd, O. M. Edwards, T. E. Ellis, Beriah Gwynfe Evans and Alfred Thomas. ... Young Ireland was an Irish nationalist revolutionary movement, active in the mid-nineteenth century. ...

For the majority in Wales, however, the important question was not one of independence or self-government, but of the disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales. Nevertheless, their non-political nationalism was strong enough to establish national institiutions such as the University of Wales in 1893, and the National Library of Wales and the National Museum of Wales in 1907. See also civil religion. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... Civil society or civil institutions refers to the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations or institutions which form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force backed structures of a state (regardless of that states political system). ... The University of Wales (Prifysgol Cymru in Welsh) is a federal university founded in 1893. ... The National Library of Wales (Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru in Welsh) is a legal deposit library in Aberystwyth, Wales. ... The National Museum and Gallery of Wales (Welsh: Amgueddfa ac Oriel Genedlaethol Cymru) is a museum and art gallery in Cardiff, Wales. ...

Treachery of the Blue Books

This feeling of difference was exacerbated by the results of the publication of the "Reports of the commissioners of enquiry into the state of education in Wales" in 1847. The reports found the education system in Wales to be in a dreadful state, although they formed this opinion because the Commissioners were exclusively English-speaking while the education system was then largely conducted in Welsh, therefore the Commissioners could not form a realistic opinion of the education system. However, they concluded that the Welsh as a people were dirty, ignorant, lazy, drunk, superstitious, lying, and cheating because they were Nonconformists and spoke Welsh. Very quickly, because of its blue covers, the report was labelled Brad y Llyfrau Gleision, or in English, "The Treachery of the Blue Books". Commissioner is a designation that may be used for a variety of official positions, especially referring to a high-ranking public (administrative or police) official, or an analogous official in the private sector (e. ... Education in Wales differs in certain respects from the system used elsewhere in the United Kingdom. ... Non conformism is the term of KKK ... Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ... The Treachery of the Blue Books or Treason of the Blue Books (Welsh Brad y Llyfrau Gleision) was the name given in Wales to the Reports of the commissioners of enquiry into the state of education in Wales published in 1847. ...

The influence of European nationalism

Two nineteenth-century figures are associated with the beginnings of Welsh nationalism in the specific political sense, Michael D. Jones (1822–1898) and Emrys ap Iwan (1848–1906). Inspired by the Revolutions of 1848 and the growth of Irish nationalism they saw that Wales was different from England in having its own language which the vast majority of its residents spoke and in holding to a nonconformist form of the Christian religion which faced many disabilities in the face of the state church. Gradually they started to ask what was the difference between nations like Ireland and Hungary, and Wales, weren't they all nations "struggling to be free"? Michael D. Jones (1822-1898) was born Michael Daniel Jones in Llanuwchllyn, Gwynedd (then Merionethshire). ... Emrys ap Iwan (1848-1906), was born Robert Ambrose Jones in Abergele, Conwy (then Denbighshire). ... The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a revolutionary wave which erupted in Sicily and then, further triggered by the revolutions of 1848 in France, soon spread to the rest of Europe and as far afield as... Irish nationalism refers to political movements that desire greater autonomy or the independence of Ireland from Great Britain. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the Queen England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified  -  by Athelstan 967 AD  Area  -  Total 130,395 km²  50,346 sq mi  Population  -  2007 estimate 50... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ...

Twentieth century

Senedd, home to the National Assembly for Wales

Nationalism grew as an influence in twentieth-century Wales, but not as much as in eastern Europe, or Ireland. At various times both the Labour Party and the Liberal Party took up the cause of Welsh home rule, or devolution. It was with the establishment of Plaid Cymru (The Party of Wales) in 1925, however that Welsh independence from the UK was first advocated. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 1306 KB) Summary I took this photo myself. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 1306 KB) Summary I took this photo myself. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ... Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... The Wales Labour Party, also known as Welsh Labour, is the part of the Labour Party which operates in Wales. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales (pronounced IPA: ; Plaid) is a political party in Wales. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The election of a Labour Government in 1997 included a commitment to hold a referendum on the establishment of a Welsh Assembly. The referendum was narrowly won, with Plaid Cymru, the Liberal Democrats and much of Welsh civic society supporting the Labour Government's proposals. The Wales referendum of 1997 was a pre-legislative referendum held in Wales only over whether there was support for the creation of an assembly for Wales. ... The National Assembly for Wales (or NAW) (Welsh: Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru) was established in 1998, following a 1997 referendum in which a small majority of voters (but not the electorate) voted in favour of the Labour Governments plans for devolution. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Civil society or civil institutions refers to the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations or institutions which form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force backed structures of a state (regardless of that states political system). ...

Plaid Cymru

Plaid Cymru was founded in the 1920s by the existing organisations Byddin Ymreolwyr Cymru and Y Mudiad Cymreig. Plaid Cymru returned their first Member of Parliament in 1966 in the Carmarthen by-election, and today has three such reprentatives, along with 15 Members of the 60 strong Welsh Assembly (making them narrowly the second-largest party). Traditionally, support for the party is concentrated in the rural Welsh-speaking areas of north and west Wales, from where all their MPs hail. In the late 1960s and 1990s the party also enjoyed brief surges in support. Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales (pronounced IPA: ; Plaid) is a political party in Wales. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ... The Carmarthen by-election, in Carmarthen, Wales, held on 14 July 1966, was a milestone in the politics of Wales. ... The National Assembly for Wales (or NAW) (Welsh: Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru) was established in 1998, following a 1997 referendum in which a small majority of voters (but not the electorate) voted in favour of the Labour Governments plans for devolution. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China An artists rendering of an aerial view of the Maryland countryside: Jane Frank (Jane Schenthal Frank, 1918-1986), Aerial Series: Ploughed Fields, Maryland, 1974, acrylic and mixed materials on apertured double canvas, 52...

Other nationalist parties and movements

• Cymru Goch (= Red Wales) or, "Welsh Socialists". Cymru Goch as the movement was popularly known, was founded in 1987 to fight for a free and socialist Wales. It published the monthly magazine Y Faner Goch (= The Red Flag). In 2003, it became part of Forward Wales.

• Independent Wales (Welsh: Cymru Annibynnol). A political party founded in 2000 by some former members of Plaid Cymru under the leadership of John Humphries, a former journalist and editor of the Western Mail. The party fought the 2003 National Assembly elections by putting up candidates for the regional seats. Shortly after the election they dissolved. The main reason for its existence was unhappiness with the level of Plaid Cymru's commitment to independence.

• Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (= The Welsh Language Society). Established in 1962 by members of Plaid Cymru, it is a pressure group campaigning for Welsh language rights. It uses non-violent direct action in its campaigning, and sees itself as part of the global resistance movement.

• Cymuned (= Community). A pressure group campaigning for Welsh language rights established in 2001, it mainly concentrates its efforts in the western parts of Wales where Welsh is still a living community language. Also sees itself as part of global movements for the rights of indigenous peoples.

• Cymdeithas Cyfamod y Cymry Rhydd (= The Society of the Covenant of the Free Welsh). Established in 1987, again because of unhappiness with the level of Plaid Cymru's commitment to independence. They achieved publicity by producing their own Welsh passports.

• Mudiad Adfer was a splinter group of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh language Society) in the 1970s. Taking its Welsh-only philosophy from the works and teachings of Emyr Llewelyn, it believed in the creation of "Y Fro Gymraeg" - a monoglot region based on the existing Welsh language heartlands in the west of Wales. Adfer slowly disappeared from the scene in the late 1980s.

• Mudiad Rhyddhad Cymru (Cymru Liberation Movement): A meeting took place in Flintshire on the 10th January 2004 between representatives of Balchder Cymru, Cymru 1400, Medi 16, and the RDM. It was agreed during the meeting that all four organisations should amalgamate to form a stronger nationalist / republican movement. It is believed that such a move will strengthen the struggle for an independent Welsh republic. The new movement has been named 'Mudiad Rhyddhad Cymru' (MRC). Aims a. To campaign for an independent Welsh republic; b. To defend Cymru, its language and culture.

Cymru Goch (Red Wales) is a left wing nationalist organisation in Wales. ... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... Forward Wales (or Cymru Ymlaen in Welsh) is a political party operating in Wales. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales (pronounced IPA: ; Plaid) is a political party in Wales. ... For the North Carolina politician see John Humphries, NC. For the baseball player see John Humphries (baseball player). ... The Western Mail is a daily newspaper published by Western Mail and Echo Ltd in Cardiff, Wales. ... The Welsh Assembly election, 2003 was the second election to the National Assembly for Wales. ... Tafod y Ddraig (the Dragons Tongue), the society logo Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society, often abbreviated to Cymdeithas or Cymdeithas yr Iaith) is a pressure group in Wales campaigning for the future of the Welsh language. ... An advocacy group, interest group or lobbying group is a group, however loosely or tightly organized, doing advocacy: those determined to encourage or prevent changes in public policy without trying to be elected. ... Nonviolence (or non-violence) is a set of assumptions about morality, power and conflict that leads its proponents to reject the use of violence in efforts to attain social or political goals. ... Anti-WEF grafiti in Lausanne. ... Cymuned (translated in English as community) is a Welsh-language pressure group. ... The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition. ... For other types of travel document, see Travel document. ... Tafod y Ddraig (the Dragons Tongue), the society logo Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society, often abbreviated to Cymdeithas or Cymdeithas yr Iaith) is a pressure group in Wales campaigning for the future of the Welsh language. ... Monoglottism (Greek monos, alone, solitary, + glotta, tongue, language) is the condition of being able to speak only a single language. ... Approximate extent of West Wales West Wales is the western area of Wales bordered by South Wales to the east. ... Balchder Cymru (Pride of Wales) was a Welsh political campaigning group first formed in 2000. ... The abbreviation RDM may refer to: Radar Doppler Multifunction, a stopgap radar for the Mirage 2000 French fighter, also known as the Cyrano 5, an evolution of the Cyrano 4 used on the older Mirage F-1. ...

Violent nationalism

Though mainstream nationalism in Wales has been constitutional, there have been violent movements associated with it.

In 1952 a small republican movement, Y Gweriniaethwyr (= The Republicans), were the first to use violence when they made an unsuccessful attempt to blow up a pipeline leading from the Claerwen dam in mid Wales to Birmingham. Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. ... Downstream face Of Claerwen Dam Claerwen reservoir The Claerwen Reservoir and Dam, Wales, were the last editions to the Elan Valley Reservoirs system built to provide water for the increasingly demanding city of Birmingham. ... Mid Wales is the name given to the area of Wales between North Wales and South Wales. ... Birmingham (pron. ...

In the 1960s two movements were established in protest against the drowning of the Tryweryn valley and the 1969 investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales: Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (= Welsh Defence Movement, also known as MAC) and the "Free Wales Army" (also known as FWA). These two movements were responsible for numerous bombing attacks on water pipelines and power lines across Wales. On the eve of the investiture two members of MAC, Alwyn Jones and George Taylor, died as the bomb they were planting on the railway line to be used by the Royal Train exploded. Capel Celyn was a rural community to the North West of Bala in North Wales, in the Afon Tryweryn Valley. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, dress from vestis robe) is a rather general term for the formal installation of an incumbent (heir, elect of nominee) in public office, especially by taking possession of its insignia. ... The Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George[2]; born 14 November 1948), is the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. ... Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (Welsh Defence Movement), abbreviated as MAC was a Welsh republican movement, modelled to some degree on the Irish Republican Army, which was responsible for a number of bombing incidents between 1963 and 1969. ... The Free Wales Army (Welsh: Byddin Rhyddid Cymru) was a paramilitary Welsh nationalist organisation, formed out of Lampeter, West Wales by William Julian Cayo-Evans in 1963 as a replacement for the then supposedly moribund Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru. ... Water transportation is the intentional movement of water over large distances. ... Transmission towers Transmission lines in Lund, Sweden Electric power transmission, or more accurately Electrical energy transmission, is the second process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. ... Railroad or railway tracks are used on railways, which, together with railroad switches (points), guide trains without the need for steering. ... Class 67 67005 Queens Messenger brings up the rear of the Royal Train as it heads along the Dawlish sea front on 15 September 2004. ...

The late 1970s and the 1980s saw an organisation calling itself Meibion Glyndŵr (the sons of Glyndŵr) responsible for a spate of arson attacks against holiday homes throughout Wales. Meibion Glyndŵr (Welsh: Sons of Glyndŵr) was a Welsh nationalist movement violently opposed to the loss of Welsh culture and language. ... The Skyline Parkway Motel in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004. ... 19th century Cottages in the small hamlet of Crafton, Buckinghamshire In modern usage, a cottage is a dwelling, typically in a non-urban location (although there are cottage-style dwellings in cities). ...

See also

• Irish nationalism
• Scottish independence
• Cornish self-government
• English self-government
• Breton self-government (Brittany)
• Pan-Celticism
• Modern Celts
• Celt
• Cultural imperialism
• Celtic Congress
• Celtic League (political organisation)
• List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
• Welsh history

Irish nationalism refers to political movements that desire greater autonomy or the independence of Ireland from Great Britain. ... Scotlands (in dark blue) location within the United Kingdom Scottish independence is an ideal advocated by certain political movements within the Scottish electorate that desires that Scotland secede from the United Kingdom and become a sovereign independent state as it was prior to the Act of Union in 1707. ... The Cornish self-government movement (sometimes referred to as Cornish nationalism) is a social movement which seeks greater autonomy for the area of Cornwall. ... English nationalism is the name given to a political movement of English people seeking the re-establishment of an independent sovereign state of England, via the dissolution of the United Kingdom, or self-government for England via a devolved English parliament. ... Historical province of Brittany, showing the main areas with their name in Breton language The traditional flag of Brittany (the Gwenn-ha-du), formerly a Breton nationalist symbol but today used as a general civic flag in the region. ... Pan-Celticism is the name given to a variety of movements that espouse greater contact between the various Celtic countries. ... This article concerns those peoples who consider themselves, or have been considered by others, to be Celts in modern times. ... This article is about the European people. ... Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, artificially injecting of the culture or language of one nation in another. ... The International Celtic Congress is a cultural organisation that seeks to promote the Celtic languagues of the nations of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. ... The Celtic League is a political and cultural organisation in the modern Celtic nations of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. ... This is a list of currently active autonomist and secessionist movements around the world. ... Caerphilly Castle. ...

Sources/Bibliography

• Clewes, Roy (1980), To dream of freedom: the struggle of M.A.C. and the Free Wales Army. Talybont: Y Lolfa. ISBN 0-904864-95-2.
• Davies, John (Ed.) (1981), Cymru'n deffro: hanes y Blaid Genedlaethol, 1925-75. Talybont: Y Lolfa. ISBN 0-86243-011-9. A series of essays on the history of the first fifty years of Plaid Cymru.
• Davies, R. R (1997) The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr. Oxford, OUP, ISBN 0-19-285336-8.
• Morgan, K. O. (1971), 'Radicalism and nationalism'. In A. J. Roderick (Ed.), Wales through the ages. Vol II: Modern Wales, pp. 193-200. Llandybïe: Christopher Davies (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0-7154-0292-7.
• Williams, G. A, When Was Wales?: A History of the Welsh. London. Black Raven Press, ISBN 0-85159-003-9

External link

Economic & Social Research Council. "Younger Scots and Welsh may become more likely to support Nationalist parties", EurekAlert, May 4, 2007.. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.  2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (126th in leap years). ...