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The Western honeybee or European honeybee (Apis mellifera) is a species of honeybee comprised of several subspecies or races. "Mellifera" is from the Latin, and means honey-carrying - hence "Apis mellifera" is the honey-carrying bee. The name was coined in 1758 by Carolus Linnaeus, though in a subsequent 1761 publication, he referred to it as mellifica; the older name has precedence, but some Europeans still utilize the incorrect subsequent spelling. Image File history File links Apis_mellifera_bi. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ...
Phyla Subregnum Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subregnum Agnotozoa Placozoa (trichoplax) Orthonectida (orthonectids) Rhombozoa (dicyemids) Subregnum Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) (radial symmetry) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Bilateria (unranked) (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Myxozoa (slime animals) Superphylum Deuterostomia (blastopore becomes anus) Chordata (vertebrates, etc. ...
Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ...
Classes & Orders See taxonomy Insects are invertebrate animals of the Class Insecta, the largest and (on land) most widely-distributed taxon within the phylum Arthropoda. ...
Suborders Apocrita Symphyta Many families, see article Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of Insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. ...
Superfamilies Apoidea Ceraphronoidea Chalcidoidea Chrysidoidea Cynipoidea Evanioidea Ichneumonoidea Megalyroidea Proctotrupoidea Sphecoidea Stephanoidea Triganalyoidea Vespoidea Many families, see article Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera. ...
Families Andrenidae Anthophoridae Apidae Colletidae Ctenoplectridae Halictidae Heterogynaidae Megachilidae Melittidae Oxaeidae Sphecidae Stenotritidae This article is about the insect. ...
Subfamilies Apinae - Honeybees Bombinae - Bumblebees Euglossinae - Orchid bees Meliponinae - Stingless bees Nomadinae Xylocopinae - Carpenter bees The Apidae are a large family of bees, comprising the common honeybees, stingless bees (which are also cultured for honey), carpenter bees, and bumblebees. ...
Tribes Ancylini Anthophorini Apini Bombini Centridini Ctenoplectrini Emphorini Ericrocidini Eucerini Euglossini Exomalopsini Isepeolini Melectini Meliponini Osirini Protepeolini Rhathymini Tapinotaspidini Tetrapediini The Apinae is the subfamily that includes the majority of bees in the family Apidae, including the familiar corbiculate bees (honeybees, stingless bees, orchid bees, and bumblebees), plus all the...
Species A. mellifera— western honeybee A. cerana— eastern honeybee Honeybees are a subset of bees which fall into the Order Hymenoptera and Suborder Apocrita. ...
Apis Species Categories: Stub | Insects ...
In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ...
Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[1] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...
Species Apis andreniformis Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee Apis florea Apis koschevnikovi Apis laboriosa Apis mellifera, or western honey bee Apis nigrocincta Apis nuluensis Honey bees are a subset of bees which represent a far smaller fraction of bee diversity than most people...
Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[1] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...
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Biology In the temperate zone, these honeybees survive winter as a colony, and the queen begins egg laying in mid to late winter, to prepare for spring. This is most likely triggered by longer day length. She is the only fertile female, and deposits all the eggs from which the other bees are produced. Except a brief mating period when she may make several flights to mate with drones, or if she leaves in later life with a swarm to establish a new colony, the queen rarely leaves the hive after the larvae have become full grown bees. The queen deposits each egg in a cell prepared by the worker bees. The egg hatches into a small larva which is fed by nurse bees (worker bees who maintain the interior of the colony). After about a week, the larva is sealed up in its cell by the nurse bees and begins the pupal stage. After another week, it will emerge an adult bee. Species Apis andreniformis Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee Apis florea Apis koschevnikovi Apis laboriosa Apis mellifera, or western honey bee Apis nigrocincta Apis nuluensis Honey bees are a subset of bees which represent a far smaller fraction of bee diversity than most people...
The hand mirror and comb of the Roman Goddess Venus is often used to represent the female sex. ...
An average Whooping Crane egg is 102 mm long, and weighs 208 grams In some animals, an egg (Latin ovum) is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. ...
New honeybee colonies are formed when queen bees leave the colony with a large group of worker bees, a process called swarming. ...
In biology, a colony (from Latin colonia) means several individual organisms of the same species living closely together, usually for mutual benefit, such as stronger defences, the ability to attack bigger prey etc. ...
A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ...
The larvae and pupae in a frame of honeycomb are referred to as frames of brood and are often sold (with adhering bees) by beekeepers to other beekeepers to start new beehives. Chrysalis of Gulf Fritillary in Georgetown, South Carolina Pupation of Inachis io A pupa (plural: pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. ...
Recently hatched honeybee larvae are feeding on royal jelly for three days. ...
 Peanut-like queen brood cells are extended outward from the brood comb Both workers and queens are fed royal jelly during the first three days of the larval stage. Then workers are switched to a diet of pollen and nectar or diluted honey, while those intended for queens will continue to receive royal jelly. This causes the larva to develop to the pupa stage more quickly, while being also larger and fully developed sexually. Queen breeders consider good nutrition during the larval stage to be of critical importance to the quality of the queens raised, good genetics and sufficient number of matings also being factors. During the larval and pupal stages, various parasites can attack the pupa/larva and destroy or damage it. Honeybee queen cells Image copyleft: Image taken by me, released under GFDL Pollinator 13:22, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Honeybee queen cells Image copyleft: Image taken by me, released under GFDL Pollinator 13:22, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Royal jelly is a type of bee secretion that aids in the development of immature or young bees. ...
Elephants Mating Tortoises mating Sevenspotted Lady Beetle mating In biology, mating is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphroditic internal fertilization animals for copulation and insemination and, in social animals, also to raise their offspring. ...
Queens are not raised in the typical horizontal brood cells of the honeycomb. The typical queen cell is specially constructed to be much larger, and has a vertical orientation. However, should the workers sense that the old queen is weakening, they will produce emergency cells known as supersedure cells. These cells are made from a cell with an egg or very young larva. These cells protrude from the comb. As the queen finishes her larval feeding, and pupates, she moves into a head downward position, from which she will later chew her way out of the cell. At pupation the workers cap or seal the cell. Just prior to emerging from their cells, young queens can often be heard "piping." The purpose of this sound is not yet fully understood. Honeycomb on a Langstroth frame A honeycomb is a mass of hexagonal wax cells built by honeybees in their nests to contain their larvae and stores of honey and pollen. ...
 Bee Swarm- bees are remarkably non aggressive in this state as they have no hive to protect, and can be captured with ease Worker bees are infertile females, however in some circumstances they may lay infertile eggs, and in one subspecies these eggs may be fertile. Worker bees secrete the wax used to build the hive, clean and maintain the hive, raise the young, guard the hive and forage for nectar and pollen. Download high resolution version (1024x1040, 442 KB)Swarm of bees Taken by fir0002 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Download high resolution version (1024x1040, 442 KB)Swarm of bees Taken by fir0002 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Beeswax cake Beeswax is a product from a bee hive. ...
In honeybees, the worker bees have a modified ovipositor called a stinger with which they can sting to defend the hive, but unlike other bees (and even unlike the queens of their own species), the stinger is barbed. Contrary to popular belief, the bee will not always die soon after stinging: this is a misconception based on the fact that a bee will usually die after stinging a human or other mammal; however, the stinger evolved primarily for inter-bee combat. When used on other kinds of larger animals, the stinger can get caught in the victim's skin or fur, and then cannot be withdrawn properly; the result is that the bee suffers serious injuries and eventually dies. The honeybee is a colonial insect that is often maintained, fed, and transported by farmers. ...
The ovipositor is an organ used by some of the arthropods for oviposition, i. ...
It has been suggested that sting (biology) be merged into this article or section. ...
Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (known as the great apes). ...
Orders Multituberculata (extinct) Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Triconodonta (extinct) Subclass Australosphenida Ausktribosphenida Monotremata Subclass Eutheria (excludes extinct ancestors) Afrosoricida Anagaloidea (extinct) Arctostylopida (extinct) Artiodactyla Carnivora Cetacea Chiroptera Cimolesta (extinct) Cingulata Creodonta (extinct) Condylarthra (extinct) Dermoptera Desmostylia (extinct) Dinocerata (extinct) Embrithopoda (extinct) Hyracoidea Insectivora Lagomorpha Leptictida (extinct) Litopterna (extinct) Macroscelidea Mesonychia (extinct) Notoungulata...
Drone bees are the male bees of the colony. Since they do not have ovipositors, they also do not have stingers. Drone honeybees do not forage for nectar or pollen. In some species, drones are suspected of playing a contributing role in the temperature regulation of the hive. The primary purpose of a drone bee is to fertilize a new queen. Multiple drones will mate with any given queen in flight, and each drone will die immediately after mating; the process of insemination requires a lethally convulsive effort. The shield and spear of the Roman God Mars are often used to represent the male sex In heterogamous species, male is the sex of an organism, or of a part of an organism, which typically produces smaller, mobile gametes (spermatozoa) that are able to fertilise female gametes (ova). ...
Categories: Biology stubs ...
Queens live for up to three years, while workers have an average life of only three months (during the foraging season, but longer in places with extended winters).
Honeybee queens release pheromones to regulate hive activities, and worker bees also produce pheromones for various communications (below). Fanning honeybee exposes Nasonov gland (white-at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive A pheromone is any chemical or set of chemicals produced by a living organism that transmits a message to other members of the same species. ...
 Honeybee with tongue partly extended Bees produce honey by collecting nectar, which is a clear liquid consisting of nearly 80% water with complex sugars. The collecting bees store the nectar in a second stomach and return to the hive where worker bees remove the nectar. The worker bees digest the raw nectar for about 30 minutes using enzymes to break up the complex sugars into simpler ones. Raw honey is then spread out in empty honeycomb cells to dry, which reduces the water content to less than 20%. When nectar is being processed, honeybees create a draft through the hive by fanning with their wings. Once dried, the cells of the honeycomb are sealed (capped) with wax to preserve the honey. Bee1. ...
Bee1. ...
Species Apis andreniformis Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee Apis florea Apis koschevnikovi Apis laboriosa Apis mellifera, or western honey bee Apis nigrocincta Apis nuluensis Honey bees are a subset of bees which represent a far smaller fraction of bee diversity than most people...
A jar of honey, shown with a wooden honey server and scones. ...
In anatomy, the stomach (in ancient Greek στόμαχος) is an organ in the gastrointestinal tract used to digest food. ...
Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...
Insect wings are outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton, that enable insects to fly. ...
When a hive detects smoke, many bees become remarkably non aggressive. It is speculated that this is a defense mechanism; wild colonies generally live in hollow trees, and when bees detect smoke it is presumed that they prepare to evacuate from a forest fire, carrying as much food reserve as they can. In this state, defense from predation is relatively unimportant; saving as much as possible is the most important activity.
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Honeybee queens Periodically, the colony determines that a new queen is needed. There are three general triggers. - The colony becomes space-constrained because the hive is filled with honey, leaving little room for new eggs. This will trigger a swarm where the old queen will take about half the worker bees to found a new colony, leaving the new queen with the other half of worker bees to continue the old colony.
- The old queen begins to fail. This is thought to be recognized by a decrease in queen pheromones throughout the hive. This situation is called supersedure. At the end of the supersedure, the old queen is generally killed.
- The old queen dies suddenly. This is an emergency supersedure. The worker bees will find several eggs or larvae in the right age-range and attempt to develop them into queens. Emergency supersedure can generally be recognized because the queen cell is built out from a regular cell of the comb rather than hanging from the bottom of a frame.
Regardless of the trigger, the workers develop the larvae into queens by continuing to feed them royal jelly. This triggers an extended development as a pupa. Supersedure is a term used in beekeeping. ...
Supersedure is a term used in beekeeping. ...
When the virgin queen emerges, she is commonly thought to seek out other queen cells and sting the infant queens within and that should two queens emerge simultaneously, they will fight to the death. Recent studies, however, have indicated that colonies may maintain two queens in as many as 10% of hives. The mechanism by which this occurs is not yet known. Regardless, the queen asserts her control over the worker bees through the release of a complex suite of pheromones called queen scent.
After several days of orientation within and around the hive, the young queen flies to a drone congregation point - a site near a clearing and generally about 30 feet above the ground where the drones from different hives tend to congregate in a swirling aerial mass. Drones detect the presence of a queen in their congregation area by her smell, and then find her by sight and mate with her in midair (drones can be induced to mate with "dummy" queens if they have the queen pheromone applied). A queen will mate multiple times and may leave to mate several days in a row, weather permitting, until her spermathecea is full.
The queen lays all the eggs in a healthy colony. The number and pace of egg-laying is controlled by weather and availability of resources and by the characteristics of the specific race of honeybee. Honeybees queens generally begin to slow egg-laying in the early-fall and may even stop during the winter. Egg-laying will generally resume in late winter as soon as the days begin to get longer. Egg-laying generally peaks in the spring. At the height of the season, she may lay over 2500 eggs per day - more than her own body mass.
The queen fertilizes each egg as it is being laid using stored sperm from the spermatheca. The queen will occasionally not fertilize an egg. These eggs, having only half as many genes as the queen or the workers, develop into drones.
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Honeybee pheromones Honeybees use special pheromones, or chemical communication, for almost all behaviors of life. Such uses include (but are not limited to): mating, alarm, defense, orientation, kin and colony recognition, food production, and integration of colony activities. Pheromones are thus essential to honeybees for their survival. Honey bee pheromones (Greek:“carrier of excitementâ€) are mixtures of chemical substances released by individual bees into the hive or environment that cause changes in the physiology and behaviour of other bees. ...
Elephants Mating Tortoises mating Sevenspotted Lady Beetle mating In biology, mating is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphroditic internal fertilization animals for copulation and insemination and, in social animals, also to raise their offspring. ...
Self defense refers to actions taken by a person to defend onself, ones property or ones home. ...
Kin has multiple meanings: It can refer to family. ...
It has been suggested that Colonisation be merged into this article or section. ...
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Learning and communication - "The general story of the communication of the distance, the situation, and the direction of a food source by the dances of the returning (honeybee) worker bee on the vertical comb of the hive, has been known in general outline from the work of Karl von Frisch in the middle 1950s."
For a discussion of bees' cognition, response to training, varieties of dance, and use of odors, see Bee learning and communication. Karl von Frisch 1961 Karl Ritter von Frisch (1886-1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973 with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. ...
Bees learn and communicate in order to find food sources and for other means. ...
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Subspecies originating in Europe - Apis mellifera ligustica , classified by Spinola, 1806 - the Italian bee. The most commonly kept race in North America, South America and southern Europe. They are kept commercially all over the world. They are very gentle, not terribly inclined to swarm, and produce a large surplus of honey. They have few negative characteristics. Colonies tend to maintain larger populations through winter, so they require more winter stores (or feeding) than other temperate zone races. Italians are light colored, most leather colored, but some strains are golden.
- Apis mellifera carnica, classified by Pollmann, 1879 - Slovenia - better known as the Carniolan honeybee - popular with beekeepers due to its extreme gentleness. The Carniolan tends to be quite dark in color, and the colonies are known to shrink to small populations over winter, and build very quickly in spring. It is a mountain bee in its native range, and is a good bee for cold climates. It does not do well in areas with long, hot summers.
- Apis mellifera caucasica, classified by Pollmann, 1889 - Caucasus Mountains - This sub-species is regarded as being very gentle and fairly industrious. Some strains are excessive propolizers. It is a large honeybee of medium, sometimes grayish color.
- Apis mellifera remipes, classified by [[Carl Eduard Adolph Gerst�cker|Gerst�cker]], 1862 - Caucasus, Iran, Caspian lake.
- Apis mellifera mellifera, classified by Linnaeus, 1758 - the dark bee of northern Europe also called the German Honeybee - domesticated in modern times, and taken to North America in colonial times. These small, dark-colored bees, sometimes called the German black bee, have the reputation of stinging people (and other creatures) for no good reason at all; this, however, applies to the hybrid A. m. mellifera x A. m. ligustica populations found in North America and Western Europe, not to the near-extinct "pure" A. m. mellifera.
- Apis mellifera cecropia, classified by Kiesenwetter, 1860 - Southern Greece
- Apis mellifera cypria, classified by Pollmann, 1879 - The island of Cyprus - This sub-species has the reputation of being very fierce compared to the neighboring Italian sub-species, from which it is isolated by the Mediterranean Sea
- Apis mellifera sicula, classified by Montagano, 1911 - from the Trapani province and the island of Ustica of western Sicily
[edit] Apis mellifera ligustica is the Italian bee which is a sub-species of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera). ...
Trinomial name Apis mellifera carnica Pollman, 1879 The Carniolan honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica) is a subspecies of Western honeybee. ...
Trinomial name Apis mellifera caucasica Gorbachev, 1916 The Caucasian honeybee is a sub-species of the Western honeybee. ...
The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ...
The Caspian Sea is the largest lake on Earth by both area and volume,[1] with a surface area of 371,000 square kilometres (143,244 mi²) and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometres (18,761 mi³).[2] It is a landlocked endorheic body of water and lies between...
Trinomial name Apis mellifera mellifera Linaneus, 1758 The European dark bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) was domesticated in modern times, and taken to North America in colonial times. ...
World map showing Europe Political map (neighboring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...
Michael S. Engel (born September 24, 1971 in Creve Coeur, Missouri) is a paleontologist and entomologist. ...
The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ...
Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ...
Torre della Colombaia Trapani (2004 population 67,456) is a city in the west coast of Sicily in Italy. ...
Location of Ustica in the Tyrrhenian Sea. ...
Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian, Σικελία in Greek) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 sq. ...
Subspecies originating in Africa Several researchers and beekeepers describe a general trait of the African subspecies which is absconding, where the Africanized honeybee colonies abscond the hive in times when food-stores are low, unlike the European colonies which tend to die in the hive. - Apis mellifera scutellata, classified by Lepeletier, 1836 - (African honeybee) Central and West Africa.
- Apis mellifera sahariensis, classified by Baldensperger, 1932 - from the Moroccan desert oases of Northwest Africa. This sub-species faces few predators other than humans and is therefore very gentle. Moreover, because of the low density of nectar-producing vegetation around the oases it colonizes, it forages up to five miles, much farther than sub-species from less arid regions. Other authorities say that while colonies of this species are not much inclined to sting when their hives are opened for inspection, they are, nevertheless, highly nervous.
- Apis mellifera intermissa, classified by von Buttel-Reepen, 1906; Maa, 1953 - Northern part of Africa in the general area of Morocco, Libya and Tunisia. These bees are totally black. They are extremely fierce but do not attack without provocation. They are industrious and hardy, but have many negative qualities that argue against their being favored in the honey or pollination industry.
- Apis mellifera major, classified by Ruttner, 1978 - from the Rif mountains of Northwest Morocco - This bee may be a brown variety of the Apis mellifera intermissa but there are also anatomic differences.
- Apis mellifera adansonii, classified by Latreille, 1804 - originates Nigeria, Burkina Faso now hybrids also in South America, Central America and the southern USA. In an effort to address concerns by Brazilian beekeepers and to increase honey production in Brazil, Warwick Kerr, a Brazilian geneticist, was asked by Brazilian Federal and State authorities in 1956 to import about 100 pure African queens (Apis mellifera adansonii) to Piracicaba-Sao Paulo State in the south of Brazil. In a mishap some queens escaped. The African queens eventually mated with local drones and produced what are now known as Africanized honey bees on the American continent. The intense struggle for survival of honeybees in sub-Saharan Africa is given as the reason that this sub-species is proactive in defending the hive , and also more likely to abandon an existing hive and swarm to a more secure location. They direct more of their energies to defensive behaviors and less of their energies to honey storage. African honeybees are leather colored, difficult to distinguish by eye from darker strains of Italian bees. (Behavioral Studies of Learning in the Africanized Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.); Brain Behav Evol 2002;59:68�86) [1]
- Apis mellifera unicolor, classified by Latreille, 1804 - Madagascar
- Apis mellifera litorea, classifed by Smith, 1961 - Low elevations of east Africa
- Apis mellifera nubica, (Nubian honeybee) of Sudan
[edit] Trinomial name Apis mellifera capensis Eschscholtz, 1822 Apis mellifera capensis, the Cape honeybee is a sub-species of the Western honeybee. ...
Mount Elgon is an extinct volcano on the border of Uganda and Kenya. ...
For the album by The Teardrop Explodes, see Kilimanjaro (album). ...
Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya, and the second-highest in Africa (after Mount Kilimanjaro). ...
Mount Meru is an active volcano located just 70 kilometres (44 miles) west of Mount Kilimanjaro. ...
An arid environment has a high precipitation deficit, receiving much less precipitation annually than would satisfy the climatological demand for evaporation and transpiration. ...
Rif mountains near Al Hoceima The Rif (Arif in Berber, er-Rif الري٠in Arabic) is a mainly mountainous region of north Morocco, from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Cape Tres Forcas and Melilla in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the river...
Piracicaba is a city located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. ...
This article is about the Brazilian state, São Paulo. ...
Africanized honey bees (AHB), also known as “killer†bees, are hybrids of the African honeybee, Apis mellifera adansonii (or by other reports ), with various European honeybees such as the Italian bee Apis mellifera ligustica. ...
Trinomial name Apis mellifera lamarckii Cockerell, 1906 Lamarcks honeybee or the Egyptian honeybee is a subspecies of honeybee native to the Nile valley of Egypt and Sudan, named after Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. ...
The Nile (Arabic: النيل an-nīl, Egyptian iteru) is a river in Africa, often regarded as the longest river on Earth, although some sources claim the Amazon in South America is longer. ...
Subspecies originating in the Middle East and Asia - Apis mellifera macedonia, classified by Ruttner, 1988 - Northern Greece
- Apis mellifera ruttneri, classified by Sheppard, Arias, Grech & Meixner, 1997
- Apis mellifera meda, classified by Skorikov, 1829 - Iraq
- Apis mellifera adamii, classified by Ruttner, 1977 - Crete
- Apis mellifera anatolica, classified by Maa, 1953 - This race is typified by colonies in the central region of Anatolia in Turkey and Iraq (Range extends as far West as Armenia). It has many good characteristics but is rather unpleasant to deal with in and around the hive.
- Apis mellifera syriaca, classified by Skorikov, 1829 - (Syrian honeybee) Near East and Israel
- Apis mellifera pomonella, classified by Sheppard & Meixner, 2003 - Endemic honey bees of the Tien Shan Mountains in Central Asia. This sub-species of Apis mellifera has a range that is the farthest East.
[edit] Crete (Greek: ΚÏήτη KrÃti; Turkish: Girit) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ...
The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ...
Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ...
Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...
Miscellany Bee stings have also been reputed to help alleviate the associated symptoms of Multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases. This is an area of ongoing research. Bees are sometimes crushed and mixed with water to form part of a homeopathy treatment. this is a very painful thing my name is lauren!!!!! haha muaha muaha muahaha Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body. ...
Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. ...
Honey is so sweet that bacteria cannot grow on it, and dry enough that it does not support yeasts. Anaerobic bacteria may be present and survive in spore form in honey, however, as well as anywhere else in common environments. Honey (or any other sweetener) which is diluted by the non-acidic digestive fluids of infants, can support the transition of botulism bacteria from the spore form to the actively growing form which produces a toxin. When infants are weaned to solid foods, their digestive system becomes acidic enough to prevent such growth and poisoning. No sweeteners should be given to infants prior to weaning. Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...
Diagram of a yeast cell Yeasts are single-celled (unicellular) fungi, a few species of which are commonly used to leaven bread, ferment alcoholic beverages, and even drive experimental fuel cells. ...
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen. ...
Spores produced in a sporic life cycle. ...
A human infant Infant is a formal term for the word baby, the youngest category of a child. ...
Botulism (from Latin botulus, sausage) is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ...
The venom of the black widow spider is a potent latrotoxin. ...
For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and...
-) :-( :-P :-*An acid (often represented by the generic formula HA) is traditionally considered any chemical compound that when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH of less than 7. ...
The skull and crossbones symbol traditionally used to label a poisonous substance. ...
A breastfeeding infant Breastfeeding is the practice of a woman feeding an infant (or sometimes a toddler or a young child) with milk produced from her mammary glands, usually directly from the nipples. ...
Bees are capable of perceiving the polarization of light. They use this information to orient their communicative dances. In electrodynamics, polarization (also spelled polarisation) is the property of electromagnetic waves, such as light, that describes the direction of their transverse electric field. ...
Bees learn and communicate in order to find food sources and for other means. ...
Bee's wings Download high resolution version (800x667, 126 KB)Bees wings This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
| Bee flying Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x1411, 513 KB) A bee in mid air flight File links The following pages link to this file: Bee Wikipedia:Featured pictures visible Evolutionary relay Wikipedia:Picture of the day/October 2005 User:Fir0002/Fir0002 gallery User:Fir0002/Fir0002 gallery/Featured...
| Bee Taking off from flowers Bee taking off from a flower Taken by fir0002 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
| A bee on a dandelion Sweat bee on dandelion from http://www. ...
| Bee flying to almond flower Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1214, 461 KB) Bee flying to an almond flower File links The following pages link to this file: Bee ...
Binomial name Prunus dulcis (Mill. ...
| Bee landing on rosemary bush Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1064, 425 KB) Bee landing on rosemary flowers File links The following pages link to this file: Bee ...
| Bee landing on rosemary bush Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1181, 436 KB) Bee landing on rosemary flowers File links The following pages link to this file: Bee ...
| Bee landing on rosemary bush Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x1333, 584 KB) Rosemary Bush with bee landing File links The following pages link to this file: Bee ...
| Carnica bee on goldenrod Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1100x952, 137 KB) [edit] Beschreibung en: Description: carnica bee on solidago de: Beschreibung: Carnica-Biene auf Goldrute Source: picture taken by Frank Mikley on 2006-09-09 Location: Weissach im Tal (Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany) Camera: Canon EOS 30D Lens: EF 100...
| Carnica bee on sedum with pollen basket Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (900x642, 86 KB) Beschreibung en: Description: carnica bee on sedum telephium with pollen basket de: Beschreibung: Carnica-Biene auf Großer Fetthenne mit Pollenhöschen Source: picture taken by Frank Mikley on 2006-09-09 Location: Weissach im Tal (Baden-Wuerttemberg...
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Sources - A. I. Root's The ABC and XYZ of Beekeeping
- Molecular confirmation of a fourth lineage in honeybees from the Near East Apidologie 31 (2000) 167-180, accessed Oct 2005
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See also Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...
Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...
[edit] Species Apis andreniformis Apis cerana, or eastern honey bee Apis dorsata, or giant honey bee Apis florea Apis koschevnikovi Apis laboriosa Apis mellifera, or western honey bee Apis nigrocincta Apis nuluensis Honey bees are a subset of bees which represent a far smaller fraction of bee diversity than most people...
For the Queen bee in clique & social groups, see Clique. ...
A worker bee is a female honeybee which performs certain tasks in support of a bee colony (bees within a beehive). ...
A laying worker bee is a worker bee that lays unfertilized eggs usually in the absence of a queen bee. ...
Drones are male honeybees. ...
It has been suggested that Langstroth hive be merged into this article or section. ...
Honeybees are social insects that live in a colony. ...
Recently hatched honeybee larvae are feeding on royal jelly for three days. ...
Bees learn and communicate in order to find food sources and for other means. ...
New honeybee colonies are formed when queen bees leave the colony with a large group of worker bees, a process called swarming. ...
An Apiary in South Carolina, Langstroth hives on pallets An apiary (also known in the US as a bee yard) is a place where beehives of honeybees are kept. ...
It has been suggested that Honey flow be merged into this article or section. ...
Beeswax cake Beeswax is a product from a bee hive. ...
A jar of honey, shown with a wooden honey server and scones. ...
Langstroth hives on pallets The Langstroth bee hive is the standard beehive used in many parts of the world for bee keeping. ...
Top-bar hives are a style of beehive used for beekeeping. ...
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Africanized honey bees (AHB), also known as “killer†bees, are hybrids of the African honeybee, Apis mellifera adansonii (or by other reports ), with various European honeybees such as the Italian bee Apis mellifera ligustica. ...
The Buckfast hybrid bee was a honeybee developed by Brother Adam, (born Karl Kehrle) in 1898 in Germany, who was in charge of beekeeping at Buckfast Abbey. ...
Trinomial name Apis mellifera carnica Pollman, 1879 The Carniolan honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica) is a subspecies of Western honeybee. ...
Apis mellifera ligustica is the Italian bee which is a sub-species of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera). ...
List of honeybee articles Africanized bee Apiary - a yard where behives are kept Apitherapy - human therapy using bee venom Bee Bee anatomy (mouth) Bee learning and communication Bee venom therapy - also called apitherapy Beehive Beekeeping Beekeeping leading practices Brood (honeybee) - the grub and larval form of the bee Buckfast hybrid...
Races of honeybees Some biologists use race synonymously with subspecies or, in botany, variety, to refer to divisions within a species. ...
Common diseases, parasites, pests, and ailments of the honeybee include: // Varroa mites Varroa mite on a honeybee larva Main articles: Varroa destructor Varroa destructor and Varroa jacobsoni are parasitic mites that feed off the bodily fluids of adult, pupal and larval bees. ...
Bee venom therapy is a therapeutical use of love bee stings. ...
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