Westminster School The Royal College of St Peter at Westminster
Motto	Dat Deus Incrementum
Established	1179 and refounded in 1560
Type	Public School
Head Master	Dr. M. S. Spurr
Founder	Pope Alexander III (1179) Elizabeth I (1560)
Location	Little Dean's Yard Westminster London SW1P 3PF England
Students	742
Gender	Boys then Mixed in the sixth form
Ages	13 to 18
Former pupils	Old Westminsters
Website	www.westminster.org.uk

The Royal College of St Peter at Westminster (almost always known as Westminster School) is one of Britain's leading boys' independent schools and one of the nine public schools set out in the Public Schools Act 1868. It is located next to Westminster Abbey in central London, with a history stretching back beyond the 12th century. The school traditionally encourages independent and individual thinking.The Head Master since 2005 is Dr. Stephen Spurr, and there are currently 742 boys and girls, of whom around a third are boarders; most go home for the weekends, after Saturday morning school. Boys are admitted to the Under School at age seven or eleven and the main school at age thirteen. Girls are only admitted to the two senior years of the school (ages 16–18). Westminster School is the more common name of The Royal College of St. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Dr Stephen Spurr is currently the Head Master of Westminster School, the leading British Public school in London, having taken over from Tristram Jones-Parry in September 2005. ... Alexander III, né Orlando Bandinelli (c. ... Events Third Council of the Lateran condemned Waldensians and Cathars as heretics, institutes a reformation of clerical life, and creates the first ghettos for Jews Afonso I is recognized as the true King of Portugal by Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Castillian monarchy Philip II is... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603 ) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ... Westminster is a district within the City of Westminster in London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_England. ... An independent school is a school which is not dependent upon national or local government for financing its operation and is instead operated by tuition charges, gifts, and perhaps the investment yield of an endowment. ... The Public Schools Act 1868 was passed by the UK Parliament to regulate nine major English boys schools. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Dr Stephen Spurr is currently the Head Master of Westminster School, the leading British Public school in London, having taken over from Tristram Jones-Parry in September 2005. ... Westminster Under School is a private preparatory school for boys aged 7 to 13 and is attached to Westminster School in London. ...

Previous Head Masters include Tristram Jones-Parry, John Rae, Richard Busby, William Camden, Nicholas Udall, John Freind, and William Gunion Rutherford. Tristram Jones-Parry is a British former teacher of mathematics and former headmaster of Emanuel School and Westminster School, independent schools in the UK. He became involved in media and political controversy in 2004, when on retiring from indpendent schools at the age of 58, after 30 years teaching experience... Dr John Rae (20 March 1931 - 16 December 2006) was a British novelist and former headmaster of Westminster School (1970 - 1986) and Taunton School. ... The Rev. ... William Camden William Camden (May 2, 1551 - November 9, 1623) was an English antiquarian and historian. ... Nicholas Udall (1504 - December 23, 1556), was an English playwright and schoolmaster, the author of Ralph Roister Doister, regarded by many as the first comedy written in the English language. ... John Freind (1675 - July 26, 1728), English physician, younger brother of Robert Freind (1667-1751), headmaster of Westminster School, was born at Croton in Northamptonshire. ... William Gunion Rutherford (July 17, 1853 - July 19, 1907) was a Scottish scholar. ...

History

Little Dean's Yard from Liddell's Arch

The School had become a public school (i.e. a school available to members of the public, so long as they could pay their own costs) by 1179, when a decree of Pope Alexander III required the Benedictine monks of the Abbey at Westminster to provide a charity school. It is likely that schoolboys were taught by the monks well before then. Parts of the School's buildings date back to the eleventh century, older than the current Abbey. Download high resolution version (768x1024, 194 KB)Little Deans Yard (Westminster School) from Liddells Arch. ... Download high resolution version (768x1024, 194 KB)Little Deans Yard (Westminster School) from Liddells Arch. ... Public school in the United Kingdom is a label applied to certain fee-paying independent schools in England and Wales; in Scotland and Ireland it is heard less often in this sense (and indeed in Scotland the phrase has long been an alternative name for council schools in the state... Alexander III, né Orlando Bandinelli (c. ... For the college, see Benedictine College. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

This arrangement changed in 1540, when Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries in England, but personally ensured the School's survival by his royal charter. The College of St. Peter carried on with forty "King's Scholars" financed from the royal purse. Although during Mary I's brief reign the Abbey was reinstated as a Roman Catholic monastery, it was redissolved on Elizabeth I's accession, and neither of these events had a major impact on the School. The School occupies a number of the buildings vacated by the monks. “Henry VIII” redirects here. ... For other uses of the term dissolution see Dissolution. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 6 July 1553 (de facto) or 19 July 1553 (de jure) until her death on 17 November 1558. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... This article is about Elizabeth I of England. ...

Elizabeth I re-founded the School in 1560, with new statutes to select 40 Queen's Scholars from boys who had already attended the school for a year. Queen Elizabeth frequently visited her scholars, although she never signed the statutes nor endowed her scholarships, and 1560 is now generally taken as the date that the school was "founded", although legal separation from the Abbey was only achieved with the Public Schools Act 1868. There followed a scandalous public and parliamentary dispute over a further 25 years, to settle the transfer of the properties from the Canons of the Abbey to the School. Under the Act, the Dean of Westminster Abbey is ex officio the Chairman of the Governors; and school statutes have been made by Order in Council of Queen Elizabeth II. The Public Schools Act 1868 was passed by the UK Parliament to regulate nine major English boys schools. ... An Order-in-Council is a type of legislation in the United Kingdom and in the Commonwealth of Nations which is formally made in the name of the Queen by the Privy Council (Queen-in-Council), or the Governor-General in a Commonwealth realm or Governor by the Executive Council... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ...

Camden was the first internationally-famous headmaster, but Dr. Busby, himself an Old Westminster, established the reputation of the school for several hundreds of years, as much by his classical learning as for his ruthless discipline of the birch, immortalised in Pope's Dunciad. Busby prayed publicly Up School for the safety of the Crown, on the very day of Charles I's execution, and then locked the boys inside to prevent their going to watch the spectacle a few hundred yards away. Regardless of politics, thrashing Royalist and Puritan boys alike without fear or favour, Busby also took part in Oliver Cromwell's funeral procession, when a Westminster schoolboy succeeded in snatching the "Majesty Scutcheon" from the coffin (it was given to the School by his family two hundred years later). Busby remained in office throughout the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when the school was governed by Parliamentary Commissioners, and well into the Restoration. William Camden William Camden (May 2, 1551 - November 9, 1623) was an English antiquarian and historian. ... The Rev. ... For other uses, see Alexander Pope (disambiguation). ... The Dunciad is a landmark literary satire by Alexander Pope published in three different versions at different times. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... For other uses, see Oliver Cromwell (disambiguation). ...

In 1679, a group of scholars killed a bailiff, ostensibly in defence of the Abbey's traditional right of sanctuary, but probably because the man was trying to arrest a consort of the boys. Dr. Busby obtained a royal pardon for his scholars from Charles II, and added the cost to the school bills. The King's picture in the sealed pardon keeps an eye on the Master of the Queen's Scholars in her sitting room. Ajax prepares to violate the sanctuary of Athena by abducting Cassandra by force: red-figure vase, c. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ...

During the sixteenth century the school educated writers including Ben Jonson and Richard Hakluyt; in the seventeenth, the poet John Dryden, philosopher John Locke, scientist Robert Hooke, composer Henry Purcell and architect Christopher Wren were pupils; and in the eighteenth philosopher Jeremy Bentham and several Whig Prime Ministers and other statesmen. For other persons of the same name, see Ben Johnson (disambiguation). ... Richard Hakluyt (~1552 - November 23, 1616) was an English writer, famous for his Voyages which provided William Shakespeare and others with material. ... John Dryden John Dryden (August 19 {August 9 O.S.}, 1631 - May 12 {May 1 O.S.}, 1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, translator and playwright, who dominated the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles... For other persons named John Locke, see John Locke (disambiguation). ... Robert Hooke, FRS (July 18, 1635 – March 3, 1703) was an English polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work. ... Henry Purcell Henry Purcell (IPA: ;[1] September 10 (?),[2], 1659–November 21, 1695), a British Baroque composer. ... Sir Christopher Wren, (20 October 1632–25 February 1723) was a 17th century English designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. ... Jeremy Bentham (IPA: or ) (February 15, 1748 O.S. (February 26, 1748 N.S.) – June 6, 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. ...

Until the nineteenth century, the curriculum was made up of Latin, Greek, Arabic, and Hebrew, all taught Up School. The Westminster boys were uncontrolled outside school hours, and notoriously unruly about town, but the proximity of the School to the Palace of Westminster meant that politicians were well aware of the boys' exploits. After the Public Schools Act 1868, in response to the Clarendon Report on the financial and other malpractices at nine pre-eminent public schools, the School began to approach its modern form. Unusually among the leading public schools however, Westminster did not submit to most of the broader changes associated with the Victorian ethos of Thomas Arnold, such as the emphasis on team over individual spirit, and the school retained much of its distinctive character. Despite many pressures, including evacuation and destruction of the School roof during the Blitz, the school also refused to move out of central London along with other prominent schools such as Charterhouse and St. Paul's, and remains in its original location close by the centres of Church and State. The Public Schools Act 1868 was passed by the UK Parliament to regulate nine major English boys schools. ... The term public school has two contrary meanings: In England, one of a small number of prestigious historic schools open to the public which normally charge fees and are financed by bodies other than the state, commonly as private charitable trusts; here the word public is used much as in... Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her accession to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... Thomas Arnold, 1840 Thomas Arnold (June 13, 1795 – June 12, 1842) was a famous schoolmaster and historian, head of Rugby School from 1828 to 1841. ... For other uses, see Blitz. ... Charterhouse School (Originally, Suttons Hospital in Charterhouse), usually known simply as Charterhouse, is a famous boys English public school, located in Godalming in the county of Surrey. ... St Pauls School St Pauls School is a boys public school, founded in 1509 by John Colet. ...

Westminster Under School was formed in 1943 at the evacuated school, as a distinct preparatory school for day pupils between the ages of 8 to 13 (now 7 to 13). Only the separation is new: for example, in the eighteenth century, Edward Gibbon attended Westminster from the age of 11. The Under School has since moved to Vincent Square, overlooking the School's playing fields. Its current headmaster is Mr. Jeremy Edwards. Westminster Under School is a private preparatory school for boys aged 7 to 13 and is attached to Westminster School in London. ... Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). ... Vincent Square, London SW1 must be the most valuable playing field in the world, and the expensive surrounding houses overlook 13 acres of private greenery in the very heart of London. ...

In 1967, the first female pupil was admitted to the Upper School, with girls becoming full members in all houses from 1973 onwards. In 1981 a single-sex boarding house, Purcell's, was created again, for girls.

Location

The School is located primarily in the walled precincts of the former mediæval monastery at Westminster Abbey, its main buildings surrounding its private square Little Dean's Yard (known as 'Yard'), off Dean's Yard, where Church House, the headquarters of the Church of England, is situated, along with some of the Houses, the Common Room, the new humanities building Weston's, and College Hall. Location 51°29′54.83″N, 0°7′41.61″W The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... Little Deans Yard, known to Westminster School just as Yard, is a private paved yard at the heart of the school within the precincts of the ancient monastery of Westminster. ... Church House is the building that serves as the headquarters of the Church of England, occupying the south end of Deans Yard next to Westminster Abbey in London. ... The Church of England logo since 1998 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ...

Immediately outside the Abbey precincts on Great College Street is Sutcliff's (named after the tuck shop in the building in the 19th century), where Geography, Art and Classics (Latin and Ancient Greek) are taught. The Robert Hooke Science Centre is further away, just off Smith Square. As part of an expansion programme funded by a legacy from A. A. Milne, the school has added the nearby Millicent Fawcett Hall for Drama and Theatre Studies lessons and dramatic performances; the Manoukian Centre for Music lessons (both timetabled and private) and musical recitals; and the Weston Building (formerly known as '3 and 3A Dean's Yard'), which is situated near the entrance of Dean's Yard from Broad Sanctuary. Robert Hooke, FRS (July 18, 1635 – March 3, 1703) was an English polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work. ... Smith Square is a square located in Westminster, part of the City of Westminster in London, which is notable for St. ... Alan Alexander Milne (IPA pronunciation: ) (January 18, 1882 – January 31, 1956), also known as A. A. Milne, was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various childrens poems. ...

College Garden, to the East of Little Dean's Yard, is believed to be the oldest garden in England, under continuous cultivation for around a millennium. Just beyond rises the Victoria Tower of the Houses of Parliament; the Queen's Scholars have special rights of access to the House of Commons. To the North, the Dark Cloister leads straight to the Abbey, which serves as the School Chapel. College Garden is a small private park in London, in the grounds of Westminster Abbey, named after Westminster School back when it was part of the Abbey, on to which some clerical buildings face. ... “Houses of Parliament” redirects here. ... Type Lower House Speaker of the House of Commons Leader of the House of Commons Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Harriet Harman, QC, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader of the House of Commons Theresa May, PC, (Conservative) since December 6, 2005 Members 646 Political groups... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

The playing fields are half a mile away at Vincent Square, which Dean Vincent created for the School by hiring a horse and plough to carve ten acres out of the open Tothill Fields. The boathouse is now some way from the school at Putney, where it is used for the famous Oxford and Cambridge boat race; although the school's First Eight still returns annually to exercise its traditional right to land at Black Rod Steps of the Palace of Westminster. Vincent Square, London SW1 must be the most valuable playing field in the world, and the expensive surrounding houses overlook 13 acres of private greenery in the very heart of London. ... Putney is a district of south-west London in the London Borough of Wandsworth. ... Boat Race Logo Exhausted crews at the finish of the 2002 Boat Race The Boat Race is a rowing race between the rowing clubs of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. ... “Houses of Parliament” redirects here. ...

Notable buildings

Westminster, situated in the middle of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Westminster Abbey, St. Margaret’s, and the Palace of Westminster, has several buildings notable through unique qualities, age, and history. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ...

'College Hall', the 14th century Abbot's state dining hall, is one of the oldest and finest examples of mediæval refectory in existence, and in use for its original purpose every day in term-time; outside of term it reverts to the Dean, as the Abbot's successor. Queen Elizabeth Woodville took sanctuary here in 1483 with 5 daughters and her son Richard, but failed to save him from his fate as one of the Princes in the Tower. In the 1560s, Elizabeth I several times came to see her scholars act their Latin Plays on a stage in front of the attractive Elizabethan gallery, which may have been first erected especially for the purpose. Elizabeth Woodville or Wydville (c. ... The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878, part of the Royal Holloway picture collection The Princes in the Tower, Edward V of England (November 4, 1470 – 1483?) and his brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York (17 August 1473 – 1483... This article is about Elizabeth I of England. ...

'College', now shared between the three Houses of College, Dryden's and Wren's, is a dressed stone building overlooking College Garden, the former monastery's Infirmary garden which is still the property of the Collegiate Church of Westminster Abbey. College dates from 1729, and was designed by the Earl of Burlington based on earlier designs from Sir Christopher Wren (himself an Old Westminster). College Garden is a small private park in London, in the grounds of Westminster Abbey, named after Westminster School back when it was part of the Abbey, on to which some clerical buildings face. ... Earl of Burlington is a title in the peerage of the United Kingdom. ... Sir Christopher Wren, (20 October 1632–25 February 1723) was a 17th century English designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. ...

'School', originally built in the 1090s as the monks' dormitory, is the School's main hall, used for Latin Prayers (a weekly assembly with prayers in the Westminster-dialect of Latin), exams, and large concerts, plays and the like. From 1599 it was used to teach all the pupils, the Upper and Lower Schools being separated by a curtain hung from a 16th century pig iron bar, which remains the largest piece of pig iron in the world. The stone steps and entranceway to School have been attributed as the work of Inigo Jones, and are engraved with the names of many pupils who used to hire a stonemason for the purpose. The panelling "up School" is similarly, but officially, painted with the coats of arms of many former pupils. The shell-shaped apse at the North end of School gave its name to the Shell forms taught there and the corresponding classes at many other public schools. The current shell displays a Latin epigram on the rebuilding of School, with the acrostic Semper Eadem, Elizabeth I's motto. The classroom door to the right of the Shell was recovered from the notorious Star Chamber at its demolition. For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Two weights used in the theatre and made of pig iron; because of this, they are dubbed pig weights or simply pigs. ... Inigo Jones, by Sir Anthony van Dyck Inigo Jones (July 15, 1573–June 21, 1652) is regarded as the first significant English architect. ... Public school in the United Kingdom is a label applied to certain fee-paying independent schools in England and Wales; in Scotland and Ireland it is heard less often in this sense (and indeed in Scotland the phrase has long been an alternative name for council schools in the state... The Star Chamber (Latin Camera stellata) was an English court of law at the royal Palace of Westminster that sat between 1487 and 1641, when the court itself was abolished. ...

Both School and College had their roofs destroyed during the Blitz by incendiary bombs in 1941. The buildings were re-opened by George VI in 1950. George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 11 December 1936 until his death. ...

Ashburnham House, which today houses the library and the Mathematics Department, was built by Inigo Jones or his pupil John Webb around the time of the Restoration, as a London seat for the family who became the Earls of Ashburnham. It incorporates remains of the mediaeval Prior's House, and its garden is the site of some of the earliest sittings of the House of Commons. In 1721 when Ashburnham housed the King's and Cottonian libraries, which form the basis of the British Library, there was a disastrous fire and many of the books and manuscripts still show the marks. After the Public Schools Act 1868 there was a scandalous parliamentary and legal battle between the Abbey and the School, until the School eventually obtained Ashburnham under the Act for £4000. In 1881 William Morris conducted a public campaign which succeeded in preventing its demolition but failed to save the neighbouring mediaeval buildings. During the Second World War, the library was used for very senior military purposes, and the ground floor as an American officers' club. In 1969 it was used as one of the locations for the film The Magic Christian. Ashburnham house is a building on Little Deans Yard in Westminster, London, United Kingdom, and is a part of Westminster Schools facilities. ... Type Lower House Speaker of the House of Commons Leader of the House of Commons Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Harriet Harman, QC, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader of the House of Commons Theresa May, PC, (Conservative) since December 6, 2005 Members 646 Political groups... British Library main building, London The British Library (BL) is the national library of the United Kingdom. ... The Public Schools Act 1868 was passed by the UK Parliament to regulate nine major English boys schools. ... This page is about William Morris, the writer, designer and socialist. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Customs

Pupils fight for the pancake (left), watched by the Dean of Westminster Abbey and the Head Master (right). The set of scales will determine the winner.

The 'Greaze' has been held "up School" on Shrove Tuesdays since 1753: the head cook ceremoniously tosses a horsehair-reinforced pancake over a high bar, that was used in the sixteenth-century to curtain off the Under School. Members of the school fight for the pancake for one minute, watched over by the Dean of Westminster Abbey (as Chairman of the Governors), the Head Master, the whole School and distinguished or even occasionally Royal visitors. The pupil who gets the largest weight is awarded a gold sovereign (promptly redeemed for use next year), and the Dean begs a half-holiday for the whole School. A cook who failed to get the 'pancake' over the bar would formerly have been "booked", or stoned to death with Latin primers, although that tradition has long lapsed. Download high resolution version (1024x648, 181 KB)The Westminster School Greaze. ... Download high resolution version (1024x648, 181 KB)The Westminster School Greaze. ...

The privilege of being the first commoners to acclaim each new sovereign at their coronation in Westminster Abbey is reserved for the Queen's (or King's) Scholars. Their shouts of "Vivat Regina" ("Long Live the Queen") are nowadays incorporated into the Coronation Anthem.

The school was expressly exempted by the Act of Uniformity, to allow it to continue saying Latin prayers despite the Reformation. A service called 'Little Commem' is given in Latin each year, in which the Queen's Scholars commemorate the School's benefactors, laying pink roses on the tomb of Elizabeth I in Westminster Abbey. Every third year a much larger service called 'Big Commem' is given in its place. Every Wednesday there is an assembly Up School known as Latin Prayers, which opens with the Headmaster leading all members of the school in chanting prayers in Latin, followed by notices in English. The School's unique pronunciation of formal Latin is known as 'Westminster Latin', and descends from medieval English scholastic pronunciation: Queen Elizabeth I, who spoke fluent Latin, commanded that Latin was not to be said "in the monkish fashion", a significant warning upon loyalties between Church and State. Over the course of English parliamentary history there were a number of acts of uniformity. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... This article is about Elizabeth I of England. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

Since the monastic Christmas revels of mediæval times, Latin Plays have been presented by the Scholars, with a prologue and witty epilogue on contemporary events. Annual plays, "either tragedy or comedy", were required by the school statutes in 1560, and some early plays were acted in College Hall before Elizabeth I and her whole Council. However, in a more prudish age Queen Victoria did not accompany Prince Albert and The Prince of Wales to the Play, and recorded in her diary that it was "very Improper". Today, the play is put on less frequently, any members of the school may take part, and the Master of the Queens Scholars (currently a female historian) gives the Latin prologue. For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... This article is about Elizabeth I of England. ...

The Queen's Scholars have privileged access to the House of Commons gallery, said to be a compromise recorded in the Standing Orders of the House in the nineteenth century, to stop the boys from climbing into the Palace over the roofs.

Entry

There are 4 main points of entry for prospective pupils:

• For the Under School, at ages 7 and 11, judged by a combination of internal exam and interview.
• For the Lower School, at age 13, judged by either Common Entrance, a standardised, national set of exams for entrance to independent schools, for standard entry, or the Challenge, an internal set of exams, for scholarship entry, as well as interview.
• For the Upper School, at age 16, judged by subject-specific exams and interviews and conditional upon GCSE results. This is the only point of entry for girls, and only a handful of boys join at this point each year.

As well as the Queen's Scholarships which pay from endowment one half of boarding fees, and of which there are normally eight in each year, there is a small number (usually two) of Honorary Scholarships for boys who pass the Challenge and could have been scholars but do not want to board. Stephen Hawking was entered for the scholarship in 1952, but fell ill on the day of the Challenge examination. Westminster Under School is a private preparatory school for boys aged 7 to 13 and is attached to Westminster School in London. ... The Common Entrance Examinations for girls (at age 11-12) or boys (at 12-13), are academic entrance examinations common to almost all private or independent schools (often known as Public Schools) in England & Wales. ... “GCSE” redirects here. ... Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. ...

Those entering the Lower School also have the opportunity to obtain scholarships based on musical talent, and bursaries for those whose parents are not able to fund their tuition. Ignoring scholarships and bursaries, annual fees are as follows: ^[1]

Westminster jargon

Year names

Westminster has an unusual system for naming the school years, which can cause confusion to those not familiar with the system. Education in the United Kingdom is covered in the following articles: Education in England Education in Northern Ireland Education in Scotland Education in Wales Grammar schools in the United Kingdom Achievement in British Education List of schools in the United Kingdom British universities School inspection organisations: Office for Standards in...

• Year 9: Vth Form
• Year 10: Lower Shell
• Year 11: Upper Shell (GCSE)
• Year 12: VIth Form (AS)
• Year 13: Remove (A2)

The Lower and Upper Shell years are named for the shell-shaped alcove up School where they were originally taught; the name has been adopted by several other schools with a Westminster connection.

Houses

Rigaud's House (far right), Grant's House (right), residence of the Master of the Queen's Scholars (centre), College (far left, top floors) and Dryden's House (far left, ground floor)

The School is split into 11 Houses, some of which are 'day Houses' (and only admit day-pupils, those who go home after school), the others having a mix of day-pupils and boarders. The Houses are named after people connected to the house or school in various ways — mainly prominent Old Westminsters but also former Head Masters and House Masters. Other than College, Grant's is the oldest house, not only of Westminster but of any public school. Download high resolution version (1024x768, 158 KB)Grants House (center) and College (far left) from Asburnham House Full size verison of optimized thumbnail: Image:Westminster school grants view small. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 158 KB)Grants House (center) and College (far left) from Asburnham House Full size verison of optimized thumbnail: Image:Westminster school grants view small. ... The House System is a traditional feature of British schools, similar to the collegiate system of a university. ...

Houses are a focus for pastoral care and social and sporting activities, as well as accommodation for boarders. All the day houses are mixed-sex, and all houses admit day girls, however only Busby's and Purcell's provide boarding accommodation for girls. It is also a generally accepted fact that Grant's is the most favoured house

Each House has associated colours, which are worn on ties awarded for various (usually sporting) achievement while representing the House. There are also pink-striped ties awarded for achievement while representing the whole school, with the amount of pink denoting the level of achievement.

At inter-house sporting events, pupils can wear house t-shirts, which are in house colours and feature the name of the house (except the College t-shirt which has no text).

College, the House of the Queen's Scholars (all of whom board), has assigned to it some of the non-boarding girls who enter the School in the VIth form. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1798x898, 242 KB) A house of t-shirt of w:Westminster School File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Westminster School User:Ed g2s/Images Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1798x898, 242 KB) A house of t-shirt of w:Westminster School File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Westminster School User:Ed g2s/Images Metadata This file... The Rev. ... The Very Rev. ... Henry Purcell Henry Purcell (IPA: ;[1] September 10 (?),[2], 1659–November 21, 1695), a British Baroque composer. ... Sir Christopher Wren, (20 October 1632–25 February 1723) was a 17th century English designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. ... John Dryden John Dryden (August 19 {August 9 O.S.}, 1631 - May 12 {May 1 O.S.}, 1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, translator and playwright, who dominated the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles... Richard Hakluyt (~1552 - November 23, 1616) was an English writer, famous for his Voyages which provided William Shakespeare and others with material. ... Alan Alexander Milne (IPA pronunciation: ) (January 18, 1882 – January 31, 1956), also known as A. A. Milne, was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various childrens poems. ...

Sport ("Station")

The School has three of only a few Eton Fives courts in the world, located behind Ashburnham House. The school frequently fields pupils as national entries in international competitions in rowing, or "Water", and fencing at which they do very well. Eton Fives, one derivative of the British game of Fives, is a hand-ball game, similar to Rugby Fives, played as doubles in a three-sided court. ... Ashburnham house is a building on Little Deans Yard in Westminster, London, United Kingdom, and is a part of Westminster Schools facilities. ... A coxless pair which is a sweep-oar boat. ... Fencing advertisement for the 1900 Summer Olympic Games This article is about the sport, which is distinguished from stage fencing and academic fencing (mensur). ...

The Oxford University Boat Club use Westminster's boat house atPutney as their HQ for the annual Oxford and Cambridge boat race on the Thames. The boathouse was remodelled in 1996, and won a Wandsworth design award in 1999. The school's colour is pink and one rumour for this colour is that it was derived from washed-out red shirts worn by rowers. Another rumour is that Westminster rowers raced Eton College for the right to wear pink. The story goes that on one running of the annual Eton-Westminster rowing race both crews arrived wearing the same colour pink, which was fashionable at the time. The Eton crew bought some light-blue ribbon (which later became the standard Eton colours) to differentiate themselves, but the Westminster crew won the race and the right to wear pink in perpetuity. The premier Leander Club at Henley, which was founded in London by a number of Old Westminster rowers, later adopted by although they call the colour cerise. This unusual colour for sportsmen has occasionally provoked violent incidents in recent times- such as stones being thrown at rowers from the bank - but usually removes any need for away kit; the only problems arise when racing against Abingdon School, which also wears pink. This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ... This article is about the city in England. ... Boat Race Logo Exhausted crews at the finish of the 2002 Boat Race The Boat Race is a rowing race between the rowing clubs of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. ... The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor, commonly known as Eton College or just Eton, is a public school (privately funded and independent) for boys, founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. It is located in Eton, near Windsor in England, north of Windsor Castle, and... The Leander Club is based in Henley-on-Thames, and is the oldest rowing club in the world. ...

The School's main sports ground is nearby at Vincent Square, but it is limited to football, cricket and tennis and is not large enough for all the pupils doing these sports to use simultaneously. Therefore the school hires and owns other sporting facilities near the school. These include the oldest boating club in the world, an astroturf ground in battersea, and a fencing centre.'Green' is also used, as are the school gym and the three fives courts.

Westminster has an historic joint claim to a major role in the development of Association Football, which remains the main sport at the school. During the 1840s at both Westminster and Charterhouse pupils' surroundings meant they were confined to playing their football in the cloisters, making the rough and tumble of the handling game that was developing at other schools such as Rugby impossible, and necessitating a new code of rules. During the formulation of the rules of Association Football in the 1860s representatives of Westminster School and Charterhouse also pushed for a passing game, in particular rules that allowed forward passing ("passing on"). Other schools (in particular Eton College and Harrow) favoured a dribbling game with a tight off-side rule. By 1867 the Football Association had chosen in favour of the Westminster and Charterhouse game and adopted an off-side rule that permitted forward passing^[3]. The modern forward-passing game was a direct consequence of Westminster and Charterhouse Football. A player (wearing the red kit) has penetrated the defence (in the white kit) and is taking a shot at goal. ... // First use of general anesthesia in an operation, by Crawford Long The first electrical telegraph sent by Samuel Morse on May 24, 1844 from Baltimore to Washington, D.C.. First signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) on February 6, 1840 at Waitangi, Northland New Zealand. ... Charterhouse is a Carthusian monastery founded in 1371 by Walter de Manny, in Smithfield in the City of London. ... Cloister of Saint Trophimus, in Arles, France A Cloister is part of cathedrals and abbeys architecture. ... A view of Rugby School from The Close, the playing field where according to legend Rugby was invented Rugby School, located in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire, is one of the oldest public schools in England and is one of the major co-educational boarding schools in the country. ... “Soccer” redirects here. ... The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor, commonly known as Eton College or just Eton, is a public school (privately funded and independent) for boys, founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. It is located in Eton, near Windsor in England, north of Windsor Castle, and... Harrow School, (originally: The Free Grammar School of John Lyon; generally: Harrow), is an independent school for boys (aged 13-18), and is located in Harrow on the Hill in the London Borough of Harrow. ... The Football Association (The FA) is the governing body of football in England and the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. ...

Southern Railway Schools Class

The School lent its name to the ninth steam locomotive (Engine 908) in the Southern Railway's Class V of which there were 40. This Class was known as the Schools Class because all forty of the class were named after prominent English public schools. 'Westminster', as it was called, was built in 1930 as one of the initial ten locomotives in the class. Although they were withdrawn in the early 1960s, the nameplate has been preserved by the School and is now displayed in the school science block. Great Western Railway No. ... Below is a list of Richard Maunsells SR Class V Schools locomotives. ... A London and South Western Railway weight restriction sign on a bridge across the Tarka Trail (formerly the Barnstaple to Great Torrington railway) at Instow, North Devon. ... The SR Class V or Schools Class is a class of steam locomotive designed by Richard Maunsell for the Southern Railway. ... Below is a list of Richard Maunsells SR Class V Schools locomotives. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Former pupils

Fuller list: List of former pupils of Westminster

The following people were educated at Westminster, amongst about 1000 others listed in the ODNB: The following people were educated at Westminster School, and are sometimes listed with OW (Old Westminster) after their name (collectively, OWW): Robert Bruce Cotton (1570 – 1631), antiquarian Ben Jonson (1573 – 1637), poet and dramatist Charles Chauncy (1592 – 1672), President of Harvard 1654 – 72 George Herbert (1593 – 1633), public orator and... The Dictionary of National Biography (or DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history. ...

• Ben Jonson (1573 – 1637), poet and dramatist
• George Herbert (1593 – 1633), public orator and poet
• John Dryden (1631 – 1700), poet and playwright
• John Locke (1632 – 1704), philosopher
• Sir Christopher Wren (1632 – 1723), architect and scientist, co-founder of the Royal Society
• Robert Hooke FRS (1635 – 1703), British scientist
• Henry Purcell (1659 – 1695), composer
• Charles Wesley (1707 – 1788), Methodist preacher and writer of over 6,000 hymns
• Edward Gibbon FRS (1737 – 1794), historian
• Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832), lawyer, eccentric and philosopher
• Thomas Pinckney (1750 – 1828), American soldier, politician, and diplomat.
• A. A. Milne (1882 – 1956), author and journalist
• Robert Southey (1774 – 1843), poet, historian and biographer
• Sir Adrian Boult (1889 – 1983), conductor
• Sir John Gielgud (1904 – 2000), actor and director
• Sir Andrew Huxley (b. 1917), Nobel prizewinning physiologist
• Sir Peter Ustinov (1921 – 2004), actor, writer, director and raconteur
• Tony Benn (born 1925), politician
• Peter Brook (born 1925, LL 1937-1938), theatre director
• Nigel Lawson (born 1932, WW 1945-1950), former Chancellor of the Exchequer, father of Nigella Lawson
• Simon Gray (born 1936, WW 1949-1954), playwright and diarist
• Andrew Lloyd Webber (born 1948, QS 1960-1965), composer and producer
• Martin Amis (born 1949), novelist
• Stephen Poliakoff (born 1952, WW 1966-1970), director, playwright and television dramatist
• James Robbins (GG 1968-1972), diplomatic correspondent
• Shane MacGowan (born 1957, AHH 1972-1973), musician
• Matt Frei (born 1963, RR 1978-1981), foreign correspondent
• Henry Winter (born 1963, RR 1978-1981), football writer
• Helena Bonham Carter (born 1966, LL 1982-84), actress
• Noreena Hertz (born 1967, CC 1983-85), economist and campaigner
• Nick Clegg (born 1967), Liberal Democrat politician
• Ruth Kelly (born 1968, DD 1984-86), Cabinet minister
• Afshin Rattansi (born 1968) Author, Journalist
• Dido Armstrong (born 1971, WW, 1987-89), British musician under the name "Dido"
• Paul Roffman (born 1972), Actor and magician
• Martha Lane Fox (born 1973), internet entrepreneur
• Conrad Shawcross (born 1977), artist
• Benjamin Yeoh (born 1978), playwright
• Mica Penniman (born 1983, DD 1997-2002) singer under the name "Mika"

For other persons of the same name, see Ben Johnson (disambiguation). ... For other persons named George Herbert, see George Herbert (disambiguation). ... John Dryden John Dryden (August 19 {August 9 O.S.}, 1631 - May 12 {May 1 O.S.}, 1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, translator and playwright, who dominated the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles... For other persons named John Locke, see John Locke (disambiguation). ... Sir Christopher Wren, (20 October 1632–25 February 1723) was a 17th century English designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. ... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... Robert Hooke, FRS (July 18, 1635 – March 3, 1703) was an English polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work. ... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... Henry Purcell Henry Purcell (IPA: ;[1] September 10 (?),[2], 1659–November 21, 1695), a British Baroque composer. ... Charles Wesley (12 December 1707 - 29 March 1788) was a leader of the Methodist movement, the younger brother of John Wesley. ... The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ... Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). ... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... Jeremy Bentham (IPA: or ) (February 15, 1748 O.S. (February 26, 1748 N.S.) – June 6, 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. ... Thomas Pinckney Thomas Pinckney (1750–1828), was an American soldier, politician, and diplomat. ... Alan Alexander Milne (IPA pronunciation: ) (January 18, 1882 – January 31, 1956), also known as A. A. Milne, was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various childrens poems. ... Robert Southey, English poet Robert Southey (August 12, 1774 – March 21, 1843) was an English poet of the Romantic school, one of the so-called Lake Poets, and Poet Laureate. ... Sir Adrian Cedric Boult CH (April 8, 1889 – February 22, 1983) was an English conductor. ... Sir Arthur John Gielgud, OM, CH (14 April 1904 – 21 May 2000), known as Sir John Gielgud, was an Emmy, Grammy, Tony and Academy Award-winning British theatre and film actor. ... Andrew Huxley at Trinity College, Cambridge, July 2005 Family tree Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley, OM, FRS (born 22 November 1917, Hampstead, London) is an English physiologist and biophysicist, who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Alan Lloyd Hodgkin on the basis of nerve... Sir Peter Alexander Ustinov, CBE (IPA: ; April 16, 1921 – March 28, 2004), born Peter Alexander Baron von Ustinov, was an Academy Award-winning English actor, writer, dramatist and raconteur of French, Italian, Swiss, Russian, German and Ethiopian ancestry. ... Anthony Tony Neil Wedgwood Benn (born 3 April 1925), formerly 2nd Viscount Stansgate, is a British socialist politician. ... For the British politician, see Peter Brooke. ... Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby, PC (born March 11, 1932), was a British politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer between June 1983 and October 1989. ... Nigella Lucy Lawson (born January 6, 1960) is an English journalist, cookery writer and television presenter. ... Simon James Holliday Gray CBE (born October 21, 1936) is an English playwright. ... Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948) is a highly successful English composer of musical theatre, and also the elder brother of cellist Julian Lloyd Webber. ... Photo of Martin Amis by Robert Birnbaum Martin Amis (born August 25, 1949) is an English novelist. ... Stephen Poliakoff Stephen Poliakoff (born December 1, 1952) is an acclaimed British playwright, director and scriptwriter, widely judged amongst Britains foremost television dramatists. ... James Robbins (born January 19, 1954) is the BBCs Diplomatic Correspondent, a post he has held since January 1998. ... Shane Patrick Lysaght MacGowan (born December 25, 1957) is an English-born Irish musician. ... Matt Frei (born 26 November 1963 in Essen, Germany) is the BBCs Washington, D. C. correspondent. ... Henry Winter, born 1963, is football correspondent of The Daily Telegraph and also writes a column for Four Four Two magazine. ... Helena Bonham Carter (born May 26, 1966) is an Academy Award-nominated British actress, known for her roles in the films A Room with a View, Howards End, and Fight Club. ... Prof. ... Nicholas William Peter Clegg, known as Nick Clegg, (born 7 January 1967) is the British Member of Parliament for Sheffield Hallam and Liberal Democrat Home Affairs Spokesman. ... Ruth Maria Kelly (born 9 May 1968) is a British politician. ... Dido (born Florian Cloud de Bounevialle Armstrong,[1] December 25, 1971) is a British BRIT Award-winning and Grammy Award-nominated singer and songwriter who performs under a nickname her mother gave her in childhood. ... Paul Roffman (born 1972) is a British actor. ... Martha Lane Fox (born February 10, 1973) is a British e-commerce business woman and charity trustee, daughter of the British historian and gardening correspondent Robin Lane Fox and great-granddaughter maternally of Charles Henry Alexander Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey. ... Conrad Shawcross (born 1977) is a British artist. ... Benjamin Yeoh (1978 -) aka Ben Yeoh is one of the first British Chinese or British born Chinese playwrights to have his plays performed and recognised in the UK. Born near London, England his father came from Ipoh, Malaysia and mother from Singapore. ... Mica Penniman (born 18 August 1983), known as Mika (IPA []), is a Lebanese-born, London-based singer who has a recording contract with Casablanca Records and Universal Music, and rose to fame around the end of 2006 and the start of 2007. ...

University applications

According to a report by the Sutton Trust, Westminster School has an Oxbridge acceptance rate of 49.9% (5 year average) with 76 pupils achieving Oxbridge places in 2005. Furthermore it also has a 85.6% (5 year average) acceptance rate into the Sutton-13 and elite list of the top 13 universities for research in the UK. They are as follows: The Sutton Trust is an educational charity in the United Kingdom which aims to provide educational opportunities to academically able students from non-privileged backgrounds. ...

• Birmingham University
• Bristol Univeristy
• Cambridge University
• Durham University
• Edinburgh University
• Imperial College London
• London School of Economics
• Nottingham University
• Oxford University
• St Andrews University
• University College London
• Warwick University
• York University

The report also revealed that Independent schools achieve 16.3% more places at Sutton 13 school than would be expected on average from A level grades.^[4] The University of Birmingham is the oldest of three universities in the English city of Birmingham. ... The University of Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world, with one of the most selective sets of entry requirements in the United Kingdom. ... Affiliations 1994 Group European University Association Association of MBAs EQUIS Universities UK N8 Group Association of Commonwealth Universities Website http://www. ... The University of Edinburgh was founded in 1583 as a renowned centre for teaching in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Affiliations Russell Group Association of MBAs IDEA League Association of Commonwealth Universities Golden Triangle Oak Ridge Associated Universities Nobel laureates 14 Website http://www. ... Mascot Beaver Affiliations University of London Russell Group EUA ACU CEMS APSIA Golden Triangle G5 Group Website http://www. ... © University of Nottingham   The University of Nottingham is a leading research and teaching university in the city of Nottingham, in the East Midlands of England. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... University of St Andrews The University of St Andrews was founded between 1410-1413 and is the oldest university in Scotland and the third oldest in the United Kingdom. ... Affiliations University of London Russell Group LERU EUA ACU Golden Triangle G5 Website http://www. ... University of Warwick Motto: Mens agitat molem Logo © University of Warwick The University of Warwick is a world-class campus university which, despite its name, is located mainly inside the southern boundary of Coventry, England, some 11 km ( 7 miles) from the town of Warwick, the remainder of the campus... York University (French: Université York), located in Toronto, Ontario, is Canadas third-largest university and has produced several of the countrys top leaders in the fields of law, politics, business, space sciences, and fine arts. ...

Victoria Cross Holders

Six former pupils of Westminster have won the Victoria Cross, amongst whom the surgeon Arthur Martin-Leake was one of only three men to be awarded the VC twice^[5] For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ... Missing image Photo submitted by Martin Hornby - (Gallaher Cigarette Cards) Arthur Martin-Leake was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. ... For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ...

• William George Hawtry Bankes VC (1836 - 1858) (at Westminster April 1850-1856)
• Edmund Henry Lenon VC (1830 - 1893) (at Westminster June 1851-1855).
• Nevill Maskelyne Smyth VC (1868 - 1941) (at Westminster June 1882-1885). He served in the First World War, later Sir Nevill Maskelyne Smyth VC, KCB, (Croix de Guerre (Belgium), Legion d'Honneur (France))
• Arthur Martin-Leake VC and Bar (1874 - 1953) (at Westminster June 1888-1891). See below.
• William Hew Clark-Kennedy VC, CMG, DSO & Bar (1879 - 1961) (at Westminster June 1893-1896).
• Richard Wakeford VC. (1921 - 1972) (at Westminster June 1934-1940).

William George Hawtry Bankes was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. ... For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Edmund Henry Lenon was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. ... For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Nevill Maskelyne Smyth (VC, KCB, Croix de Guerre (Belgium), Legion dHonneur (France)) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. ... For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ... Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ... Badge of a Companion of the Order of the Bath (Military Division) Ribbon of the Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath)[1] is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on May 18, 1725. ... The Croix de guerre is a military decoration of both Belgium and France which was first created in 1915. ... French Legion of Honor The Légion dhonneur (Legion of Honor ( AmE) or Legion of Honour ( ComE)) is an Order of Chivalry awarded by the President of France. ... Missing image Photo submitted by Martin Hornby - (Gallaher Cigarette Cards) Arthur Martin-Leake was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. ... For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Missing image Photo by Terry Macdonald - May 1996 William Hew Clark-Kennedy (VC, CMG, DSO & Bar, ED, Croix de Guerre (France)) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and... For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ... On the Orders insignia, St Michael is often depicted subduing Satan. ... DSO medal The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is a military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries, awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, typically in actual combat. ... Year 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Richard Wakeford was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. ... For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

Further reading

• Tony Trowles (2005). A Guide to the Literature of Westminster Abbey, Westminster School and St. Margaret's Church 1571-2000. Boydell Press. 
• John Rae (1994). Delusions of Grandeur : A Headmaster's Life. HarperCollins. 
• John Field (1986). The King's Nurseries: The Story of Westminster School (2nd edition). James & James.