Whadjuk, also called Wadjuk, Whajook and Wadjug, is the name according to Norman Tindale for the Aboriginal group inhabiting the Western Australian region of the Perth bioregion. The etymology is unknown but it has been suggested that it may come from Wirtj, meaning "those who went before" (i.e. ancestral ones), and implied that Tindale's informants considered all Whadjuk people were dead. The boundaries of this region are the watershed division north of Yanchep between the Swan-Avon and the Moore Rivers, in the north, the Walyunga-Gidgegannup (from Gidgie = spear, gan- = make, -up = place) region to the north east, the Canning River catchment to the south east, to the coast at Port Kennedy. This is the region of the Quindinup (from Qwenda = Bandicoot, -up = place), Cottesloe, Karrakatta (from Karra = spider, katta = hill, the location now of the Western Australian Parliament building) and Bassendean sand dune systems and intervening wetlands, out to the fertile loams of the Guildford area, and the Darling Scarp to the edge of the Wandoo region, inhabited by the Balardong people to the east. To the north, according to Tindale one finds the Yued or Yuat, and to the south, the Pindjarup or Pinjareb peoples. Norman Barnett Tindale (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist and entomologist. ... See also, List of Indigenous Australian group names Indigenous Australians are the first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ... Emblems: Floral - Kangaroo Paw (Anigozanthos manglesii); Mammal - Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus); Bird - Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) Motto: none Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Const. ... Perth is the capital of the Australian state of Western Australia. ... An ecoregion is a relatively large area of land or water that contains a geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities. ... Yanchep is located 47 km north of Perth, Western Australia. ... The first detailed map of the Swan River, drawn by François-Antoine Boniface Heirisson in 1801 Black swan and family The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. ... Avon River Location of the Avon River The Avon River is a river in Western Australia. ... Moore River in Western Australia includes a catchment that extends from just south of Three Springs to Guilderton. ... Gidgegannup ([1]) is a township 35 km Northeast of Perth in Western Australia. ... Passengers leaving the Silver Star river steamer ferry at Coffee Point (site of the South of Perth Yacht Club), with the old Canning Bridge in the background. ... Port Kennedy is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Rockingham. ... Cottesloe Beach is a premium metropolitan beach in Perth, Western Australia. ... Karrakatta is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Nedlands. ... The Town of Bassendean is a Local Government Area of Western Australia, located in the Perth metropolitan area some seven kilometers east of the CBD. The Town of Bassendean maintains 97 km of roads, and has a population of 13,362. ... This article is about the sand formations, for other meanings see Dune (disambiguation) Mesquite Flat Dunes in Death Valley National Park In physical geography, a dune is a hill of sand built by eolian (wind-related) processes. ... A subtropical wetland in Florida, USA, with an endangered American Crocodile. ... Guildford, Western Australia Guildford was established in 1829 on the Swan River, being sited near a permiment fresh water supply. ... Darling Range (~2000 ft elevation), Perth, Swan River estuary. ... Norman Barnett Tindale (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist and entomologist. ... The Pindjarup or Pinjareb is the name of the Indigenous Australian group of Nyungar speakers, living in the region of South West Western Australia between Port Kennedy on the coast, north of Mandurah to Australind on the Leschenault Inlet, and between a point between Byford and Armadale on the Darling...

Culture and Pre-History

Before contact, the Whadjuk formed part of the Nyungar language group, with their own distinctive dialect. Culturally they were divided into two matrilineal moieties: the Wardungmaat (from Wardung = Crow (or Australian Raven (Corvus coronoides)), maat = leg (or lineage}}, and the Manitjmaat (from Manitj = Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita)). Moieties were endogamous, and children took the moiety of their mother. Each moiety also contained a number of sections, " The Noongar (alternate spellings: Nyungar/Nyoongar/Nyoongah),[1] are an indigenous Australian people who live in the southwest corner of Western Australia from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the south coast. ... Matrilineality is a system in which one belongs to ones mothers lineage; it may also involve the inheritance of property or titles through the female line. ... Look up moiety in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Binomial name Corvus coronoides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 The Australian Raven (Corvus coronoides) is the largest member of the genus Corvus in Australia. ... Binomial name Cacatua galerita (Latham, 1790) The Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Cacatua galerita, is one of the larger and more widespread of Australias cockatoos. ... pertaining to or characterized by the custom of marrying only within the limits of a clan or tribe ... Section can be: A cross section (in the common sense or the physics sense) In mathematics: A conic section A section of a fiber bundle or sheaf A Caesarean section In UK law, Section 28 In the fictional Star Trek universe, Section 31 A military unit A section (land) is...

• Ballarok ..} Manitjmaat
• Tondarup .}
• Ngotak ....} Wardungmaat
• Naganyuk }

see Noongar classification, Australian Aboriginal kinship

The depth of Whadjuk settlement of this area should not be underestimated. Finds associated with this group in the Guildford region show continuous settlement going back at least 35,000 years, whilst recent finds on Rottnest Island (Aboriginal Wadjemup) of stone tools have been estimated as being 70,000 years old, at a time when sea levels were much lower, joining the island to the mainland. The Whadjuk also preserved many stories of the Wagyl, a water-python held to be responsible for most of the water features around Perth. Noongar classification refers to the classification system in tribal law by which the Noongar, an indigenous Australian people, enforced restrictions on intermarriage. ... Australian Aboriginal kinship refers to the system of law governing social interaction, particularly marriage, in traditional Aboriginal culture. ... The Basin and Bathurst Lighthouse. ... The Wagyl or Rainbow Serpent The Wagyl (alternative spelling Waugal or Waagal) is, according to Noongar culture, a snakelike Dreamtime creature responsible for the creation of the Swan and Canning Rivers and other waterways and landforms around present day Perth and the south-west of Western Australia A superior being... Genera Aspidites Antaresia Apodora Bothrochilus Leiopython Liasis Morelia Python Python is the common name for a group of non-venomous constricting snakes, specifically the family Pythonidae. ...

Coastal dwelling Whadjuk informed George Fletcher Moore of their historical memory of the post Glacial Flandrian transgression and the separation of Rottnest from the Mainland, between 10,000–6,000 BCE. The story of this event is now kept in the Battye Library. George Fletcher Moore (10 December 1798–30 December 1886) was a prominent early settler in colonial Western Australia, and one [of] the key figures in early Western Australias ruling elite (Cameron, 2000). ... The J S Battye Library is an arm of the State Library of Western Australia and stores much of the States historical records and original publications including books, newspapers, periodicals, maps, ephemera, as well as oral history tapes, photographs and artworks, films and video, and non-government records which are...

Like other Noongar peoples, the Whadjuk seem to have moved more inland in the wetter weather of winter, returning to the coast as interior seasonal lakes dried up. The Whadjuk, like many Noongar people accepted a six seasonal division as follows:

• Birak—from November to December, was the "fruiting", characterised by the onset of hot, easterly winds which blow during the day. Noongar people used to burn mosaic sections of scrubland through firestick farming to force animals into the open to hunt, and to open the canopy and allow the few November rains to increase germination of summer foodstuffs and marsupial grazing. This was the season of harvesting wattle seeds which were pounded into flour and stored as damper.

• Bunuru—from January to February, was the "hot-dry", characterised by hot dry easterly conditions with afternoon sea-breezes, known locally in Western Australia as the Fremantle doctor. To maximise the effects of these cooling breezes, the Noongars moved to coastal estuaries and reefs where fish and abalone (Haliotis roei) constituted a large proportion of the seasonal diet. Mallee fowl eggs from tuart forests also formed a part of the diet.

• Djeran—from March to April, was "first rains-first dew", with the weather was becoming cooler with winds from the south west. Fishing continued (often caught in fish traps) and zamia palm(Noongar = djiriji, Macrozamia ridlei) cycad nuts Noongar = buyu), (Nardoo Marsilia quadrifolia) bulbs and other seeds were collected for food. Zamia palm, which is naturally highly poisonous, was prepared in a fashion which removed its toxicity. Burrowing Frogs (kooyar, Heleioporus eyrei) were caught in large numbers with the opening rains of winter.

• Makuru—from May to June, was "the wet", and Noongars moved inland from the coast to the Darling Scarp to hunt Yongka, grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) and Tammar (Macropus eugeni) once rains had replenished inland water resources. This was the season of mid-latitude cold frontal rains. Noongar Gnow (or mallee fowl (Leipoa ocellata)) were also caught.

• Djilba—from July to August, was "the cold-wet" saw Noongar groups moving to the drier soils of the Guildford and Canning-Kelmscott areas, where roots were collected and emus (Noongar = Wej) (Dromaius novaehollandiae), ringtail possums (Noongar = Goomal) (Psudocheirus peregrinus) and kangaroo were hunted.

• Kambarang—from September to October, was "the flowering" at the height of the wildflower season. This time saw rain decreasing. Families moved towards the coast where frogs, tortoises and freshwater crayfish or gilgies (Cherax quinquecarinatus) and blue marron, (Noongar = Marrin (from Marr = hand, Cherax tenuimanus) were caught. Birds returning from their northern hemisphere migration also formed a part of their diet.

Whilst these Seasons were roughly divided as shown by the European months, in fact the Noongar Whadjuk took account of environmental signals such as the spring call of the Motorbike frog (Green Tree Frog (Litoria moorei) [1] marking the onset of Kambarang, or the flowering of the Western Australian Christmas Tree (Nuytsia floribunda Loranthaceae [2] showing the onset of Bunuru. Scrubland is an uncultivated region covered with scrub vegetation. ... Fire-stick farming is a term coined by Australian archeologist Rhys Jones in 1969 to describe the practice of Indigenous Australians where fire was used regularly to burn vegetation to facilitate hunting and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area. ... A dense growth of softwoods (a forest) in the Sierra Nevada Range of Northern California A forest is an area with a high density of trees (or, historically, a wooded area set aside for hunting). ... Sunflower seedlings, just three days after germination Germination is the process where growth emerges from a resting stage. ... Orders Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Marsupials are mammals in which the female typically has a pouch (called the marsupium, from which the name Marsupial derives) in which it rears its young through early infancy. ... A: Sea breeze, B: Land breeze A sea-breeze (or seabreeze) is a wind from the sea that develops over land near coasts. ... The Fremantle doctor is a cooling sea breeze which occours in Western Australia. ... Species Many: see text. ... Tuart Forest is a national park in Western Australia (Australia), 183 km south of Perth. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Fishing. ... The skull and crossbones is a common symbol for toxicity. ... Darling Range (~2000 ft elevation), Perth, Swan River estuary. ... Species Macropus rufus Macropus giganteus Macropus fuliginosus A kangaroo is any of several large macropods (the marsupial family that also includes the wallabies, tree-kangaroos, wallaroos, pademelons and the Quokka: 63 species in all). ... In meteorology, a weather front is a boundary between two air masses with differing characteristics (e. ... Binomial name Dromaius novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) Synonyms Dromiceius novaehollandiae The Emu (IPA pronunciation: ), Dromaius novaehollandiae, is the largest bird native to Australia and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius. ... Binomial name Pseudocheirus peregrinus (Boddaert, 1785) The Common Ringtail Possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) is an Australian marsupial. ...

Whadjuk Nyungar traded high quality wilgi (red ochre) from the area of Perth Railway station eastwards as far east as Uluru (Ayers Rock). In precontact times it was used to colour hair which was worn in what would now be called "dreadlocks". To those groups that practiced initiatory circumcision, this area was traditionally known as "The Land of the Boys". Quartz from the Darling Scarp was also traded with Balardong groups for the making of spears. Uluṟu at midday Uluṟu, also known as Ayers Rock, is a large sandstone rock formation in central Australia, in the Northern Territory. ... Rastaman with long dreadlocks. ... Seixas Family circumcision set and trunk, ca. ...

Contact History

The Whadjuk peoples bore the brunt of European colonisation, as the cities of Perth and Fremantle were built in their territory.

No doubt Whadjuk peoples had been familiar with Dutch explorers like Vlamingh, and the occasional visit of whalers to the coast, before the arrival of settlers under the command of Governor James Stirling. After a near disaster at Garden Island, a long-boat under the command of Captain (later Lieutenant Governor) Irwin was dispatched and met with Yellagonga and his family at Crawley, on the coast of what is now the University of Western Australia or by Mount Eliza (Noongar = Goonininup). As Aboriginal women had been earlier seized by European seal hunters, Yellagonga subsequently moved his encampment to what is now Lake Monger (Noongar = Kallup). Willem de Vlamingh (born 28 November 1640, died ?) was a Dutch sailor who explored the southwest coast of Australia (then New Holland) in the late 17th Century. ... Whalers may mean: Whaling, for information on sailers who hunted whales Hartford Whalers, a former hockey team ... Admiral Sir James Stirling Admiral Sir James Stirling (January 28, 1791–April 23, 1865) was the first Governor of Western Australia (1828–38) and on his own initiative signed Britains first limited treaty with Japan in 1854. ... Garden Island is the name of a number of islands. ... Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Chidley Irwin was Governor of Western Australia from 1847 to 1848. ... Crawley is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Subiaco. ... The University of Western Australia (UWA) is Western Australias oldest university, established in February 1911, and is the only West Australian university to be a member of the Group of Eight lobby group for tertiary institutions. ... Mount Eliza is a hill which overlooks the city of Perth, Western Australia and forms part of Kings Park. ... NASA World Wind image of Perth, Western Australia with Lake Monger centred at the crosshair Lake Monger is a large urban wetland in suburban Perth, Western Australia nestled between the suburbs of Leederville, Wembley and Glendalough (31. ...

The Whadjuk people were divided by the Swan River into four principle groups:

• The Mooro - led by Yellagonga, were north of the Swan River
• The Beeliar - led by Midgegooro - his brother-in-law, were south of the Swan River and west of the Canning River
• The Belloo led by Munday - were in the region from the Canning to the Helena Rivers.
• Weeip's area to the east.

Only four Europeans contributed to our modern understanding of Whadjuk Noongar language and culture.

• Robert Menli Lyon befriended the Aboriginal resistance fighter Yagan, when the latter was exiled to Carnac Island.
• Francis Armstrong took early efforts to befriend Aboriginal people (being known to them as "Pranji Djanga", but later in life became very authoritarian and bitter in his dealings with them.
• George Fletcher Moore rapidly came to understand the Whadjuk dialect of the Nyungar language, and later came to serve as magistrate in legal cases in which Whadjuk people were involved.
• Lieutenant George Grey took great efforts to learn the Whadjuk tongue, and was recognised by the Yellagonga's Whadjuk group as being the returned dead son (i.e. Djanga) of an Aboriginal woman, before going on to a distinguished political career in South Australia and New Zealand.

European settlers were called "Djanga", by the Whadjuk people, a term referring to spirits of the dead. This seems to have been an attempt to fit the Europeans into the social structure of the Moongar peoples but it seems to have been reinforced by the following principle factors. Robert Menli Lyon (born 1789, date of death unknown) was an early Western Australian settler who became one of the first outspoken advocates of Australian Aboriginal rights and welfare in the colony. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Carnac Island , Western Australia ( ). Is an A Class nature reserve approximately 10 kilometres south west of Fremantle Carnac Is. ... George Fletcher Moore (10 December 1798–30 December 1886) was a prominent early settler in colonial Western Australia, and one [of] the key figures in early Western Australias ruling elite (Cameron, 2000). ... A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in Common Use Amongst the Aborigines of Western Australia is a book by George Fletcher Moore. ... There have been two famous people by the name of George Grey. ... Emblems: Hairy Nosed Wombat (faunal); Leafy Seadragon (marine); Piping Shrike (bird: unofficial); Sturts Desert Pea (floral); Opal (gemstone) Motto: United for the Common Wealth Slogan or Nickname: Festival State Other Australian states and territories Capital Adelaide Government Const. ...

• Europeans came from the direction of the settling sun, where Kuranyup, the land of the dead was supposed to reside.
• Europeans were white-skinned, illustrating the deathly palour of people after death.
• Europeans seemed to have flakey discoloured skins, which they shed and changed on different occasions.
• Europeans (in the 19th century when bathing and washing clothes was rarer) smelled bad and often had rotting teeth.
• Europeans were dangerous to associate with, as infectious diseases to which Europeans had some genetic resistance, were fatal to many Aboriginal people.

Work by Neville Green in his book Broken Spears has shown how Aboriginal culture could not explain the high death rates associated with European infections, and believed that Aboriginal sorcery was involved, leading to rising numbers of reprisal spearing and killings within the Aboriginal community. Coupled with the declining birth rates, these factors led to a collapsing population in those areas nearby European settlement.

With the loss of fenced and alienated lands, Aboriginal people lost access to important seasonal foods, and did not understand private ownership, which led to spearing of stock and digging in food gardens. Reprisals led to a cycle of increased violence on both sides. The first attempted Aboriginal massacre was the "Battle for Perth" when there was an attempt to surround and capture Aboriginal people who had retreated into Lake Monger. The area was cordonned, but the hunted people escaped. Once Lake Monger was settled by the Monger family, Yellagonga moved to Lake Joondalup. In 1834 this Wanneroo area was explored by John Butler, and in 1838 by George Grey. With the lands seized for settlement in 1843, Yellagonga was reduced to begging for survival, and shortly thereafter he accidentally drowned. . Joondalup is a suburban centre 26 km north of Perths centre, and a Local Government Area of Western Australia. ... The City of Wanneroo is a Local Government Area of Western Australia. ... There have been two famous people by the name of George Grey. ...

The situation for Midgegooroo was even more precarious. Violence flared when it was said 200 savages were going to attack the ferry from Fremantle, and citizens armed themselves and rushed to the site to find nothing but a bemused ferryman. A Tasmanian settler shot one of the local Aboriginal men and Yagan, Midgegooroo's son and Yellagonga's nephew, speared a white in revenge. Yagan was arrested and sent to Carnac Island in the care of Robert Lyon who claimed he was a freedom fighter. Yagan escaped from the island in a boat, and waged a guerrilla campaign on both sides of the river. He was eventually killed by one of two European boys he had befriended and his head was smoked and sent to England, being recovered by Ken Colbung in 1997. Midgegooroo (date of birth unknown, died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Noongar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ... Carnac Island , Western Australia ( ). Is an A Class nature reserve approximately 10 kilometres south west of Fremantle Carnac Is. ... Robert Menli Lyon (born 1789, date of death unknown) was an early Western Australian settler who became one of the first outspoken advocates of Australian Aboriginal rights and welfare in the colony. ... For the video game by IO Interactive,see Freedom Fighters (video game). ... Ken Colbung (born 2 September 1931), also known by his indigenous name Nundjan Djiridjarkan, is an indigenous Australian leader. ...

Following the Battle of Pinjarra, Whadjuk Aboriginal people became totally dispirited, and were reduced to dependent status, settling at their site at Mount Eliza for handouts under the authority of Francis Armstrong. An Anglican school was established for a number of years at Ellenbrook, but was never very successful and was greatly underfunded. This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Mount Eliza is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ...

Relations between the settlers and the natives had deteriorated badly in the final years of Stirling's reign, with settlers shooting at Aboriginal people indiscriminately for the spearing of stock, leading to payback killings of settlers. Stirling's response was to attempt to subdue the Aboriginal people through harsh punishment. When Stirling retired he was replaced as Governor by John Hutt, 1st January 1839, who rather than adopting Stirling's vindictive vengeful policies against Aborigines, tried protecting their rights and educating them. This ran foul of frontier settlers intent on siezing Aboriginal lands without compensation, who felt they needed strong-arm tactics to protect themselves from Aboriginal "reprisals". In 1887 a reserve for the remaining Whadjuk people was established near Lake Gnangara, one of a whole series of wetlands which may have, within the memory of Aboriginal people here, been a series of caves along an underground river whose roof fell in. This reserve was re-established in 1975. In addition to the "feeding station" at Mount Eliza, under the control of Francis Armstrong, first "Protector of Aborigines". Hutt also tried to establish an Aboriginal yoemanry by giving Aboriginal "settlers" grants of government land. The lands chosen for this venture were marginal and Aboriginal people were expected to make improvements without giving them access to needed bank finance, so the scheme quickly collapsed. Aboriginal campsites were temporarily established at many metropolitan locations including Ellenbrook, Jolimont, Welshpool and Allawah Grove. These sites however were frequently moved at the discression of European authorities once an alternative use was found for the land (as happened at Karrakatta Cemetery, the Swanborne Rifle Range and Perth Airport). 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... // United States In the United States, the frontier was the term applied to the zone of unsettled land outside the region of existing settlements of Americans. ... Compensation has several different meanings as indicated below. ... Ellenbrook is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Swan. ... Jolimont is a small suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Subiaco and west of the CBD. The suburb is believed to be named after the Melbourne suburb of Jolimont, which was in turn named after Jolimont - the residence of Governor La Trobe. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Karrakatta Cemetery is a metropolitan cemetery in the suburb of Karrakatta in Perth, Western Australia. ... Perth Airport (IATA: PER, ICAO: YPPH) is an Australian domestic and international airport located in Belmont, Western Australia and is the main airport servicing Perth, Western Australia. ...

Daisy Bates claimed she interviewed the last fully initiated Whadjuk Nyungar people in 1907, reporting on informants Fanny Balbel and Joobaitj, who had preserved in oral tradition the Aboriginal viewpoints of the coming of the Europeans. Fanny had been born on the Aboriginal sacred site, that underies St George's Cathedral, whilst Joobaitj's sacred lands were nereby the Youth Hostel at Mundaring Weir. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This is a list of cities that various groups regard as holy. ... Mundaring Weir is a suburb in Perth, Western Australia. ...