Monument to the "Weiße Rose" in front of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich

The White Rose (German: die Weiße Rose) was a non-violent resistance group in Nazi Germany, consisting of a number of students from the University of Munich and their philosophy professor. The group became known for an anonymous leaflet campaign, lasting from June 1942 until February 1943, that called for active opposition to German dictator Adolf Hitler's regime. ^[1] White Rose is a German resistance movement in World War II. It may also refer to: In history: White Rose of York, the symbol of the House of York Order of the White Rose, an award in Finland In media: Die Weiße Rose (film), a film based on the... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x1461, 210 KB) Description: Mahnmal der Geschwister Scholl und die Weiße Rose, vor der LMU, München. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x1461, 210 KB) Description: Mahnmal der Geschwister Scholl und die Weiße Rose, vor der LMU, München. ... Widerstand (German: resistance) is the name given to the resistance movements in Nazi Germany. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Main building of the Ludwig Maximilians University Main staircase of the university, Munich The Atrium at the main building The Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München), also known as LMU or simply University of Munich, is a university in the heart of Munich. ... Hitler redirects here. ...

The six core members of the group were arrested by the Gestapo, convicted and executed by beheading in 1943. The text of their sixth leaflet was smuggled out of Germany through Scandinavia to England, and in July 1943 copies of it were dropped over Germany by Allied planes, retitled "The Manifesto of the Students of Munich." ^[2] The   (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: “secret state police”) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head), or beheading, is the removal of a living organisms head. ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ...

Today, the members of the White Rose are honored in Germany as great heroes who opposed the Third Reich in the face of deadly danger for such resistance.

Members

Members of the White Rose, Munich 1942. From left: Hans Scholl, his sister Sophie Scholl, and Christoph Probst. Courtesy of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

The core of the White Rose consisted of five students — Sophie Scholl, her brother Hans Scholl, Alex Schmorell, Willi Graf, and Christoph Probst, all in their early twenties — also members were Hans and Sophie's sister Inge Scholl, and a professor of philosophy, Kurt Huber. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Interior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Exterior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum viewed from Raoul Wallenberg Place (15th St. ... Hans Scholl, Sophie Magdalena Scholl, and Christoph Probst, who were executed for participating in the White Rose resistance movement against the Nazi regime in Germany. ... Hans Scholl was born on September 22, 1918, when his father had his first position as mayor of Ingersheim near Crailsheim. ... Alexander Schmorell (1917-1943) Alexander Schmorell (born 16 September 1917 in Orenburg, Russia; died 13 July 1943 in Munich (executed)) was one of five Munich University students who formed a resistance group known as White Rose (Weiße Rose) which was active against Germanys Nazi regime from June 1942... Willi Graf Willi Graf (born 2 January 1918 in Kuchenheim near Euskirchen; died 12 October 1943 in Munich) was a member of the White Rose (Weiße Rose) resistance group in Nazi Germany. ... Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst, executed for participation in a resistance movement against the Nazi regime through White Rose. ... Inge Scholl (August 11, 1917–September 4, 1998) was the daughter of Robert Scholl, the mayor of Forchtenberg, and so was the sister of Hans and Sophie Scholl. ... Kurt Huber (October 24, 1893–July 13, 1943) was a member of the White Rose group, which carried out resistance against Nazi Germany. ...

Between June 1942 and February 1943, they prepared and distributed six different leaflets, in which they called for the active opposition of the German people to Nazi oppression and tyranny. Huber drafted the final two leaflets. A draft of a seventh leaflet, written by Christoph Probst, was found in the possession of Hans Scholl at the time of his arrest by the Gestapo, who destroyed it. The   (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: “secret state police”) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ...

The White Rose was influenced by the German Youth Movement, of which Christoph Probst was a member. Hans Scholl was a member of the Hitler Youth until 1936 and Sophie was a member of the Bund Deutscher Mädel. The ideas of d.j.1.11 had strong influence on Hans Scholl and his brothers and sisters. d.j.1.11 was a youth group of the German Youth Movement, founded by Eberhard Koebel in 1929. Willi Graf was a member of Neudeutschland and the Grauer Orden. Neudeutschland is a catholic youth association. The group's members were motivated by their Christian beliefs. They had witnessed the atrocities of the war, both on the battlefield and against the civilian population in the East, and sensed that the reversal of fortune that the Wehrmacht suffered at Stalingrad would eventually lead to Germany's defeat. They rejected fascism and militarism and believed in a federated Europe that adhered to principles of tolerance and justice. The German Youth Movement (In German: Die deutsche Jugendbewegung) is a collective term for educational-cultural renewal movement starting from 1896 on. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal         For the SS division with the nickname Hitlerjugend see; 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend The Hitler Youth (German:   , abbreviated HJ) was a paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party. ... After the Nazi Gleichschaltung in Germany in 1933, the Bund Deutscher Mädel (frequently used in its abbreviated form, BDM) (League of German Girls) was the all-German party organization for girls between 14 and 18 years of age, as the girls segment of the Hitler Youth. ... Eberhard Koebel (also Eberhard Köbel, tusk; June 22, 1907–August 31, 1955) was a German youth leader, writer and publisher. ... The straight-armed Balkenkreuz, a stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Wehrmacht. ... Combatants  Germany Romania Italy Hungary  Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Friedrich Paulus # Erich von Manstein Petre Dumitrescu Constantin Constantinescu Italo Garibaldi Gusztav Jany Vasiliy Chuikov Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy Georgiy Zhukov Semyon Timoshenko Konstantin Rokossovskiy Rodion Malinovskiy Andrei Yeremenko Strength Army Group B: German Sixth Army # German Fourth Panzer Army Romanian Third... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the interests of the state. ... Militarism or militarist ideology is the doctrinal view of a society as being best served (or more efficient) when it is governed or guided by concepts embodied in the culture, doctrine, system, or people of the military. ...

Origin of the name

Under Gestapo interrogation, Hans Scholl said that the name had been taken from a Spanish novel he had read. Annette Dumbach and Jud Newborn speculate that this may have been The White Rose, a novel about peasant exploitation in Mexico published in Berlin in 1931, written by B. Traven, the German author of The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. Dumbach and Newborn say there is a chance that Hans Scholl and Alex Schmorell had read this. They write that the symbol of the white rose was intended to represent purity and innocence in the face of evil. ^[4]

Leaflets

Quoting extensively from the Bible, Aristotle and Novalis, as well as Goethe and Schiller, they appealed to what they considered the German intelligentsia, believing that they would be intrinsically opposed to Nazism. At first, the leaflets were sent out in mailings from cities in Bavaria and Austria, since the members believed that southern Germany would be more receptive to their anti-militarist message. This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ... For the German rock band, see Novalis (band). ... Goethe redirects here. ... Friedrich Schiller “Schiller” redirects here. ... The notion of an intellectual elite as a distinguished social stratum can be traced far back in history. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ...

At the end of July 1942, the male students in the group were deployed to the Eastern Front for military service during the academic break. In late fall the men returned and the White Rose resumed its resistance activities. In January 1943, using a hand-operated duplicating machine, the group is thought to have produced between 6,000 and 9,000 copies of their fifth leaflet, "Appeal to all Germans!", which was distributed via courier runs to many cities (where they were mailed). Copies appeared in Stuttgart, Cologne, Vienna, Freiburg, Chemnitz, Hamburg and Berlin. Composed by Hans Scholl with improvements by Huber, the leaflet warned that Hitler was leading Germany into the abyss; with the gathering might of the Allies, defeat was now certain. The reader was urged to "Support the resistance movement!" in the struggle for "Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and protection of the individual citizen from the arbitrary action of criminal dictator-states". These were the principles that would form "the foundations of the new Europe". Combatants Soviet Union,[1] Poland, Tannu Tuva (until 1944 incorporation with USSR), Mongolia Germany,[2] Italy (to 1943), Romania (to 1944), Finland (to 1944), Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Spain (to 1943, unofficial) Commanders Joseph Stalin, Aleksei Antonov, Ivan Konev, Rodion Malinovsky, Ivan Bagramyan, Kirill Meretskov, Ivan Petrov, Alexander Rodimtsev, Konstantin Rokossovsky... Duplicating machines were the predecessors of modern document-reproduction technology. ... For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... This article refers to the city in Baden-Württemberg. ... Chemnitz (Sorbian/Lusatian Kamjenica, 1953-1990 called Karl-Marx-Stadt; Czech: Saská Kamenice) is a city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. ... This article is about the city in Germany. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ...

The leaflets caused a sensation, and the Gestapo initiated an intensive search for the publishers.

On the nights of the 3rd, 8th, and 15th of February 1943, the slogans "Freedom" and "Down with Hitler" appeared on the walls of the University and other buildings in Munich. Alexander Schmorell, Hans Scholl and Willi Graf had painted them with tar (similar graffiti that appeared in the surrounding area at this time may have been painted by imitators).

The shattering German defeat at Stalingrad at the beginning of February provided the occasion for the group's sixth leaflet, written by Huber. Headed "Fellow students!", it announced that the "day of reckoning" had come for "the most contemptible tyrant our people has ever endured". As the German people had looked to university students to help break Napoleon in 1813, it now looked to them to break the National Socialist terror. "The dead of Stalingrad adjure us!"

Capture and trial

Atrium of the University

On February 18, 1943, coincidentally the same day that Nazi propaganda minister Josef Goebbels called on the German people to embrace total war in his Sportpalast speech, the Scholls brought a suitcase full of leaflets to the university. They hurriedly dropped stacks of copies in the empty corridors for students to find when they flooded out of lecture rooms. Leaving before the class break, the Scholls noticed that some copies remained in the suitcase and decided it would be a pity not to distribute them. They returned to the atrium and climbed the staircase to the top floor, and Sophie flung the last remaining leaflets into the air. This spontaneous action was observed by the custodian Jakob Schmid. The police were called and Hans and Sophie were taken into Gestapo custody. The other active members were soon arrested, and the group and everyone associated with them were brought in for interrogation. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 2150 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 2150 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Joseph Goebbels Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels (October 29, 1897 – May 1, 1945) was Adolf Hitlers Propaganda Minister (see Propagandaministerium) in Nazi Germany. ... Total war is a military conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another nations ability to engage in war. ... Joseph Goebbels The Sportpalast or total war speech (German: Sportpalastrede) was a speech delivered by Propagandaminister (Propaganda Minister) Joseph Goebbels at the Berlin Sportpalast to a large but carefully-selected audience on 18 February 1943, as the tide of World War II was turning against Nazi Germany. ...

The Scholls and Probst were the first to stand trial before the Volksgerichtshof — the People's Court that tried political offenses against the Nazi German state — on February 22, 1943. They were found guilty of treason and Roland Freisler, head judge of the court, sentenced them to death. The three were executed by guillotine the same day. All three were noted for the courage with which they faced their deaths, particularly Sophie, who remained firm despite intense interrogation (however, reports that she arrived at the trial with a broken leg from torture are false), and said to Freisler during the trial, "You know as well as we do that the war is lost. Why are you so cowardly that you won't admit it?" (Hanser, "A Noble Treason"). The Volksgerichtshof (German for Peoples Court) was a court established by Hitler after the Reichstag fire to handle those accused of political criminal offences, such as treason. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Treason (disambiguation) or Traitor (disambiguation). ... Judge Freisler Roland Freisler (October 30, 1893 – February 3, 1945) was a prominent and notorious Nazi German judge. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... This article is about the decapitation device. ...

Alexander Schmorell and Kurt Huber were beheaded on July 13, 1943, and Willi Graf on October 12, 1943. Friends and colleagues of the White Rose, who helped in the preparation and distribution of leaflets and in collecting money for the widow and young children of Probst, were sentenced to prison terms ranging from six months to ten years. is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Prior to their deaths, several members of the White Rose believed that their execution would stir university students and other anti-war citizens into a rallying activism against Hitler and the war. Accounts suggest, however, that university students continued their studies as usual, citizens mentioned nothing, many regarding the movement as anti-national. Their actions were mostly dismissed, until after the war when their efforts were eventually praised by the German consciousness. Anti war protest in Melbourne, Australia, 2003 Anti_war is a name that is widely adopted by any social movement or person that seeks to end or oppose a future or current war. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action or inaction to bring about social or political change. ...

Commemoration

Actress Julia Jentsch as Sophie Scholl on trial in Sophie Scholl: The Final Days

With the fall of Nazi Germany, the White Rose came to represent opposition to tyranny in the German psyche and was lauded for acting without interest in personal power or self-aggrandizement. Their story became so well-known that the composer Carl Orff claimed (though by some accounts [1], falsely) to his Allied interrogators that he was a founding member of the White Rose and was released. While he was personally acquainted with Huber, there is a lack of other evidence that Orff was involved in the movement. Image File history File links Sophiescholl_movie. ... Image File history File links Sophiescholl_movie. ... Carl Orff Carl Orff (July 10, 1895) – March 29, 1982) was a 20th-century German composer, most famous for Carmina Burana (1937). ...

The square where the central hall of Munich University is located has been named "Geschwister-Scholl-Platz" after Hans and Sophie Scholl; the square opposite to it, "Professor-Huber-Platz". Many schools, streets, and other places all over Germany are named in memory of the members of the White Rose. The subject of the White Rose has also received many artistic treatments, included an acclaimed opera by composer Udo Zimmermann. With approximately 48,000 students, the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München or LMU) is one of the largest universities in Germany. ...

In an extended German national TV competition held in the autumn of 2003 to choose "the ten greatest Germans of all time" (ZDF TV), Germans under the age of 40 catapulted Hans and Sophie Scholl of the White Rose to fourth place, selecting them over Bach, Goethe, Gutenberg, Willy Brandt, Bismarck, and Albert Einstein. Not long before, young women readers of the mass-circulation magazine "Brigitte" had voted Sophie Scholl to be "the greatest woman of the twentieth century". In music, the BACH motif is the sequence of notes B flat, A, C, B natural. ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (pronounced [gø tə]) (August 28, 1749–March 22, 1832) was a German writer, politician, humanist, scientist, and philosopher. ... This article is about the inventor of printing in Europe; for other uses, see Guttenberg (disambiguation) and Gutenberg. ... Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (December 18, 1913 - October 8, 1992), was a German politician, Chancellor of West Germany 1969 – 1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964 – 1987. ... Alternate meanings: See Bismarck (disambiguation). ... “Einstein” redirects here. ...

In February 2005, a movie about Sophie Scholl's last days, Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl: The Final Days), featuring actress Julia Jentsch as Sophie, was released. Drawing on interviews with survivors and transcripts that had remained hidden in East German archives until 1990, it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in January 2006. This article is about motion pictures. ... Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl - The Final Days) is a 2005 German film from director Marc Rothemund. ... Julia Jentsch (born February 20, 1978 in Berlin) is a German actress. ... Academy Award The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are the most prominent and most watched film awards ceremony in the world. ... As a Special Award 1947 Shoeshine (Sciuscià) (Italy) - Societa Co-operativa Alfa Cinematografica - Paolo William Tamburella producer - Vittorio De Sica director 1948 Monsieur Vincent (France) - E. D. I. C., Union Général Cinématographique - George de la Grandiere producer - Maurice Cloche director 1949 The Bicycle Thief (Ladri di biciclette...

Prior to the Oscar-nominated film, there had been three earlier film accounts of the White Rose resistance. The first is a little known film that was financed by the Bavarian state government entitled Das Verspechen (The Promise) and released in the 1970s. The film is not well known outside Germany and, to some extent, even within Germany. The film was particularly notable in that unlike most other films about the White Rose, it showed the White Rose from its inception and how it progressed. In 1982, Percy Adlon's Fünf letzte Tage (The Last Five Days) presented Lena Stolze as Sophie in her last days from the point of view of her cellmate Else Gebel. In the same year, Stolze repeated the role in Michael Verhoeven's Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose). // This is the year of film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, which will become the highest grossing movie for almost 15 years (until Titanic), earning double or triple against any major film of the 1980s. ... Percy Adlon, German Filmaker Percy Adlon (born June 1, 1935 in Munich, Germany) is a German Film - Television Director, Author and Producer. ... Lena Stolze (b. ... Michael Verhoeven (July 13, 1938 in Berlin) is a German film director. ... Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose) is a 1982 German movie about the resistance movement to the Nazi authorities led by a group of Catholic students in Munich in 1942-1943 whose members were caught and executed in February 1943, shortly after the German capitulation at Stalingrad. ...

Simultaneously with the U.S. release of the Oscar-nominated film in February, 2006, the book [Sophie Scholl and the White Rose] was published in English, a nonfiction account by Annette Dumbach and Dr. Jud Newborn, a University of Chicago-educated writer and lecturer who served as co-creator and Founding Historian of New York's Museum of Jewish Heritage - A Living Memorial to the Holocaust.

Definitive Account of the White Rose by Jud Newborn and Annette Dumbach, published in 2006, telling the full story behind the film, Sophie Scholl: The Final Days

Earlier, Newborn, working with the Project Director of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum on the Mall in Washington, D.C., had successfully advocated inclusion of the White Rose in that museum's permanent exhibition. Image File history File linksMetadata SophieScholl-WhiteRose-Cover-Newborn. ... Image File history File linksMetadata SophieScholl-WhiteRose-Cover-Newborn. ... Exterior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum viewed from 14th St. ...

Newborn's co-authored book, an extensively expanded and updated version of the original 1986 English edition, tells the full story behind the film, treating the White Rose in its entirety while setting the group's resistance in the broader context of German culture and politics and other forms of resistance during the Nazi era. Former German president Richard von Weizsäcker had contributed a special introduction to the book's earlier, German-language edition, which remains in print as of 2006. Studs Terkel contributed a brief but moving foreword to the new English version, which also contains historical photographs, a chart indicating where White Rose leaflets were distributed, and a picture of the original duplicating machine used by the White Rose, as well as an introduction that discusses how contradictory attitudes about the White Rose evolved in Germany from 1945 to the present. Much of this material had never been published before in book form. Among the book's appendices are all of the White Rose leaflets, including the pieced-together text of the planned seventh leaflet, drafted by Christoph Probst and discovered among the trove of previously lost Gestapo interrogation transcripts. Dr. Richard Freiherr von Weizsäcker â–¶ (help· info) (born April 15, 1920) is a German politician (CDU). ... Louis Studs Terkel (born May 16, 1912) is an American author, historian and broadcaster. ...

The book's introductory material also contains historic excerpts of statements made by Nobel Laureate Thomas Mann and other famous contemporaries describing their emotions when learning about the resistance of the White Rose, who represented the best of what Germans in exile had termed, gratefully, "the other Germany." For other persons named Thomas Mann, see Thomas Mann (disambiguation). ...

Lillian Garrett-Groag's play, The White Rose, premiered at the Old Globe Theatre in 1991. Lillian Garrett-Groag (birthdate unknown) is an American playwright, theatre director, and actor. ... The White Rose was written by Lillian Garrett-Groag and premiered in 1991 at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, Calif. ... aundrea loves chauncey ...

In Fatherland, an alternate history novel by Robert Harris, there is passing reference to the White Rose's still remaining active in Nazi-ruled Germany in 1964. Fatherland is a bestselling 1992 thriller novel by the English writer and journalist Robert Harris, which doubles as a work of alternate history. ... Alternate history (fiction) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Robert Harris is an English TV reporter and author, born in 1957 in the city of Nottingham. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ...

A Danish band is called "Die Weisse Rose".

The English band White Rose Movement takes its name from the group. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... White Rose Movement are a post-punk/electro band from London, England. ...

In 2003, a group of college students at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas established The White Rose Society dedicated to Holocaust remembrance and genocide awareness. Every April, the White Rose Society hands out 10,000 white roses on campus, representing the approximate number of people killed in a single day at Auschwitz. The date corresponds with Yom Hashoah, Holocaust Memorial Day. The group organizes performances of The Rose of Treason, a play about the White Rose, and has rights to show the movie Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl: The Final Days). The White Rose Society is affiliated with Hillel and the Anti-Defamation League. The University of Texas System comprises fifteen educational institutions in Texas, of which nine are general academic universities, and six are health institutions. ... Yom haShoah VeHagvura or Yom HaShoah (יום השואה yom ha-sho’āh, יום הזיכרון לשואה ולגבורה-Yom ha-zikaron la-Shoah vla-Gvura), or The Remembrance day of The Holocaust and the Heroism, takes place on the 27th day of Nisan, in the Hebrew calendar. ... Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl - The Final Days) is a 2005 German film from director Marc Rothemund. ... Hillel is a Hebrew name that has been held by many famous Jewish rabbis and thinkers. ... The Anti-Defamation League (or ADL) is an advocacy group founded by Bnai Brith in the United States whose stated aim is to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience and, if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. ...

A children's picture book published in 1985, illustrated by Roberto Innocenti with text by Ian McEwan, is called Rose Blanche. It tells the story of a German girl who secretly takes food to a nearby concentration camp before her town is overrun by allied forces.

Quotes

• Last words of Sophie Scholl: "…your heads will fall as well". There is, however, some dispute over whether Sophie or Hans actually said this; other sources claim that Sophie's final words were "God, you are my refuge into eternity." The film "Sofie Scholl, The Last Days" shows her last words as being "The sun still shines".

• Last words of Hans Scholl: "Es lebe die Freiheit!" (Long live freedom!).

• "We will not be silent. We are your bad conscience. The White Rose will not leave you in peace!" (Leaflet 4's concluding phrase, which became the motto of the White Rose resistance).

• "We will not be silent" has been put on t-shirts in many languages (among them Arabic, Spanish, French, Hebrew, and Farsi) in protest of the U.S. war in Iraq. This shirt, in the English-Arabic version, led, in 2006, to the Iraqi blogger Raed Jarrar's being prevented from boarding a Jet Blue airplane from New York to his home in San Francisco, until he changed his shirt. [2] has background information.

Raed Jarrar (Arabic: رائد جرار) is an Iraqi architect, blogger, and activist resident in the United States. ...

Notes

Further reading

• DeVita, James "The Silenced" HarperCollins, 2006. YA novel inspired by Sophie Scholl and The White Rose.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

White Rose

• Dumbach, Annette & Newborn, Jud. Sophie Scholl & The White Rose. First published as Shattering the German Night, 1986; this edition Oneworld Publications, 2006.
• Hornberger, Jacob G. "The White Rose: A Lesson in Dissent", Jewish Virtual Library.
• The White Rose: Information, links, discussion, etc.
• Wittenstein, George. Memories of the White Rose
• "The White Rose", The Holocaust History Project.
• "The White Rose", The Shoah Education Project.
• Sophie Scholl - The Final Days film website (in English)
• Sophie Scholl - Die letzten Tage film website (in German)
• "The White Rose Society", a student group based on the White Rose.
• http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2001/09/00_ginder_white-rose.htm