For the 1966 film adaptation, see Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a play by Edward Albee that opened on Broadway at the Billy Rose Theater on October 13, 1962. The original cast featured Uta Hagen as Martha, Arthur Hill as George, Melinda Dillon as Honey and George Grizzard as Nick. It was directed by Alan Schneider. Subsequent cast members included Henderson Forsythe, Eileen Fulton, and Mercedes McCambridge. Edward Albee, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1961 Edward Franklin Albee III (born March 12, 1928) is an American playwright known for works including Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, The Zoo Story, and The Sandbox. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a 1966 film adaptation of the play of the same name by Edward Albee. ... Edward Albee, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1961 Edward Franklin Albee III (born March 12, 1928) is an American playwright known for works including Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, The Zoo Story, and The Sandbox. ... The Lion King at the New Amsterdam Theatre, 2003 Broadway theatre[1] is the most prestigious form of professional theatre in the U.S., as well as the most well known to the general public and most lucrative for the performers, technicians and others involved in putting on the shows. ... Billy Rose (September 6, 1899 – February 10, 1966) was an American theatrical showman. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Uta Hagen with Paul Robeson in the Theatre Guild production of Othello, which ran on Broadway from 1943 to 1945. ... Arthur Hill (born August 1, 1922 in Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada) is an actor in British and American theater, movies and TV. He attended the University of British Columbia and continued his acting studies in Seattle, Washington. ... Melinda Dillon (born October 13, 1939 in Hope, Arkansas), is an American actress and comedienne. ... George Grizzard (b. ... Alan Schneider (?–1984) was a prolific director and mentor responsible for over 100 productions in the American theatre. ... Henderson Forsythe (born September 11, 1917 in Macon, Missouri) is an American actor. ... Eileen Fulton Eileen Fulton (born Margaret Elizabeth McLarty on September 13, 1933 in Asheville, North Carolina) is an American actress. ... Mercedes Agnes Carlotta McCambridge (March 16, 1916 – March 2, 2004) was an Academy Award-winning American actress. ...

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? won both the 1963 Tony Award for Best Play and the 1962-63 New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play. It was also selected for the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for Drama by that award's committee. However, the committee's selection was overruled by the award's advisory board, the trustees of Columbia University, because of the play's then-controversial use of profanity and sexual themes. A Tony Award for Best Play has been awarded since 1947. ... The New York Drama Critics Circle is comprised of nineteen drama critics from daily newspapers, magazines, and wire services based in the New York City metropolitan area. ... The Pulitzer Prize for Drama was first awarded in 1918. ... Columbia University is a private research university in the United States and a member of the prestigious Ivy League. ...

Overview

In the play, George and Martha invite a new professor and his wife to their house after a party. Martha is the daughter of the president of a university where George is a history professor. Nick (who is never addressed or introduced by name) is a biology professor who Martha thinks teaches math, and Honey is his mousy, brandy-abusing wife. Once at home, Martha and George continue drinking and engage in relentless, scathing verbal and sometimes physical abuse in front of Nick and Honey. Nick and Honey are simultaneously fascinated and embarrassed. They stay even though the abuse turns periodically towards them as well.

The play's title, which alludes to the novelist Virginia Woolf, is a parody of the song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" from Walt Disney's animated version of The Three Little Pigs. However, since obtaining the rights to use the music of this song would have been astronomically expensive, most stage versions, and the film, have Martha sing it to the tune of "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush," which fits the meter fairly well and is in the public domain. It is revealed in the first few moments of the play that Martha coined the phrase earlier in the evening, at a party. Martha and George repeatedly needle each other over whether either one of them found it funny. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Three Little Pigs is a fairy tale featuring talking animals. ... Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush is a British film made in 1967 based on the novel of the same name by Hunter Davies The film starred Barry Evans, Judy Geeson and Angela Scoular and was directed by Clive Donner. ...

The idea for the play's title came to Albee from a line of graffiti he saw scrawled on a mirror in the bathroom of a bar.

I was in there having a beer one night, and I saw "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" scrawled in soap, I suppose, on this mirror. When I started to write the play it cropped up in my mind again. And of course, who's afraid of Virginia Woolf means who's afraid of the big bad wolf . . . who's afraid of living life without false illusions. And it did strike me as being a rather typical, university intellectual joke.

— Edward Albee^[1]

In interviews, Albee has said that he asked Woolf's widower Leonard Woolf for permission to use her name in the title of the play. In another interview, Albee acknowledged that he based the characters of Martha and George on his good friends, New York socialities Willard Maas and Marie Menken. Maas was a professor of literature at Wagner College (one similarity between the character George and Willard) and his wife Marie was an experimental filmmaker and painter. Maas and Menken were known for their infamous salons, where drinking would "commence at 4pm on Friday and end in the wee hours of night on Monday" (according to Warhol associate and friend to Maas, Gerard Malanga). The primary conflict of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? derives from Maas and Menken's tempestous and volatile relationship. Leonard Woolf (November 25, 1880 – August 14, 1969) married Virginia Woolf in 1912. ... Willard Maas was an American experimental filmmaker. ... Marie Menken (1909-1970) was an experimental filmmaker, actress, painter, and New York socialite who appeared in several Andy Warhol films. ... Wagner College is a coeducational private liberal arts college located on Staten Island in New York City. ... Gerard Joseph Malanga (born March 20, 1943) is a North American poet, photographer, filmmaker, curator and archivist. ...

Because of the dark, unflattering glimpse of heterosexual married life, many critics at the time suggested the play was a thinly veiled portrait of two gay male couples. Albee (who himself is openly gay) has adamantly denied this, stating to a number of interviewers over the years, "If I'd wanted to write a play about two gay couples, I would have done so." Albee has refused permission to theater companies to cast all four roles with men, saying this would distort the play's meaning. Heterosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by esthetic attraction, romantic love or sexual desire exclusively for members of the opposite sex or gender, contrasted with homosexuality and distinguished from bisexuality and asexuality. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ...

There are many darker veins running through the play's dialogue which suggest that the border between fiction and reality is continually challenged. The play ends with Martha answering the titular question of who is afraid to live their life free of illusions with, "I am, George, I am." Implicitly, exposure is something everyone fears; facade (be it social or psychological), although damaging, provides a comfort.

Plot summary

The play involves the two couples playing "games," which are savage verbal attacks against one or two of the others at the party. These games are referred to with sarcastically alliterative names, "Humiliate the Host", "Get the Guests", and so on.

"Humiliate the Host"

Martha, in the first act, "Fun and Games", taunts George. She stresses his failures in an almost brutal fashion, even after George reacts violently:

Martha: ...In fact, he was sort of a ... a FLOP! A great...big...FLOP!

[CRASH! Immediately after FLOP! George breaks a bottle against the portable bar...]

George [almost crying]: I said stop, Martha.

Martha: I hope that was an empty bottle, George. You don't want to waste good liquor...not on your salary.

In act two, "Walpurgisnacht", Nick and George are alone. Nick talks about his wife and her hysterical pregnancy: Walpurgis Night (Valborgsmässoafton in Swedish, Vappu in Finnish, Volbriöö in Estonian, Valpurģu nakts or Valpurģi in Latvian, Walpurgisnacht in German) is a holiday celebrated on April 30, in Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Germany. ... False Pregnancy, also known as pseudocyesis, is a condition that mimics pregnancy. ...

George [to Nick]: While she was up, you married her.

Nick: And then she went down.

George tells Nick a story about a boy who accidentally shot and killed his mother. Later, this boy was driving in the countryside with his father, when the boy "with his learner's permit in his pocket...swerved the car, to avoid a porcupine, and drove straight into a large tree...when they told him that his father was dead...he was put in an asylum." This all occurs very early in the second act, but references to this story occur later in the play. Genera Family Erethizontidae Coendou Sphiggurus Erethizon Echinoprocta Chaetomys Family Hystricidae Atherurus Hystrix Thecurus Trichys This article is about the rodent mammal. ... A psychiatric hospital (also called, at various places and times, mental hospital or mental ward, historically often asylum, lunatic asylum, or madhouse), is a hospital specialising in the treatment of persons with mental illness. ...

Once the men are rejoined by their wives, Martha begins to describe a novel that George wrote recently: "A novel about a naughty boychild...who killed his mother and his father dead." Martha continues: "Georgie said...but Sir, it isn't a novel at all...this really happened...TO ME!" At this time, George and Martha begin to physically fight one another and George grabs Martha by the throat. In his stage direction, Albee suggests that Nick may be making a connection between the "novel" and the story George had told him earlier.

Nick [remembering something related]: Hey...wait a minute...

Is George the boy who "killed his mother and his father"? If so, was he lying to Nick about the asylum or is the "asylum" something metaphorical? Perhaps it is having ended up in the crazy house that he and Martha maintain? Is Martha lying about the novel, or is something else afoot? Or, perhaps, was George an observer or some sort to these events (for instance the father, making this all a metaphor for his and Martha's rather imaginary son)? The truth is not evident. This brutal event concludes the game of "Humiliate the Host."

"Get the Guests"

George is quick to retort in the next game, "Get the Guests." While Nick and George were talking earlier, Nick related the story of his and Honey's marriage. Honey, now thoroughly drunk, realizes that George's story about "the Mousie", who "tooted brandy immodestly and spent half of her time in the upchuck", is about her and her hysterical pregnancy. She feels as if she is about to be sick and runs to the bathroom.

At the end of this act, Martha starts to seduce Nick blatantly in front of George. George does not react and sits calmly, reading a book:

Martha: ...I said I was necking with one of the guests...

George: Yes, good...good for you. Which one?

Martha: Oh, I see what you're up to, you lousy little...

George: I'm up to page a hundred and...

At the end of the act, Honey comes out, hearing Martha and Nick brush against the doorchimes, wondering who rang. This gives George an idea, and leads into the next, crucial act of the play.

"Bringing Up Baby"

In the third act, Martha appears alone on the stage, speaking in soliloquy. Nick joins her after a while, recalling Honey in the bathroom winking at him. The doorbell rings: it is George, with a bunch of snapdragons in his hand, calling out, "Flores para los muertos" (flowers for the dead'fgggggggggggg', in a reference to A Streetcar Named Desire). Martha and George argue about whether the moon is up or down (possibly a Taming of the Shrew reference): George insists it is up while Martha says she saw no moon from the bedroom. George then goes on to say how once, when he was in the Mediterranean, the moon went down and came up again. Nick asks whether this incident occurred after George killed his parents: Soliloquy is an audible oratory or conversation with oneself. ... Species This list is currently incomplete Section Antirrhinum Antirrhinum australe Antirrhinum barrelieri Antirrhinum boissieri Antirrhinum braun-blanquetii Antirrhinum charidemi Antirrhinum graniticum Antirrhinum grosii Antirrhinum hispanicum Antirrhinum latifolium Antirrhinum lopesianum Antirrhinum majus Antirrhinum meonanthum Antirrhinum microphyllum Antirrhinum molle Antirrhinum onubensis Antirrhinum pertegasii Antirrhinum pulverulentum Antirrhinum rupestre Antirrhinum sempervirens Antirrhinum siculum Antirrhinum... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...

George [defiantly]: Maybe.

Martha: Yeah; maybe not, too.

...

George [to Nick]: Truth and illusion. Who knows the difference...?

George asks Nick to bring his wife back out for the final game, "Bringing Up Baby." George and Martha supposedly have a son, about whom George has repeatedly instructed Martha to keep quiet. George now begins to talk about this son - "Martha...climbing all over the poor bastard, trying to break the bathroom door down to wash him in the tub when he's sixteen." Then George prompts Martha for her "recitation", in which they describe their son's upbringing in an almost duet-like fashion:

Martha: It was an easy birth...

George: Oh, Martha; no. You laboured...how you laboured.

Martha: It was an easy birth...once it had been...accepted, relaxed into.

As this tale progresses, George begins to recite sections of the Dies Irae (part of the Requiem, the Latin mass for the dead), and in the end: For the Polish death metal band Dies Irae, see Dies Irae (band). ... The Requiem (from the Latin requiés, rest) or Requiem Mass (informally, the funeral Mass), also known formally (in Latin) as the Missa pro defunctis or Missa defunctorum, is a liturgical service of the Roman Catholic Church as well as the Anglican/ Episcopalian High Church and certain Lutheran Churches in... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...

George: Martha...our son is...dead.

[Silence.]

He was...killed...late in the afternoon...

[Silence.]

[A tiny chuckle] on a country road, with his learner's permit in his pocket, he swerved, to avoid a porcupine, and drove straight into a ...

Martha [rigid fury]: YOU...CAN'T...DO...THAT!

Supposing their son had been real, what had George done to prompt this response from Martha? The circumstances of their son's death were touched on earlier in the play in a different context.

George and Martha have created their son; he does not exist as George and Martha could not have children. George says that he "killed" their son because Martha broke their rule that she could not speak of their son to others. The play ends with George singing, "Who's afraid of Virginia Woolf?" to Martha, whereupon she replies, "I am, George... I am".

2004-2007 production

Starting in 2004 and continuing into 2005, there was a new Broadway production of the play. The production was directed by Anthony Page and starred Kathleen Turner as Martha and Bill Irwin as George. Irwin won the 2005 Tony award for Best Actor for his role. The production was transferred to London's West End with the entire original cast, and as of March 2006 was playing at the Apollo Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue. In January 2007, the Turner-Irwin production was performed at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., for a month-long run. On February 6, 2007, the production began a six-week run at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles. Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Lion King at the New Amsterdam Theatre, 2003 Broadway theatre[1] is the most prestigious form of professional theatre in the U.S., as well as the most well known to the general public and most lucrative for the performers, technicians and others involved in putting on the shows. ... Mary Kathleen Turner (born June 19, 1954) is an Academy Award nominated American actress. ... Bill Irwin (born April 11, 1950, Santa Monica, California as William Irwin) is an American actor and clown noted for his contribution to the renaissance of American circus during the 1970s. ... The Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play is awarded to the actor who was voted as the best actor in a play, whether a new production or a revival. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre in London, England, or sometimes more specifically for shows staged in the large theatres of Londons Theatreland. Along with New Yorks Broadway theatre, West End theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Entrance February 2005 This article is about the London theatre. ... Shaftesbury Avenue is a major London street, named after Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, that runs in a north-easterly direction from Piccadilly Circus to New Oxford Street, crossing Charing Cross Road at Cambridge Circus. ... is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Ahmanson Theatre The Ahmanson Theatre is one of the four main venues that comprise the Los Angeles Music Center. ...

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? went on tour in the US and played in San Francisco at the Golden Gate Theater from April 11 to May 12, 2007.

The play is performed in three acts, and is a little under three hours in duration (1 hour, 1 hour, 40 minutes, with two 10 minute intermissions).

Film

Main article: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)

A film adaptation of the play was released in 1966. It was directed by Mike Nichols and starred Elizabeth Taylor as Martha and Richard Burton as George. Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a 1966 film adaptation of the play of the same name by Edward Albee. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Mike Nichols (born Michael Igor Peschkowsky) is an Academy Award winning movie director of films such as The Graduate and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. He was born on November 6, 1931 in Berlin, to a Jewish Russian family. ... For other persons named Elizabeth Taylor, see Elizabeth Taylor (disambiguation). ... This article is about the 20th-century actor. ...

Notes

1. ^ Flanagan, William. (1966, Fall). "The Art of Theater No. 4: Edward Albee", The Paris Review, Issue 39

The 2006 print edition of the play differs from the standard 1962 edition. Several pages of the end of Act Two, "Walpurgisnacht" have been omitted. Most telling is the omission of the private conversation between George and Honey. // The Paris Review is an English-language literary magazine based in New York City. ...

These pages reduce the complexity of Nick and Honey's characters enormously. George and Honey are alone for a few minutes (or a few pages according to an older text). Honey has a break-down about her fear of having children. She screams: "I'm afraid; I don't want to be hurt....PLEASE!" At first George is compassionate but then George says, "How do you do it? Hunh: How do you make your secret little murders stud-boy doesn't know about, hunh? Pills? PILLS? You got a secret supply of pills? Or what? Apple jelly? WILL POWER?"

Without these pages we have little if any reason to believe that Honey is terrified of pregnancy and is possibly a serial abortionist.^{[citation needed]}

External links

• Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? at The Internet Broadway Database

Internet Broadway Database The Internet Broadway Database (IBDb) is an online database of Broadway theatre productions and their personnel. ...

Reviews

• Guardian review of London production 01/02/2006
• London Theatre Guide (London 2005)
• Anni Bruno (London 2005)

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