Apache wickiup, by Edward S. Curtis, 1903

A wigwam or wickiup is a domed single-room dwelling used by certain Native American tribes. The term wickiup is generally used to label these kinds of dwellings in American Southwest and West. Wigwam is usually applied to these structures in the American Northeast. The use of these terms by non-Native Americans is somewhat arbitrary and can refer to many distinct types of Native American structures regardless of location or cultural group including the tipi. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2500x1854, 2233 KB) Image information TITLE: Apache Wickiup CALL NUMBER: LOT 12310-A [item] [P&P] Check for an online group record (may link to related items) REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-101173 (b&w film copy neg. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2500x1854, 2233 KB) Image information TITLE: Apache Wickiup CALL NUMBER: LOT 12310-A [item] [P&P] Check for an online group record (may link to related items) REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-101173 (b&w film copy neg. ... Edward Sheriff Curtis (February 16, 1868 – October 19, 1952) was a photographer of the American West and of Native American peoples. ... Native Americans redirects here. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Regional definitions vary The Northeastern United States is a region of the United States defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. ... A tipi of the Nez Perce tribe, circa 1900. ...

Apache wickiup

Apache wickiup American Memory from the Library of Congress Apache Indian wick-i-up, Arizona / N. H. Rose. ... Apache wickiup American Memory from the Library of Congress Apache Indian wick-i-up, Arizona / N. H. Rose. ...

Structure

hiccup

The domed, round shelter is used by many different Native American cultures. The curved surfaces make it an ideal shelter for all kinds of conditions. It was as safe and warm as the best houses of early colonists. Download high resolution version (1024x834, 162 KB)Mono wickiup American Memory from the Library of Congress Mono home (The North American Indian; v. ... Download high resolution version (1024x834, 162 KB)Mono wickiup American Memory from the Library of Congress Mono home (The North American Indian; v. ...

Paiute wickiup

These structures are formed with a frame of arched poles, most often wooden, which are covered with some sort of roofing material. Details of construction varies with the culture and local availability of materials. Some of the roofing materials used include grass, brush, bark, rushes, mats, reeds, hides or cloth. Nu-nu-shi-unt, the dreamer American Memory from the Library of Congress Nu-nu-shi-unt, the dreamer / Photographed by Hillers. ... Nu-nu-shi-unt, the dreamer American Memory from the Library of Congress Nu-nu-shi-unt, the dreamer / Photographed by Hillers. ...

Wigwams of Northeast

Wigwams are most often seasonal structures although the term is applied to rounded and conical structures that are more permanent by Native American groups. Wigwams usually take longer to put up than tipis and their frames are usually not portable like a tipi.
A tipi of the Nez Perce tribe, circa 1900. ...

A typical wigwam in the Northeast has a curved surface which can hold up against the worst weather. The male of the family was responsible for the framing of the wigwam. Young green tree saplings, of just about any type of wood, about ten to fifteen feet long were cut down. These tree saplings were then bent by stretching the wood. While these saplings were being bent, a circle was drawn into the ground. The diameter of the circle varied from ten to sixteen feet. The bent saplings were then placed over the drawn circle, using the tallest saplings in the middle and the shorter ones on the outside. The saplings formed arches all in one direction on the circle. The next set of saplings was used to wrap around the wigwam to give the shelter support. When the two sets of saplings were finally tied together, the sides and roof were placed on it. The sides of the wigwam were usually bark stripped from trees.

Mary Rowlandson uses the term Wigwam in reference to the dwelling places of the Native Americans that she stayed with while in their captivity during King Philip's War in 1675. The term wigwam has remained in English usage as a synonym for any "Indian house". Historical marker in Princeton, Massachusetts commemorating Mary Rowlandsons release Mary White Rowlandson (1636 – January 5, 1711) was a colonial American woman, who wrote a vivid description of the nearly three months she spent living with Native Americans. ...

Wickiups of Southwest and West

The regional non-Native American term for a single room dome like dwellings is wickiup. A distinction is usually made between them and a tipi, a hogan or a kiva. There is a great deal of variation in size, shape and materials. A tipi of the Nez Perce tribe, circa 1900. ... many types of hogans any articles owned by family set in or by the house Navajo winter hogan A hogan or hoghan (pronounced IPA or , from Navajo hooghan, ) is the primary traditional home of the Navajo people. ... Reconstructed kiva at Bandelier National Monument. ...

Below is a description of Chiricahua wickiups recorded by anthropologist Morris Opler: Apachean tribes ca. ...

frame of Apache wickiup

"The home in which the family lives is made by the women and is ordinarily a circular, dome-shaped brush dwelling, with the floor at ground level. It is seven feet high at the center and approximately eight feet in diameter. To build it, long fresh poles of oak or willow are driven into the ground or placed in holes made with a digging stick. These poles, which form the framework, are arranged at one-foot intervals and are bound together at the top with yucca-leaf strands. Over them a thatching of bundles of big bluestem grass or bear grass is tied, shingle style, with yucca strings. A smoke hole opens above a central fireplace. A hide, suspended at the entrance, is fixed on a cross-beam so that it may be swung forward or backward. The doorway may face in any direction. For waterproofing, pieces of hide are thrown over the outer hatching, and in rainy weather, if a fire is not needed, even the smoke hole is covered. In warm, dry weather much of the outer roofing is stripped off. It takes approximately three days to erect a sturdy dwelling of this type. These houses are 'warm and comfortable, even though there is a big snow.' The interior is lined with brush and grass beds over which robes are spread...."   (Opler: 22-23)

"The woman not only makes the furnishings of the home but is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and repair of the dwelling itself and for the arrangement of everything in it. She provides the grass and brush beds and replaces them when they become too old and dry.... However, formerly 'they had no permanent homes, so they didn't bother with cleaning.' The dome-shaped dwelling or wickiup, the usual home type for all the Chiricahua bands, has already been described.... Said a Central Chiricahua informant:

Chiricahua medicine man in wickiup with family

Both the tepee and the oval-shaped house were used when I was a boy. The oval hut was covered with hide and was the best house. The more well-to-do had this kind. The tepee type was just made of brush. It had a place for a fire in the center. It was just thrown together. Both types were common even before my time....

"A house form that departs from the more common dome-shaped variety is recorded for the Southern Chiricahua as well:

...When we settled down, we used the wickiup; when we were moving around a great deal, we used this other kind..."   (Opler: 385-386)

ribs of Apache wickiup American Memory from the Library of Congress The ribs of an Apache wick-i-up / This is a print from the famous Rose Collection of old photographs, N. H. Rose photographer P. O. Box 463 - San Antonio, Texas. ... ribs of Apache wickiup American Memory from the Library of Congress The ribs of an Apache wick-i-up / This is a print from the famous Rose Collection of old photographs, N. H. Rose photographer P. O. Box 463 - San Antonio, Texas. ... Chiricahua medicine man American Memory from the Library of Congress Chiricahua medicine man / A. F. Randall, photographer, Willcox, A. T. Randall, A. F. CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1883 and 1888?] SUMMARY View of a Native American Apache camp, Arizona, shows a Chiricahua Apache medicine man with his family inside a brush... Chiricahua medicine man American Memory from the Library of Congress Chiricahua medicine man / A. F. Randall, photographer, Willcox, A. T. Randall, A. F. CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1883 and 1888?] SUMMARY View of a Native American Apache camp, Arizona, shows a Chiricahua Apache medicine man with his family inside a brush...

'Wigwam' in different Algonquian languages

Ute wickiup

These terms are possible Native American sources of the current terms (the Proto-Algonquian term was *wi·kiwa·Hmi)—
wigwam: Ute wickiup American Memory from the Library of Congress Ute indian abodes CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1880 and 1900?]. SUMMARY View of a man and a horse standing near Native American wickiups which are constructed of tree boughs in a tepee-like fashion. ... Ute wickiup American Memory from the Library of Congress Ute indian abodes CREATED/PUBLISHED [between 1880 and 1900?]. SUMMARY View of a man and a horse standing near Native American wickiups which are constructed of tree boughs in a tepee-like fashion. ... Proto-Algonquian (commonly abbreviated PA) is the name given to the posited proto-language of the languages of the Algonquian family. ...

• wiquoam literally 'their house' in Delaware (cf. n1: neek 'my house', n2: keek 'thy house', n3: week 'his house')
• wikuwam in Eastern Wabenaki (Maliseet)
• wigwôm in Western Wabenaki (Abenaki language)
• ȣichiȣam in the Nipmuc language
• wiigiwaam in the Anishinaabe languages; syncoped as wiigwaam
  • wiigiwaam in the Algonquin language can vary as miigiwaam (with the nX prefix m- instead of n3 prefix w-)
• mâhëö'o in the Cheyenne language (with the nX prefix m- instead of n3 prefix w- and without the possessive suffix -m)

wickiup (perhaps a variant of wikiwam without the possessive suffix -m combined with ap(i) "sit"): Lenape (also called Delaware) is a language in the Algonquian language family spoken by the Lenape people. ... The Maliseet (also known as Wolastoqiyik and Malecite and in French also as Malécites or Étchemins (the latter collectively referring to the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy)) are a Native American/First Nations people who inhabit the Saint John River valley and its tributaries, roughly overlapping the International Boundary between New... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Abenakis. ... The Anishinaabe language or the Ojibwe group of languages or Anishinaabemowin in Eastern Ojibwe syllabics) is the third most commonly spoken Native language in Canada (after Cree and Inuktitut), and the fourth most spoken in North America (behind Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut). ... Algonquin (or Algonkin) is an Algonquian language closely related to Ojibwe. ... The Cheyenne language (Tsėhesenėstsestotse or, in easier spelling, Tsisinstsistots) is a Native American language spoken in present-day Montana and Oklahoma, USA. It is part of the Algonquian language family. ...

• wiikiyaapi in Fox
• wekeab in Saki
• wikiop in Menominee
• mekewāp in Cree (with the nX prefix m- instead of n3 prefix w-)
• mīciwāhp in Montagnais (with the nX prefix m- instead of n3 prefix w-)

Fox (known by a variety of different names, including Mesquakie, Meskwaki, Mesquakie-Sauk, Mesquakie-Sauk-Kickapoo, Sac and Fox, and others) is an Algonquian Indian language, spoken by around 1000 Fox, Sauk, and Kickapoo in various locations in the Midwestern United States. ... The Menominee language is an Algonquian language spoken on the Menominee (Menomini) Nation lands in Northern Wisconsin in the United States. ... Cree is the name for a group of closely-related Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 50,000 speakers across Canada, from Alberta to Labrador. ... Innu flag Innu communities of Québec and Labrador The Innu are the indigenous inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan, which comprises most of what Canadians refer to as eastern Québec and Labrador, Canada. ...

External links

frame of Crow wickiup in snow

• Chiricahua wickiup (picture)
• making of a wickiup (including pictures)
• drawing of a wickiup
• Native American homes
• Modern wigwam construction

old wickiup frame in snow - old Crow sweat lodge American Memory from the Library of Congress The old sweat teepee, a striking snow picture of an old frame wickieup [sic] / copyright 08, Throssel Throssel, Richard, d. ... old wickiup frame in snow - old Crow sweat lodge American Memory from the Library of Congress The old sweat teepee, a striking snow picture of an old frame wickieup [sic] / copyright 08, Throssel Throssel, Richard, d. ...

See also

• Tipi - another type of Native American dwelling.
• Sweat lodge - a ceremonial sauna that is often built in the wickiup style
• Hogan or hooghan in Navajo uses earth in its construction

A tipi of the Nez Perce tribe, circa 1900. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... many types of hogans any articles owned by family set in or by the house Navajo winter hogan A hogan or hoghan (pronounced IPA or , from Navajo hooghan, ) is the primary traditional home of the Navajo people. ... Reading Adahooniigii — The Navajo Language Monthly Navajo or Navaho (native name: Diné bizaad) is an Athabaskan language (of Na-Dené stock) spoken in the southwest United States by the Navajo people (Diné). It is geographically and linguistically one of the Southern Athabaskan languages (the majority of Athabaskan languages are spoken...

References

• Opler, Morris E. (1941). An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1965, New York: Cooper Square Publishers; 1965, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & 1994, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-8610-4).