He was assistant to Johannes Peter Müller and later curator of the Berlin Zoological Museum. In September 1842 he travelled to Mozambique via Angola. He returned to Berlin with an enormous collection of natural history specimens. He wrote Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique... in den Jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt (1852-82). He replaced Martin Lichtenstein as curator of the museum in 1858.
Wilhelm C.H. Peters was the assistant of the anatomist Johannes Müller, and later became director of the Berlin Zoological Museum.
With the enthusiastic support of Müller and the explorer Alexander von Humboldt, Peters undertook a natural history expedition to Mozambique, which was the crowning achievement of his career.
Peters' specialty was herpetology, to which he contributed the description of 122 new genera and 649 species from around the world, about 65% of which are still considered valid today.