The Rt Hon. William Ewart Gladstone

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In office
3 December 1868 – 17 February 1874 23 April 1880 – 9 June 1885 1 February 1886 – 20 July 1886 15 August 1892 – 2 March 1894
Preceded by	Benjamin Disraeli The Earl of Beaconsfield The Marquess of Salisbury The Marquess of Salisbury
Succeeded by	Benjamin Disraeli The Marquess of Salisbury The Marquess of Salisbury The Earl of Rosebery
Chancellor of the Exchequer
In office
December 28, 1852 – February 28, 1855 June 18, 1859 – June 26, 1866 August 11, 1873 – February 17, 1874 April 28, 1880 – December 16, 1882
Preceded by	Benjamin Disraeli Benjamin Disraeli Robert Lowe Stafford Northcote
Succeeded by	George Cornewall Lewis Benjamin Disraeli Stafford Northcote Hugh Childers
Born	29 December 1809 Liverpool
Died	19 May 1898 Hawarden Castle, Flintshire
Political party	Conservative and Liberal William Ewart Gladstone This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is in practice the most important political office in the UK. He acts as the head of Her Majestys Government and like other Prime Ministers in Westminster Systems is (along with his Cabinet) the de facto... December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 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The Most Honourable Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830–22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and Prime Minister. ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was an English statesman and literary figure. ... The Most Honourable Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830–22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and Prime Minister. ... The Most Honourable Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830–22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and Prime Minister. ... Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, KG, PC (7 May 1847–21 May 1929) was a British Liberal statesman and Prime Minister, also known as Archibald Primrose (1847-1851) and Lord Dalmeny (1851-1868). ... The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British cabinet minister responsible for all financial matters. ... December 28 is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 3 days remaining. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... 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Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was an English statesman and literary figure. ... The Rt Hon. ... Caricature from Punch, 1882 Hugh Culling Eardley Childers (June 25, 1827 - January 29, 1896) was a British and Australian Liberal statesman of the nineteenth century. ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Liverpool waterfront by night, as seen from the Wirral. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Hawarden Castle refers to both a ruined castle (Hawarden Old Castle) in Flintshire, Wales or also to the home of William Ewart Gladstone, a former prime minister. ... Flintshire (Welsh: ) is a principal area and county in north-east Wales. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative & Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), and the largest in terms of public membership. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ...

William Ewart Gladstone (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British Liberal Party statesman and Prime Minister (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894). He was a notable political reformer, known for his populist speeches, and was for many years the main political rival of Benjamin Disraeli. December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ... The term statesman is a respectful term used to refer to diplomats, politicians, and other notable figures of state. ... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is in practice the most important political office in the UK. He acts as the head of Her Majestys Government and like other Prime Ministers in Westminster Systems is (along with his Cabinet) the de facto... 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was an English statesman and literary figure. ...

Gladstone was famously at odds with Queen Victoria for much of his career. She once complained "He always addresses me as if I were a public meeting." Gladstone was known affectionately by his supporters as the "Grand Old Man" (Disraeli is said to have remarked that GOM should have stood for God's Only Mistake) or "The People's William." He is still regarded as one of the greatest British prime ministers, with Winston Churchill and others citing Gladstone as their inspiration. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India from 1 January 1877, until her death in 1901. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

Early life

Born in Liverpool at 62 Rodney Street in 1809, William Ewart Gladstone was the fourth son of the merchant Sir John Gladstones and his second wife, Anne MacKenzie Robertson. The final "s" was later dropped from the family surname. Although Gladstone was born and brought up in Liverpool, and always retained a slight Lancashire accent, he was of Scottish descent on both his mother's and his father's side of the family. Gladstone was educated at Eton College, and in 1828 matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford where he took Classics and Mathematics, the latter of which he had no great interest in, in order to obtain a double first class degree. In December 1831 he sat his final examinations and learnt on the same day that he had indeed achieved his desired double first. Gladstone was a President of the Oxford Union debating society where he developed a reputation as a fine orator, a reputation that followed him into the House of Commons. At university Gladstone was a Tory and denounced Whig proposals for parliamentary reform. Liverpool waterfront by night, as seen from the Wirral. ... Rodney Street in Liverpool, Merseyside is noted for the number of doctors and its Georgian architecture. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet (December 11, 1764 – December 7, 1851), was a Scottish merchant, Member of Parliament, and the father of the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone. ... Lancashire is a county in North West England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen of the UK Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by... The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor, commonly known as Eton College or just Eton, is a prestigious and internationally known Public School for boys. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The matriculation ceremony at Oxford Matriculation refers to the formal process of entering a university, or of becoming eligible to enter by acquiring the required prior qualifications. ... College name Christ Church Named after Jesus Christ Established 1546 Sister College Trinity College Dean The Very Revd Christopher Andrew Lewis JCR President William Dorsey Undergraduates 426 MCR or GCR President {{{MCR President}}} Graduates 154 Home page Boat Club Christ Church (Latin: Ædes Christi, the temple or house of Christ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Classics, particularly within the Western University tradition, when used as a singular noun, means the study of the language, literature, history, art, and other aspects of Greek and Roman culture during the time frame known as classical antiquity. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, known today as the father of geometry; shown here in a detail of The School of Athens by Raphael. ... The British undergraduate degree classification system is a grading scheme for undergraduate degrees (bachelors degrees and some masters degrees) in the United Kingdom. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Oxford Union The Oxford Union Society, commonly referred to simply as the Oxford Union, is a private debating society in the city of Oxford, whose membership is drawn primarily but not exclusively from the University of Oxford. ... The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... While the Whigs (along with the Tories) are often described as one of the two political parties in late 17th to mid 19th century Great Britain, it is more accurate to describe them as loose political groupings or tendencies. ...

Gladstone in the 1830s.

He was first elected to Parliament in 1832 as Conservative MP for Newark. Initially he was a disciple of High Toryism, opposing the abolition of slavery and factory legislation. In 1838 he published a book, The State in its Relations with the Church, which argued that the goal of the state should be to promote and defend the interests of the Church of England. In 1839, he married Catherine Glynne, to whom he remained married until his death 59 years later. ImageMetadata File history File links Gladstone_1830s_WH_Mote_ILN.jpg Summary William Gladstone in the 1830s. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Gladstone_1830s_WH_Mote_ILN.jpg Summary William Gladstone in the 1830s. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative & Unionist Party) is currently the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), and the largest in terms of public membership. ... Newark (also Newark-on-Trent) is a town in Nottinghamshire, located on the River Trent. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1840, Gladstone began his personal efforts to rescue and rehabilitate London prostitutes, walking the streets of London and speaking to women in an attempt to encourage them to change their ways. He continued this practice even when he was Prime Minister decades later. 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Prostitution is the sale of sexual services (typically manual stimulation, oral sex, sexual intercourse, or anal sex) for cash or other kind of return, generally indiscriminately with many persons. ...

Minister under Peel

Gladstone was re-elected in 1841. In September 1842 he lost the forefinger of his left hand in an accident while reloading a gun; thereafter he wore a glove or finger sheath (stall). In the second ministry of Robert Peel he served as President of the Board of Trade (1843–44). He resigned in 1845 on a matter of conscience, namely the Maynooth Seminary issue. In order to improve relations with Irish Catholics, Peel's government proposed increasing the annual grant paid to the Seminary for training Catholic priests. Gladstone had previously written a book in which he had argued that a Protestant country should not pay money to other churches. Even though Gladstone supported the increase in the Maynooth grant and voted for it in the Commons he resigned rather than have opponents accuse him of compromising his principles in order to remain in office. After accepting Gladstone's resignation, Peel confessed to a friend, "I really have great difficulty sometimes in exactly comprehending what he means". 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The index finger or forefinger is the second finger of a human hand, located between the thumb and the middle finger. ... USS Iowa (BB-61) fires a full broadside of nine 16/50 and six 5/38 guns during a target exercise near Vieques Island, Puerto Rico, 1 July 1984. ... This article is about the British Prime Minister. ... The President of the Board of Trade the title of a cabinet position in the United Kingdom government. ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1844 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... St Patricks College, Maynooth is the National Seminary for Ireland, a college and seminary often called Maynooth College located at Maynooth, Ireland. ...

Gladstone returned to Peel's government as Colonial Secretary in December. The following year the government fell over Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws and Gladstone followed his leader into detachment from mainstream Conservatives. After Peel's death in 1850, Gladstone would emerge as the leader of the Peelites in the House of Commons. The Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was a British cabinet level position responsible for the army and the British colonies (other than India). ... The Corn Laws, in force between 1815 and 1846, were import tariffs ostensibly designed to protect British farmers and landowners against competition from cheap foreign grain imports. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Peelites were a breakaway faction of the British Conservative Party, and existed from 1846 to 1859. ...

As Chancellor he pushed to extend the free trade liberalisations in the 1840s and worked to reduce public expenditure. He also took his moral and religious ideals into politics in what was to become known as "Gladstonian Liberalism". He was re-elected for the University of Oxford in 1847 and became a constant critic of Lord Palmerston. Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... A moral is a one sentence remark made at the end of many childrens stories that expresses the intended meaning, or the moral message, of the tale. ... Religious is a term with both a technical definition and folk use. ... Gladstonian Liberalism is a political doctrine named after the British Victorian Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Party, William Ewart Gladstone. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Right Honourable Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (October 20, 1784 - October 18, 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid 19th century. ...

In 1848 he also founded the Church Penitentiary Association for the Reclamation of Fallen Women. In May 1849 he began his most active "rescue work" with "fallen women" and met prostitutes late at night either on the street, in his house or in their houses. He wrote their names in his notebook. He aided the House of Mercy at Clewer, near Windsor (which exercised extreme in-house discipline) and spent much time arranging employment for ex-prostitutes. There is no evidence he ever actually used their services, and his wife supported these activities. In 1927, during a court case over claims in a book that he had improper relationships with some of these women, the jury unanimously found that the evidence "completely vindicated the high moral character of the late Mr W.E. Gladstone." Gladstone did, from 1849 until 1859, mark in his diary a character resembling a whip. It is believed that this means he felt tempted, either by the prostitutes he helped or by "marginally salacious material" (as Roy Jenkins described it) and used self-flagellation as a means of repentance. This practice was also followed at the time by Cardinal Newman and Edward Pusey. 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Windsor (IPA: usually , but also ) is a suburban town and tourist destination in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, South East England. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... Roy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead, OM, PC (November 11, 1920 – January 5, 2003) was a British politician and a prominent Labour Member of Parliament in the 1960s and 1970s, and founding member of the Social Democratic Party (SDP). ... Whipping on a post Flagellation is the act of whipping (Latin flagellum, whip) the human body. ... John Henry Newman John Henry Newman (February 21, 1801—August 11, 1890), English cardinal, was born in London, the eldest son of John Newman, banker, of the firm of Ramsbottom, Newman and Co. ... Edward Bouverie Pusey (August 22, 1800 - September 16, 1882), was an English churchman, one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement. ...

Chancellor of the Exchequer

A contemplative Gladstone

During his visit to Naples in 1850 he began to support Neapolitan opponents of the Bourbon rulers. In 1852, when Lord Aberdeen became premier, at the head of a coalition of Whigs and Peelites, Gladstone became Chancellor of the Exchequer till 1855 and unsuccessfully tried to abolish the income tax. Instead he ended up raising it because of the Crimean War. Lord Stanley became Prime Minister in 1858 but Gladstone declined a position in his government because he did not want to work with Benjamin Disraeli, then Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons. Lord Palmerston formed a new mixed government with Radicals added in 1859 and Gladstone joined again as Chancellor of the Exchequer, left the Conservatives and joined the newly formed Liberal Party. Image File history File links William_Ewart_Gladstone_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103. ... Image File history File links William_Ewart_Gladstone_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13103. ... Country Italy Region Campania Province Naples (NA) Mayor Rosa Russo Jervolino Elevation 17 m Area 117 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 1,000,470  - Density 8,457/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Napoletani Dialing code 081 Postal code 80100 Patron Saint Januarius  - Day September... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was the new name that the Bourbon King Ferdinand IV of Naples bestowed upon his domain (including Southern Italy and the island of Sicily) after the end of the Napoleonic Era and the full restoration of his power in 1816. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Right Honourable George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, PC (January 28, 1784–December 14, 1860) was a Tory/Peelite politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1852 until 1855. ... While the Whigs (along with the Tories) are often described as one of the two political parties in late 17th to mid 19th century Great Britain, it is more accurate to describe them as loose political groupings or tendencies. ... The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British cabinet minister responsible for all financial matters. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... An income tax is a tax levied on the financial income of persons, corporations or other legal entities. ... Combatants United Kingdom France Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Casualties 17,500 British 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 2,050 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease 256,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War lasted from 1854 until 1 April 1856 and was... Arms of Edward Smith-Stanley Statue in Parliament Square, London Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, KG, PC (29 March 1799–23 October 1869) was a British statesman, three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and is to date the longest serving leader of the Conservative... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was an English statesman and literary figure. ... The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons. ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British cabinet minister responsible for all financial matters. ... This article is about the historic Liberal Party. ...

In his Budget for 1860 it was generally assumed that he would use the surplus £5 million to abolish the income tax as he had promised in 1853 that he would abolish it before the decade was out. Instead Gladstone proposed to increase it and use the revenue raised to abolish duties on paper. This abolition of paper duties was controversial because they prevented the spread of radical working-class literature by making paper artificially expensive. The Prime Minister was opposed to their abolition but the majority of the Cabinet supported Gladstone. Palmerston wished to keep the income tax and paper duties to spend more money on armaments. The Bill to abolish duties on paper narrowly passed the Commons but was rejected by the House of Lords. A money bill had not been rejected by the Lords for over two hundred years and so this caused a furore. Gladstone's Budget for the next year included the abolition of paper duties in a Finance Bill in order to force the Lords to accept it—which they did. In economics, a duty is a kind of tax, often associated with customs, a payment due to the revenue of a state, levied by force of law. ... A money bill is a bill that solely concerns taxation or government spending, as opposed to changes in public law. ...

Also, Gladstone was able to steadily reduce the income tax. In 1861 it was reduced to ninepence, in 1863 to sevenpence, in 1864 to fivepence and in 1865 to fourpence.^[1] Gladstone believed that government was extravagant and wasteful with taxpayers' money and so sought to let money "fructify in the pockets of the people" by keeping taxation levels down through "peace and retrenchment". To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ...

When Gladstone first joined Palmerston's government in 1859 he was opposed to further electoral reform but he moved to the Left during Palmerston's last premiership and by 1865 he was firmly in favour of enfranchising the working-classes in towns. This created friction with Palmerston, who was strongly opposed to this, and at the beginning of each session Gladstone would come to Cabinet impassioned with ideas on what policies the government should implement. Palmerston would fixedly stare at the paper before him until there was a lull in Gladstone's speech, when he would then rap the table with his knuckles and say cheerfully: "Now, my Lords and gentlemen, let us go to business".^[2] A parliamentary session is a period of time where the legislature in a parliamentary government is sitting. ...

As Chancellor, he made a controversial speech at Newcastle on 7 October 1862 in which he supported the independence of the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War and claimed that Jefferson Davis had a "made a nation". Great Britain was officially neutral at the time, and Gladstone later regretted giving the speech. In May 1864 Gladstone made a speech in the Commons arguing that he saw no reason in principle why all men, unless they were mentally incapacitated, could not be enfranchised but that this would only come about when the working-classes themselves began to show more interest in gaining the vote. Queen Victoria was not pleased and Palmerston was outraged and thought Gladstone's speech was seditious incitment to agitatation. This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ... Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (April 3–April 10, 1865) Largest city New Orleans... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert Edward Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was an American statesman and advocate for American slavery and, until he became President of the Confederate States of America, for States Rights. ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India from 1 January 1877, until her death in 1901. ... Sedition is a deprecated term of law to refer to covert conduct such as speech and organization that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order. ...

Gladstone's support for electoral reform and disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Ireland had alienated him from his constituents in his Oxford University seat and he lost it in the 1865 general election. However a month after this he was able to stand as a candidate in South Lancashire, where he was elected MP but came third (South Lancashire at this time elected three MPs). Palmerston had campaigned for Gladstone in his Oxford seat because he believed that his constituents would keep him "partially muzzled". When Gladstone addressed the constituency he said: "At last, my friends, I am come among you; and I am come, to use an expression which has become very famous, and is not likely to be forgotten. I am come unmuzzled". The University of Oxford (often called Oxford University), located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... The 1865 UK general election saw the Liberals, led by Lord Palmerston, increase their large majority over the Earl of Derbys Conservatives. ...

In 1858 Gladstone took up the hobby of tree felling, mostly of oak trees, which he continued with enthusiasm until 1891 at the age of 81. He became notorious for this activity which prompted Lord Randolph Churchill to comment "The forest laments, in order that Mr. Gladstone may perspire." Less remarked upon at the time was his practice of planting new trees. Gladstone was also a lifelong bibliophile. 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus, and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ... 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill (13 February 1849 – 24 January 1895) was a British statesman. ... Bibliophilia is the love of books; a bibliophile is a lover of books. ...

First ministry, 1868–1874

Lord Russell retired in 1867 and Gladstone became a leader of the Liberal party. In the next general election in 1868 he was defeated in Lancashire but was elected as MP for Greenwich, it being quite common then for candidates to stand in two constituencies simultaneously. He became Prime Minister for the first time, and remained in the office until 1874. 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The 1868 UK general election was the first after passage of the Reform Act 1867, which enfranchised all male householders, thus greatly increasing the number of men who could vote in elections in the United Kingdom. ... Greenwich (pronounced grenn-itch , or by the locals) is a town, now part of the south eastern urban sprawl of London, on the south bank of the River Thames in the London Borough of Greenwich. ... A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures, goals or loyalty. ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Gladstonian Liberalism was characterised, in the 1860s and 1870s, by a number of policies intended to improve individual liberty and loosen political and economic restraints. First was the minimization of public expenditure, on the basis that the economy and society were best helped by allowing people to spend as they saw fit. Secondly, a foreign policy aimed at promoting peace helped reduce expenditure and taxation as well as help trade. Thirdly, there was the reform of government institutions or laws that prevented people from acting freely to improve themselves.

Gladstone's first premiership instituted reforms in the British Army, Civil Service and local government to cut restrictions on individual advancement. He instituted the abolition of the sale of commissions in the army and court reorganization. In foreign affairs his over-riding aim was peace and understanding, characterized by his settlement of the Alabama Claims in 1872 in favour of the Americans. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... A civil servant or public servant is a civilian career public sector employee working for a government department or agency. ... Through most of the history of the British Army it was common practice for officers to purchase their rank. ... During the American Civil War, Confederate States of America raiders (the most famous being the CSS Alabama) were built in Britain and did significant damage to Union naval forces. ... 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

He transformed the Liberal party during his first premiership (following the enlarged electorate created by Disraeli's Reform Act of 1867). The 1867 Act gave the vote to every male adult householder living in a borough constituency. Male lodgers paying £10 for unfurnished rooms also received the vote. This gave the vote to about 1,500,000 men. The Reform Act also changed the electoral map; constituencies and boroughs with less than 10,000 inhabitants lost one of their MPs. The forty-five seats left available through the re-organization were distributed by: The Reform Act 1867 (also known as the Second Reform Act) was a piece of British legislation that greatly increased the number of men who could vote in elections in the UK. In its final form, the Reform Act 1867 enfranchised all male householders and abolished compounding (the practice of... 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

1. giving fifteen to towns which had never had an MP;
2. giving one extra seat to some larger towns — Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham and Leeds;
3. creating a seat for the University of London;
4. giving twenty-five seats to counties whose population had increased since 1832.

The issue of disestablishment of the Church of Ireland was used by Gladstone to unite the Liberal Party for government in 1868. The Act was passed in 1869 and meant that Irish Catholics did not need to pay their tithes to the Anglican Church of Ireland. He also instituted Cardwell's Army reform that made peacetime flogging illegal in 1869, and the Irish Land Act and Forster's Education Act in 1870. In 1871 he instituted the University Test Act. In 1872, he secured passage of the Ballot Act for secret voting ballots. In 1873, his leadership led to the passage of laws restructuring the High Courts. The City of Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in the North of England, historically notable for its central role in the Industrial Revolution. ... The city from above Centenary Square. ... Statistics Population: 443,247 Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: SE297338 Administration Metropolitan borough: City of Leeds Metropolitan county: West Yorkshire Region: Yorkshire and the Humber Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: West Yorkshire Historic county: Yorkshire (West Riding) Services Police force: West Yorkshire Police Ambulance service... The University of London is a federation of colleges and institutes which together constitute one of the worlds largest universities. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Church of Ireland The Church of Ireland (Irish: Eaglais na hÉireann) is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ... A tithe (from Old English teogotha tenth) is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a voluntary contribution or as a tax or levy, usually to support a Jewish or Christian religious organization. ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... Church of Ireland The Church of Ireland (Irish: Eaglais na hÉireann) is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ... Whipping on a post Flagellation is the act of whipping (Latin flagellum, whip) the human body. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... The Irish Question British Prime Minister William Gladstone had taken up the Irish Question in part to win the general election of 1868 by uniting the Liberal Party behind this single issue. ... Elementary Education Act 1870 commonly known as Forsters Education Act established guidelines which, on paper, granted the right to schooling to any male between the ages of 5 and 13. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The University Tests Act of 1871 abolished the communion Tests and allowed non-conformists to take up fellowships at the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham. ... 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... The Ballot Act 1872 required British Parlamentary elections use the secret ballot. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Out of Office and the Midlothian Campaign

In 1874, the Liberals lost the election. After the success of Benjamin Disraeli, Gladstone temporarily retired from the political scene and the leadership of the Liberal party, although he retained his seat in the House. In 1876 he published a pamphlet, Bulgarian Horrors and the Questions of the East where he attacked the Disraeli government for its indifference to the violent repression of the Bulgarian rebellion in Ottoman Empire (Known as the Bulgarian April uprising). A well-known excerpt illustrates his formidable rhetorical powers: 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was an English statesman and literary figure. ... 1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... now. ... The April Uprising ( Априлско въстание), was an insurrection organised by the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire from April to May, 1876, the indirect result of which was the liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. ...

"Let the Turks now carry away their abuses, in the only possible manner, namely, by carrying off themselves. Their Zaptiehs and their Mudirs, their Bimbashis and Yuzbachis, their Kaimakans and their Pashas, one and all, bag and baggage, shall, I hope, clear out from the province that they have desolated and profaned. This thorough riddance, this most blessed deliverance, is the only reparation we can make to those heaps and heaps of dead, the violated purity alike of matron and of maiden and of child; to the civilization which has been affronted and shamed; to the laws of God, or, if you like, of Allah; to the moral sense of mankind at large. There is not a criminal in an European jail, there is not a criminal in the South Sea Islands, whose indignation would not rise and over-boil at the recital of that which has been done, which has too late been examined, but which remains unavenged, which has left behind all the foul and all the fierce passions which produced it and which may again spring up in another murderous harvest from the soil soaked and reeking with blood and in the air tainted with every imaginable deed of crime and shame. That such things should be done once is a damning disgrace to the portion of our race which did them; that the door should be left open to the ever so barely possible repetition would spread that shame over the world."

During his rousing election campaign (the so-called Midlothian campaign) in 1879, he spoke against Disraeli's foreign policies during the ongoing Second Anglo-Afghan War in Afghanistan. (See Great Game). He saw the war as "great dishonour," and also criticised British conduct in the Zulu War. Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paşa; originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning king or from Turkish bash head, chief [1]) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... Allāh is the Arabic language word referring to God, the Lord and, literally according to the Quran, to the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the Abrahamic religions. ... Carving from the ridgepole of a Māori house, ca 1840 Look up Polynesia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Midlothian campaign was a series of foreign policy speeches given by William Gladstone. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... // The Rise of Dost Mohammad It was not until 1826 that the energetic Dost Mohammad was able to exert sufficient control over his brothers to take over the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself amir. ... The Great Game is a term, usually attributed to Arthur Connolly, used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Tsarist Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia. ... The Battle of Rorkes Drift The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between Britain and the Zulus, and signalled the end of the Zulus as an independent nation. ...

Second ministry, 1880–1885

William Gladstone by Phil May.

In 1880 the Liberals won again, and the new Liberal leader Lord Hartington retired in Gladstone's favour. Gladstone won his constituency election in Midlothian and also in Leeds, where he had also been adopted as a candidate. As he could lawfully only serve as MP for one constituency, Leeds was passed to his son Herbert. One of his other sons, Henry, was also elected as an MP. Image File history File links PhilMayGladstoneCartoon. ... Image File history File links PhilMayGladstoneCartoon. ... Phil May (22 April 1864 - 5 August 1903) was an English caricaturist. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire (29 June 1833 - 19 October 1908) was a British politician, previously known (1858-1891) as Marquess of Hartington. ... Statistics Population: 443,247 Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: SE297338 Administration Metropolitan borough: City of Leeds Metropolitan county: West Yorkshire Region: Yorkshire and the Humber Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: West Yorkshire Historic county: Yorkshire (West Riding) Services Police force: West Yorkshire Police Ambulance service... Herbert John Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone, GCB, GCMG, GBE (February 18, 1854 - March 6, 1930) was a British Liberal politician and statesman. ...

Queen Victoria asked Lord Hartington to form a ministry but he persuaded her to send for Gladstone. His second administration — both as PM and again as Chancellor of the Exchequer till 1882 — lasted from June 1880 to June 1885. Gladstone had opposed himself to the "colonial lobby" pushing for the scramble for Africa. He thus saw the end of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, First Boer War and the war against the Mahdi in Sudan. Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire (29 June 1833 - 19 October 1908) was a British politician, previously known (1858-1891) as Marquess of Hartington. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... See colony and colonisation for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism. ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ... The Rise of Dost Mohammad It was not until 1826 that the energetic Dost Mohammad was able to exert sufficient control over his brothers to take over the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself amir. ... The First Boer War also known as the Transvaal War, was fought from December 16, 1880 until March 23, 1881. ... Image:Mahdi3. ...

However, he couldn't respect his electoral promise to disengage from Egypt. June 1882 saw a riot in the Egyptian city of Alexandria with about 300 people being killed, as part of the Urabi Revolt. In Parliament there was an angry and retributive mood against Egypt and the Cabinet approved the bombardment of Urabi's gun emplacements by Admiral Sir Beauchamp Seymour and the subsequent landing of British troops to restore order to the city. Gladstone defended this in the Commons by exclaiming that Egypt was "in a state of military violence, without any law whatsoever".^[3] Alexandria Modern Alexandria, from Qaitbays Citadel Alexandria, sphinx made of pink granite, Ptolemaic. ... The Urabi Revolt was an uprising in Egypt in 1881-82 against the Khedive and European influence in the country. ...

In 1881 he also established the Irish Coercion Act, which permitted the Viceroy to detain people for as "long as was thought necessary". He also extended the franchise to agricultural labourers and others in the 1884 Reform Act, which gave the counties the same franchise as the boroughs—adult male householders and £10 lodgers—and added about six million to the total number who could vote in parliamentary elections. Parliamentary reform continued with the Redistribution of Seats Act 1884. 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ... In the United Kingdom, The Representation of the People Act of 1884 (48 Vict. ...

Gladstone was becoming increasingly uneasy about the direction British politics was moving. In a letter to Lord Acton in 11 February, 1885, Gladstone criticised Tory Democracy as "demagogism" to "put down pacific, law-respecting, economic elements which ennobled the old Conservatism" but "still, in secret, as obstinately attached as ever to the evil principle of class interests". He found contemporary Liberalism better, "but far from being good". Gladstone claimed that this Liberalism's "pet idea is what they call construction, that is to say, taking into the hands of the State the business of the individual man". Both Tory Democracy and this new Liberalism, Gladstone wrote, had done "much to estrange me, and have had for many, many years".^[4] John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton (January 10, 1834 - June 19, 1902), English historian, only son of Sir Richard Dalberg-Acton, 7th Baronet, and grandson of the Neapolitan admiral, Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet, was born at Naples. ... One Nation, One Nation Conservatism, or Tory Democracy is a term used in political debate in the United Kingdom and sometimes Canada to refer to the moderate wing of the Conservative Party, and the Red Tory wing of the original Progressive Conservative Party in Canada who like to describe themselves...

The fall of General Gordon in Khartoum, Sudan in 1885 was a major blow to Gladstone's popularity. Many believed Gladstone had neglected military affairs and had not acted promptly enough to save the besieged Gordon. Critics inverted his "G.O.M." nickname (for "Grand Old Man") to "M.O.G." (for "Murderer of Gordon"). Gladstone resigned as Prime Minister in 1885, and declined Victoria's offer of an Earldom. Chinese Gordon as Governor of Sudan Charles George Gordon, C.B. (28 January 1833 – 26 January 1885), known as Chinese Gordon, Gordon Pasha, and Gordon of Khartoum, was a British army officer and administrator. ... Map of Sudan with Khartoum Khartoum ( الخرطوم al-Ḫarṭūm Elephant Trunk) is the capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... An Earl or Jarl was an Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian title, meaning chieftain and it referred especially to chieftains set to rule a territory in a kings stead. ...

Third ministry, 1886

Gladstone speaking during a Commons debate on Irish Home Rule on 8 April 1886.

In 1886 Gladstone's party was allied with Irish Nationalists to defeat Lord Salisbury's government; Gladstone regained his position as PM and combined the office with that of Lord Privy Seal. During this administration he introduced his Home Rule Bill for Ireland for the first time. The issue split the Liberal Party and the bill was thrown out on the second reading. The result was the end of his government after a few months and another government headed by Lord Salisbury. ImageMetadata File history File links Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg Summary William Gladstone during a debate on Irish Home Rule in the House of Commons on 8 April 1886. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Gladstone_debate_on_Irish_Home_Rule_8th_April_1886_ILN.jpg Summary William Gladstone during a debate on Irish Home Rule in the House of Commons on 8 April 1886. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... The Most Honourable Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830–22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and Prime Minister. ... The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is one of the traditional sinecure offices in the British Cabinet. ... There were three Home Rule bills introduced in the British Parliament, intended to give Ireland more autonomy; all three were sponsored by William Gladstone of the Liberal Party. ...

Fourth ministry, 1892–1894

In 1892 Gladstone was re-elected Prime Minister for the fourth and final time. In February 1893 he re-introduced a Home Rule Bill. It provided for the formation of a parliament for Ireland, or in modern terminology, a regional assembly of the type Northern Ireland gained from the Good Friday Agreement. The Home Rule Bill did not offer Ireland independence, but that was not, in any case, the demand of the Irish Parliamentary Party. It was passed by the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords, on the grounds that it went too far. On March 1, 1894, in his last speech in the House of Commons, he asked his allies to override the veto of the House of Lords. He resigned two days later although he retained his seat in the Commons until 1895. Many years later, as Irish independence loomed, King George V exclaimed to a friend, "What fools we were not to pass Mr. Gladstone's bill when we had the chance!" 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... There were three Home Rule bills introduced in the British Parliament, intended to give Ireland more autonomy; all three were sponsored by William Gladstone of the Liberal Party. ... Motto: (French for God and my right)2 Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (De facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official language(s) English (De facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Office suspended... The Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement and, more rarely, as the Stormont Agreement) was signed in Belfast on April 10, 1998 by the British and Irish Governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties. ... In 1882 Charles Stewart Parnell, the leader of the Nationalist Party, formed the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), replacing the Home Rule League, as a parliamentary party with strict rules. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The word veto comes from Latin and literally means I forbid. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 - 20 January 1936) was the first British monarch belonging to the House of Windsor, as a result of his creating it from the British branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ...

Final years

Gladstone's grave in Westminster Abbey

In 1895, Gladstone bequeathed £40,000 and much of his library to found St Deiniol's Library, the only residential library in Britain. Despite being over 80, he carried most of the 23,000 books in a wheelbarrow the quarter of a mile to their new home. Image File history File linksMetadata Gladstonegrave. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Gladstonegrave. ... ISO 4217 Code GBP User(s) United Kingdom Inflation 2. ... St Deiniols Library (Welsh: Llyfrgell Deiniol Sant) is a library in Hawarden, Flintshire, Wales. ...

In 1896 he spoke in Liverpool, denouncing Armenian massacres by Ottomans. 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Gladstone died at Hawarden Castle, in 1898, aged 88, from cancer which had started behind the cheekbone and spread across his body. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. His coffin was transported on the London Underground. His wife was later laid to rest with him (see image at left). Hawarden Castle refers to both a ruined castle (Hawarden Old Castle) in Flintshire, Wales or also to the home of William Ewart Gladstone, a former prime minister. ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Abbeys western façade The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to as Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral, in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...