William Friedman.

William Frederick Friedman (September 24, 1891 – November 12, 1969) was a US Army cryptologist. He ran the research division of the Army's Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1930s, and its follow-on services into the 1950s. In the late 1930s, subordinates of his led by Frank Rowlett broke Japan's PURPLE cipher, thus disclosing Japanese diplomatic secrets in the World War II era. Download high resolution version (480x640, 229 KB)William Friedman. ... Download high resolution version (480x640, 229 KB)William Friedman. ... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós hidden, and the verb γράφω gráfo write or λεγειν legein to speak) is the study of message secrecy. ... The Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) was the United States Army codebreaking division, headquartered at Arlington Hall. ... The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... the first thing that was invented was the automatic DILDO. Education grew explosively because of a very strong demand for high school and college education. ... The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... Frank Rowlett. ... This article is about the color. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Early life

Friedman was born Wolfe Frederick Friedman in Kishinev, Bessarabia, the son of a postal worker who migrated to Pittsburgh in 1892. Three years later, his first name was changed to William. As a child, he was introduced to cryptography in the short story "The Gold-Bug" by Edgar Allan Poe.^[1] He studied at the Michigan Agricultural College (known today as Michigan State University) in East Lansing and received a scholarship to work on genetics at Cornell University. Meanwhile George Fabyan, who ran a private research laboratory to study any project that caught his fancy, decided to set up his own genetics project and was referred to Friedman. Friedman joined Fabyan's Riverbank Laboratories outside Chicago in September 1915. As head of the Department of Genetics, one of the projects he ran studied the effects of moonlight on crop growth, and so he experimented with the planting of wheat during various phases of the moon. Status Municipality Founded 1436 Area 635 km² Population (2004) 647,513 [1] - density 1,114 inh/km² - rank 1st Localities (total): 35 - cities 7 - communes 12 - unincorporated 16 Mayor Dorin Chirtoacă, since 2007 Council 51 members, since 2007 - Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova 16 - Liberal Party (Moldova... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian, Besarabya in Turkish) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ... “Pittsburgh” redirects here. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Gold-Bug is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, set on Sullivans Island, South Carolina. ... Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American poet, short story writer, playwright, editor, literary critic, essayist and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement. ... Michigan State University (MSU) is a co-educational public research university in East Lansing, Michigan USA. Founded in 1855, it was the pioneer land-grant institution and served as a model for future land-grant colleges in the United States under the 1862 Morrill Act. ... Location in Michigan Coordinates: , Country United States State Michigan County Ingham & Clinton Counties Incorporation 1907 Government  - Mayor Samir Singh Area  - City  11. ... This article is about the general scientific term. ... “Cornell” redirects here. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 606. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... This article is about Earths moon. ...

Initial work in cryptology

Another of Fabyan's pet projects was research into secret messages which Sir Francis Bacon had allegedly hidden in various texts during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. The research was carried out by Elizabeth Wells Gallup. She believed that she had discovered many such messages in the works of William Shakespeare, and convinced herself that Bacon had written many, if not all, of Shakespeare's works. Friedman had become something of an expert photographer while working on his other projects, and was asked to travel to England on several occasions to help Gallup photograph historical manuscripts during her research. He became fascinated with cryptology as he courted Elizebeth Smith, Mrs. Gallup's assistant and an accomplished cryptologist. They married, and he soon became director of Riverbank's Department of Codes and Ciphers as well as its Department of Genetics. During this time, Friedman authored a series of 23 papers on cryptology, known as the "Riverbank publications", included the first description of the index of coincidence, an important mathematical tool for breaking ciphers. For other persons named Francis Bacon, see Francis Bacon (disambiguation). ... This article is about Elizabeth I of England. ... James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary... Elizabeth Wells Gallup (1848, Paris, New York – 1934) was an American educator and exponent of the Baconian theory of Shakespearian authorship. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... In cryptography, coincidence counting is the technique (invented by William F. Friedman) of putting two texts side-by-side and counting the number of times that a letter appears next to itself in both copies. ...

With the entry of the United States into World War I, Fabyan offered the services of his Department of Codes and Ciphers to the government. No Federal department existed for this kind of work (although both the Army and Navy had had embryonic departments at various times), and soon Riverbank became the unofficial cryptographic center for the US Federal Government. During this period the Friedmans cracked a code used by German-funded Hindu radicals in the US who planned to ship arms to India to gain independence from Britain. Analysing the format of the messages, Riverbank realized that the code was based on a dictionary of some sort, a common cryptographic technique. The Friedmans soon managed to decrypt most of the messages, but only long after the case had come to trial did the book itself come to light: a German-English dictionary published in 1880. “The Great War ” redirects here. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Bust of Friedman on display at the National Cryptologic Museum, where he is identified as the "Dean of American Cryptology".

The United States government decided to set up its own cryptological service, and sent Army officers to Riverbank to train under Friedman. In support of this program, Friedman produced a series of technical monographs, completing seven by early 1918. He then enlisted in the Army and travelled to France to serve as the personal cryptologist for General John J. Pershing. He returned to the US in 1920 and published an eighth monograph, "The Index of Coincidence and its Applications in Cryptography," considered by some to be the most important publication in modern cryptology to that time. His texts for Army cryptologic training were well thought of and remained classified for several decades. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (975x1989, 390 KB) Summary Bust of w:William Friedman by Richard Nachman, on display at the w:National Cryptologic Museum in 2005. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (975x1989, 390 KB) Summary Bust of w:William Friedman by Richard Nachman, on display at the w:National Cryptologic Museum in 2005. ... The United States National Cryptologic Museum is museum of cryptography history, affiliated with the National Security Agency (NSA). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... John Joseph Black Jack Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... In cryptography, coincidence counting is the technique (invented by William F. Friedman) of putting two texts side-by-side and counting the number of times that a letter appears next to itself in both copies. ...

In 1921 he joined the government's American Black Chamber, where he was placed in charge of researching new cryptographic systems and ways to break them, and in 1922 he was promoted to head the Research and Development Division. After the dissolution of the Black Chamber in 1929, Friedman moved to the Army's Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) in a similar capacity. Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Black Chamber, otherwise known as MI-8, was Americas first peacetime cryptanalytic organization and a forerunner of the top-secret National Security Agency. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Friedman coined several terms, including "cryptanalysis", meaning the study and practice of breaking codes and ciphers, and wrote many monographs on cryptology for use within the SIS (and its descendants). Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, hidden, and analýein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ...

During this period Elizebeth Friedman continued her own work in cryptology, and became famous in a number of cases involving the Coast Guard and FBI during Prohibition. The following article is taken from the Hall of Honor from the National Cryptologic Museum [1]: Elizebeth Friedman Elizebeth Smith Friedman (1892–31 October 1980) was cryptanalyst and author, and a pioneer in U.S. cryptography. ... USCG HH-65 Dolphin USCG HH-60J JayHawk The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is at all times a branch of the United States armed forces a maritime law enforcement agency, and a federal regulatory body. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... The term Prohibition, also known as A Dry Law, refers to a law in a certain country by which the manufacture, transportation, import, export, and sale of alcoholic beverages is restricted or illegal. ...

Solution of cipher machines

Friedman with an AT&T cipher machine.

During the 1920s a series of new cipher machines gained popularity, based largely on attaching typewriter mechanics to basic electrical circuitry — batteries, switches and lights. An early example was the Hebern Rotor Machine, designed in the US in 1915 by Edward Hebern. This system offered such security and simplicity of use that Hebern heavily promoted it to investors, feeling that all companies would soon be using them. But his company went bankrupt when the war ended, and Hebern eventually landed in prison, convicted of stock manipulation. William Friedman in front of an AT&T cipher machine in 1919. ... William Friedman in front of an AT&T cipher machine in 1919. ... The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... Mechanical desktop typewriters, such as this Underwood Five, were long time standards of government agencies, newsrooms, and sales offices. ... A single-rotor Hebern machine. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Edward Hugh Hebern (April 23, 1869 – February 10, 1952) was an early inventor of rotor machines, devices for encryption. ...

Friedman realized that the new rotor machines would be important, and devoted some time to analysing Hebern's design. Over a period of years he developed principles of analysis and discovered a number of problems common to most rotor-machine designs. Examples of some dangerous features included having the rotors step one position with each keypress, and positioning the fast rotor (the one that turns with every keypress) at either end of the rotor series. In this case, by collecting enough ciphertext and applying a standard statistical method known as the kappa test, he showed that he could, albeit with great difficulty, crack any cipher generated by such a machine. In cryptography, a rotor machine is a electro-mechanical device used for encrypting and decrypting secret messages. ... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ...

Friedman used his understanding of rotor machines to develop several that remained immune to his own attacks. The best of the lot, the SIGABA — which was destined to become the US's highest-security cipher machine in World War II — was co-invented by Frank Rowlett, a young mathematician whom Friedman had hired. SIGABA In the history of cryptography, the ECM Mark II was a rotor machine used by the United States from World War II (WWII) until the 1950s. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Frank Rowlett. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ...

In 1939 the Japanese introduced a new cipher machine for their most sensitive diplomatic traffic, replacing an earlier system that SIS referred to as "RED." The new cipher, which SIS called "PURPLE," proved difficult to crack. The Navy's cryptological unit (OP-20-G) and the SIS thought it might relate to earlier Japanese cipher machines, and SIS set about attacking it. After several months trying to discover underlying patterns in PURPLE ciphertexts, an SIS team led by Friedman and Rowlett, in an extraordinary achievement, figured it out. PURPLE, unlike the German Enigma or the Hebern design, did not use rotors but stepper switches like those in automated telephone exchanges. Leo Rosen of SIS built a machine — as was later discovered, using the identical model of switch that the Japanese designer had chosen. This article is about the color. ... Frank Rowlett. ... In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... A single-rotor Hebern machine. ... A series of three rotors from an Enigma machine, used by Germany during World War II In cryptography, a rotor machine is an electro-mechanical device used for encrypting and decrypting secret messages. ... Electrical switches. ... A telephone operator manually connecting calls with patch cables at a telephone switchboard. ... Leo Rosen was a US cryptanalyst who worked with Frank Rowlett at Signals Intelligence Service (S.I.S.) before the start of World War II on Japanese ciphers. ...

Thus, by the end of 1940, SIS had constructed an exact analog of the PURPLE machine without ever having seen one. With the duplicate machines and an understanding of PURPLE, SIS could decrypt increasing amounts of Japanese traffic. One such intercept was the message to the Japanese Embassy in Washington, D.C., ordering an end (on December 7, 1941) to negotiations with the US. The message gave a clear indication of impending war, and was to have been delivered to the US State Department only hours prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see War (disambiguation). ... This article is about the actual attack. ...

In 1941 Friedman was hospitalized with a "nervous breakdown," generally attributed to the mental strain of his work on PURPLE. While he remained in hospital, a four-man team — Abraham Sinkov and Leo Rosen from SIS, and Lt. Prescott Currier and Lt. Robert Weeks from the U.S. Navy's OP-20-G — visited the British cryptological establishment at the "Government Code and Cypher School" in Bletchley Park. They gave the British a PURPLE machine, in exchange for details on the design of the Enigma machine and on how the British decrypted the Enigma cipher. For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Dr. Abraham Sinkov (1907-1998) was a US cryptanalyst. ... Leo Rosen was a US cryptanalyst who worked with Frank Rowlett at Signals Intelligence Service (S.I.S.) before the start of World War II on Japanese ciphers. ... Headline text OP-20-G The Navys codebreaking system was better than the Armys S.I.S. It began with a secret slush fund of $100,000 in 1918. ... The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) (previously named the Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS)) is the main British intelligence service providing signals intelligence (SIGINT). ... During World War II, codebreakers at Bletchley Park decrypted and interpreted messages from a large number of Axis code and cipher systems, including the German Enigma machine. ... For other uses, see Enigma. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...

After World War II

Following World War II, Friedman remained in government signals intelligence. In 1949 he became head of the code division of the newly-formed Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA) and in 1952 became chief cryptologist for the National Security Agency (NSA) when it was formed to take over from AFSA. Friedman produced a classic series of textbooks, "Military Cryptanalysis", used to train NSA students. (These were revised and extended, under the title "Military Cryptanalytics", by Friedman's assistant and successor Lambros D. Callimahos, and used to train many additional cryptanalysts.) “NSA” redirects here. ... Military Cryptanalysis is a book by William F. Friedman written as a cryptanalysis text for NSA cryptanalysts. ... Military Cryptanalytics (or MILCRYP as it is sometimes known) is a revision by Lambros D. Callimahos of the series of books written by William F. Friedman under the title Military Cryptanalysis. ... Lambros Demetrios Callimahos (December 16, 1910 – October 28, 1977) was a US Army cryptologist. ...

Friedman retired in 1956 and, with his wife, turned his attention to the problem that had originally brought them together: examining Bacon's codes. In 1957 they wrote The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined, demonstrating flaws in Gallup's work and in that of others who sought hidden ciphers in Shakespeare's work. Records that Friedman had used to prepare Six Lectures Concerning Cryptography and Cryptanalysis, which he delivered at NSA, were confiscated from his home by NSA security staff. His health began to fail in the late 1960s, and he died in 1969. Friedman's wife donated his archives to the George C. Marshall Library, which also was raided by NSA security. Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ...

Friedman has been inducted into the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame and has a building named after him and his wife, Elizebeth, at the NSA complex at Fort George G. Meade in Maryland. The Military Intelligence Hall of Fame is a Hall of Fame established by the Military Intelligence Corps of the U.S. Army to honor soldiers and civilians who have made exceptional contributions to Military Intelligence. ...

Friedman has the distinction of having one of the longest known suppressed patent applications for U.S. Patent 6,097,812  for a "cryptographic system" (Filed July 25, 1933, issued August 1, 2000). is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ...

References

1. ^ Rosenheim, Shawn James. The Cryptographic Imagination Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. p. 11

• Ronald W. Clark, The Man Who Broke Purple: the Life of Colonel William F. Friedman, Who Deciphered the Japanese Code in World War II, Little Brown & Co, 1977, ISBN 0-316-14595-5.
• James Gannon, Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century, Washington, D.C., Brassey's, 2001, especially chapter 6: Who Broke Purple? (pp. 94-106).
• Frank B. Rowlett, The Story of Magic: Memoirs of an American Cryptologic Pioneer, with Foreword and Epilogue by David Kahn, Laguna Hills, CA, Aegean Park Press, 1999.
• Reprints of Friedman's publications are available from Aegean Park Press

James Gannon is a freelance writer and producer of documentaries for NBC News. ... This article is about the color. ... Frank Rowlett. ... In World War II, Magic was the United States codename for intelligence derived from the cryptanalysis of PURPLE, a Japanese foreign office cipher. ... Cryptology is an umbrella term for cryptography and cryptanalysis. ... David Kahn is a US historian, journalist and writer. ...

External links

• NSA Hall of Honor page on Friedman
• Colonel William F. Friedman (the Godfather of Cryptology) by Robert A. Reeves
• Bibliography of works both on and by Friedman