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Western Philosophy 21st-century philosophy
Name	William Lane Craig
Birth	August 23, 1949 (1949-08-23) (age 58) Keokuk, Iowa
School/tradition	Christian philosophy
Main interests	Philosophy of religion, Natural theology, Philosophy of time
Notable ideas	Kalam cosmological argument
Influenced	J. P. Moreland, Francis Beckwith

William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American philosopher, theologian, New Testament historian, and Christian apologist. He is an author and lecturer on issues related to the philosophy of religion, the historical Jesus, the coherence of the Christian worldview, and natural theology. He is married with children, lives in Atlanta, Georgia, and is currently a Research Professor of Philosophy at Talbot School of Theology, Biola University in La Mirada, California. Western philosophy is a modern claim that there is a line of related philosophical thinking, beginning in ancient Greece (Greek philosophy) and the ancient Near East (the Abrahamic religions), that continues to this day. ... Living philosophers and academics of philosophy (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically: (For philosophers who have recently passed away, see the companion list: List of philosophers born in the twentieth century. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 381 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (385 × 605 pixel, file size: 108 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This photo was taken by my wife during a cruise. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Keokuk Iowa bottom, with the Mississippi River, its lock, dam, power plant, rail bridge and highway bridge. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... It is proposed that this article be deleted, because of the following concern: Filled with OR and completely unsourced. ... Philosophy of religion is the rational study of the meaning and justification ( or rebuttal) of fundamental religious claims, particularly about the nature and existence of God (or gods, or the divine). ... Natural theology is the knowledge of God accessible to all rational human beings without recourse to any special or supposedly supernatural revelation. ... The philosophy of time is a topic of philosophy that includes aspects of both epistemology and metaphysics. ... The Kalām cosmological argument is a version of the cosmological argument derived from the Islamic Kalam form of dialectical argument. ... James Porter Moreland (born 1948), commonly referred to as J.P. Moreland, is an American Christian apologist, theologian, and philosopher. ... Francis J. Beckwith is associate director of the J.M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies and associate professor of church-state studies at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. ... This article is about the Christian scriptures. ... For other uses, see Historian (disambiguation). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Christian apologetics is the... Philosophy of religion is the rational study of the meaning and justification ( or rebuttal) of fundamental religious claims, particularly about the nature and existence of God (or gods, or the divine). ... This article is about Jesus the man, using historical methods to reconstruct a biography of his life and times. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Natural theology is the knowledge of God accessible to all rational human beings without recourse to any special or supposedly supernatural revelation. ... This article is about the state capital of Georgia. ... Talbot School of Theology is a nondenominational, conservative evangelical Christian seminary located in Los Angeles. ... Biola University is a private evangelical Christian college, located in Southern California that is known for its conservative evangelical theology. ... La Mirada is a city located in Los Angeles County, California, United States. ... This article is about the U.S state. ...

Early life, education and career

Craig grew up in Keokuk, Iowa and was raised in a non-religious immediate family which included a father who was a railroad man and World War II veteran, his mother, a hard-working woman who held numerous jobs, an older sister and their younger brother, a nomadic figure who did not share his older brother's future passion for Christianity. Keokuk Iowa bottom, with the Mississippi River, its lock, dam, power plant, rail bridge and highway bridge. ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ... Topics in Christianity Preaching Prayer Ecumenism Relation to other religions Movements Music Liturgy Calendar Symbols Art Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ...

Craig became a Christian at the age of sixteen, and his vocation and academic studies have reflected his commitment to Christian beliefs within the evangelical tradition. In theological commitments he holds to a Middle Knowledge/Molinist view of the role of human will in conversion. He has had friendly connections with parachurch ministries such as Campus Crusade for Christ and InterVarsity Christian Fellowship. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Evangelicalism is a theological perspective in Protestant Christianity which identifies with the gospel. ... Molinism, named after 16th Century Jesuit theologian Luis de Molina, is a religious doctrine which attempts to reconcile the omniscience of God with human free will. ... Evangelicalism, in a strictly lexical, but rarely used sense, refers to all things that are implied in belief that Jesus is the savior. ... // Campus Crusade for Christ is an interdenominational Christian organization, focusing on evangelism and discipleship in over 190 countries around the world. ... InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, commonly referred to as InterVarsity, IVCF or simply IV, is an interdenominational, evangelical Christian ministry for college students. ...

In his early studies, Craig was influenced by the writings of Francis Schaeffer, Edward John Carnell, and Stuart Hackett, the latter of whom Craig studied under. Francis A. Schaeffer (30 January 1912 – 15 May 1984), an American Evangelical theologian, philosopher, and Presbyterian pastor, is most famous for his writings and his establishment of the LAbri community in Switzerland. ... Edward John Carnell (1919-1967) was a prominent Christian theologian and apologist, was an ordained Baptist pastor, and served as President of Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. ...

Craig's tertiary education commenced at Wheaton College, Illinois where he graduated in 1971 with a B.A. degree in communications.^[1] He then proceeded to graduate studies at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois, where he graduated with two M.A. degrees in 1974 and 1975, one in the philosophy of religion and the other in church history.^[1] Wheaton College is a private, independent, evangelical Protestant, coeducational, liberal arts college located in Wheaton, Illinois, USA. Wheaton has an enrollment of approximately 2,400 undergraduate students. ... Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (TEDS) is an evangelical Christian seminary located in Deerfield, Illinois. ... Incorporated Village in 1903. ...

In 1977 Craig earned a doctorate in philosophy under John Hick at the University of Birmingham and in 1984, after failing his oral examination the previous year,^[2] graduated magna cum laude as a doctor in theology under Wolfhart Pannenberg at the University of Munich.^[1] During his doctoral studies, he was a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung. Professor John Hick (born 1922) is an important and influential philosopher of religion and theologian. ... Website http://www. ... Wolfhart Pannenberg (born 1928) is a German Christian theologian. ... With approximately 48,000 students, the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München or LMU) is one of the largest universities in Germany. ... An 1859 portrait of Alexander von Humboldt by the artist Julius Schrader, showing Mount Chimborazo in the background. ...

From 1980-86 he was an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. He also briefly held the position of associate professor of Religious Studies at Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California in 1986. Between 1987-1994 Craig pursued further research at the University of Leuven, Belgium. Since 1994 he has been a Research Professor of Philosophy at Talbot School of Theology, La Mirada, California. Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (TEDS) is an evangelical Christian seminary located in Deerfield, Illinois. ... , Westmont College is a Christian liberal arts college in Santa Barbara, California. ... Nickname: Location in Santa Barbara County and the state of California Coordinates: , Country State County Santa Barbara Government  - Mayor Marty Blum Area  - Total 41. ... The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Catholic University of Leuven in English) or in short K.U.Leuven, is the oldest, largest and most prominent university in Belgium. ...

As a philosopher, Craig has defended Christian theism, both at the popular level and in academic publications. He is often credited with reviving the Kalam cosmological argument for the existence of God, which argues for a first cause from the finitude of past events and the origin of the cosmos. His work on the compatibility of divine foreknowledge and human freedom has made him one of the most important contemporary defenders of Molinism, with its doctrine of middle knowledge. In the philosophy of time, he has vigorously defended the tensed or A-Theory of time and a Neo-Lorentzian interpretation of the Theory of Relativity, involving a privileged frame of reference and relations of absolute simultaneity. Theism is the belief in the existence of one or more divinities or deities. ... The Kalām cosmological argument is a version of the cosmological argument derived from the Islamic Kalam form of dialectical argument. ... Arguments for and against the existence of God have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, and others. ... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Stub | Philosophy of science | Religious Philosophy | Theology ... In physics, Lorentz ether theory (or LET) proposed that light was transmitted through a light medium in which the motion of objects did not cause dragging effects, but did cause objects to contract in their direction of motion (Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction). ... -1... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

He is also a fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture which is the hub of the intelligent design movement.^{[citation needed]} In the course of the public and political controversy over intelligent design Craig has written on the philosophical and cosmological aspects of the fine tuning of the universe for intelligent life. His work in philosophy has influenced other Christian philosophers, notably Francis Beckwith and J. P. Moreland, both of whom are also affiliated with the Discovery Institute. The Discovery Institute is a think tank based in Seattle, Washington best known for its advocacy of intelligent design and its Teach the Controversy campaign to teach creationist beliefs in United States public high school science courses. ... The Center for Science and Culture (CSC), formerly known as the Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC), is part of the Discovery Institute, a conservative Christian think tank in the United States. ... The intelligent design movement is a neo-creationist religious campaign that calls for broad social, academic and political changes derived from the concept of intelligent design. ... Francis J. Beckwith is associate director of the J.M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies and associate professor of church-state studies at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. ... James Porter Moreland (born 1948), commonly referred to as J.P. Moreland, is an American Christian apologist, theologian, and philosopher. ... The Discovery Institute is a think tank based in Seattle, Washington best known for its advocacy of intelligent design and its Teach the Controversy campaign to teach creationist beliefs in United States public high school science courses. ...

As a New Testament scholar, Craig has published widely on the historicity of the resurrection accounts of Jesus. Like N.T. Wright and Gary Habermas, Craig has argued that the bodily resurrection of Jesus best explains what can be gleaned from the historical Jesus’ self-understanding, his death and burial, the posthumous apparitions of Jesus, and the origin of the early Christian movement. This article is about the Christian scriptures. ... Tom (N.T.) Wright, Bishop of Durham Tom (N.T.) Wright is the Bishop of Durham of the Anglican Church and a leading British New Testament scholar. ... Gary Habermas is an American Christian apologist, theologian, and philosopher of religion. ... The resurrection of Jesus is an event in the New Testament in which God raised him from the dead[1] after his death by crucifixion. ...

Craig has edited, authored, or co-authored over thirty books and over a hundred articles in professional journals. [1] He is a frequent public speaker and debater on university campuses and he occasionally appears in the national news media. He has engaged many prominent academic atheists and liberal theologians in public dialogue. Some of these debates have been subsequently published as books; these include: Atheist redirects here. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Liberal Christianity, sometimes called...

• Will the Real Jesus Please Stand Up? Debate with John Dominic Crossan (ISBN 0-8010-2175-8)
• Jesus' Resurrection: Fact or Figment? Debate with Gerd Lüdemann (ISBN 0-8308-1569-4)
• Does God exist? Debate with Antony Flew (ISBN 0-7546-3190-7)
• God? Debate with Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (ISBN 0-19-516599-3)

In March of 2006, Craig and New Testament scholar Bart D. Ehrman engaged in a debate entitled "Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus?" on the campus of the College of the Holy Cross, with Craig arguing in the affirmative and Ehrman arguing in opposition to the affirmative. In one rebuttal, Craig used Bayes' Theorem to counter Ehrman's argument against miracles. Following the event, Ehrman's publisher, along with Craig, expressed interest in publishing the transcript in book form. However, Ehrman declined. [2] [3] [4] In June of 2006, a transcript of the debate was made available on the college's website. [5] John Dominic Crossan (born Nenagh, Co. ... Professor Antony Garrard Newton Flew (born February 11, 1923) is a British philosopher. ... Bart D. Ehrman is a New Testament scholar and an expert on early Christianity. ... Not to be confused with Holy Cross College (Indiana) or other similarly named Holy Cross Colleges. ... In probability theory, Bayes theorem (often called Bayes Law) relates the conditional and marginal probabilities of two random events. ...

In the July 2008 issue of Christianity Today, Craig wrote a cover article, titled, "God is Not Dead Yet.". In the article, Craig celebrates the success of natural theology to deliver arguments for the existence of God. "[New atheism] is blissfully ignorant of the revolution that has taken place in Anglo-American philosophy," claims Craig. "It reflects the scientism of a bygone generation rather than the contemporary intellectual scene."

Craig has been critical of liberal theology, metaphysical naturalism, logical positivism, moral relativism, and the ideas put forth by the Jesus Seminar. He has defended the middle knowledge view of divine providence and is also notable for his work in the philosophy of time. He is a founding member and has served as president of the Philosophy of Time Society. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Liberal Christianity, sometimes called... Metaphysical naturalism is any worldview in which nature is all there is and all things supernatural (which stipulatively includes as well as spirits and souls, non-natural values, and universals as they are commonly conceived) do not exist. ... Logical positivism grew from the discussions of Moritz Schlicks Vienna Circle and Hans Reichenbachs Berlin Circle in the 1920s and 1930s. ... In philosophy, moral relativism is the position that moral or ethical propositions do not reflect objective and/or universal moral truths, but instead make claims relative to social, cultural, historical or personal circumstances. ... The Jesus Seminar is a research team of about 200 New Testament scholars founded in 1985 by the late Robert Funk and John Dominic Crossan under the auspices of the Westar Institute. ... Molinism, named after 16th Century Jesuit theologian Luis de Molina, is a religious doctrine which attempts to reconcile Gods omniscience with human free will. ... In theology, Divine Providence, or simply Providence, is the sovereignty, superintendence, or agency of God over events in peoples lives and throughout history. ... The philosophy of time is a topic of philosophy that includes aspects of both epistemology and metaphysics. ...

Bibliography

• Apologetics: An Introduction (Chicago: Moody Press, 1984).
• Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus (Lewiston, New York/Queenston, Ontario: Edwin Mellen Press, 1989).
• "The Bodily Resurrection of Jesus," in Gospel Perspectives: Studies of History and Tradition in the Four Gospels, Vol. 1, R.T.France and David Wenham, eds. (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1980), pp. 47-74.
• Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibniz(London: MacMillan/New York: Barnes and Noble, 1980).
• and Paul Copan, "Craftsman or Creator? An Examination of the Mormon Doctrine of Creation and a Defense of Creatio ex nihilo," in The New Mormon Challenge, Francis J. Beckwith, Carl Mosser and Paul Owen, eds. (Grand rapids: Zondervan, 2002), pp. 95-152.
• and Paul Copan,Creation out of Nothing: Its Biblical, Philosophical, and Scientific Exploration (Leicester: Apollos/Grand Rapids: Baker, 2004).
• with Gregory Boyd, et al), Divine Foreknowledge: 4 Views, James K. Beilby and Paul R. Eddy, eds. (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2001).
• Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991).
• and Antony Flew, Does God Exist: The Craig-Flew Debate, Stan W. Wallace, ed. (Aldershot/Burlington: Ashgate, 2003).
• "The Empty Tomb of Jesus," in Gospel Perspectives: Studies of History and Tradition in the Four Gospels, Vol. 2, R.T.France and David Wenham, eds. (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1981), pp. 173-200.
• The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe(San Bernadino: Here's Life, 1979).
• "Classical Apologetics" in Five Views on Apologetics, Steven B. Cowan, ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), pp. 26-55.
• "Did Jesus Rise from the Dead?" in Jesus Under Fire, Michael J. Wilkins and J. P. Moreland, eds. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995), pp. 141-176.
• and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong,God? A Debate Between a Christian and an Atheist (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
• God, Time and Eternity: The Coherence of Theism II (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001).
• with Paul Helm, et al), God Under Fire, Douglas S. Huffman and Eric L. Johnson, eds. (Grand rapids: Zondervan, 2002).
• Hard Questions, Real Answers(Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2003).
• The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy (Lewiston, New York/Queenston, Ontario: Edwin Mellen Press, 1985).
• and Gerd Ludemann, Jesus' Resurrection: Fact or Figment? A Debate Between William Lane Craig and Gerd Ludemann, Paul Copan and Ronald K. Tacelli, eds. (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2000).
• The Kalam Cosmological Argument(London: MacMillan/New York: Barnes and Noble, 1979).
• Knowing the Truth About the Resurrection (Ann Arbor: Servant, 1988).
• and Mark S. McLeod, eds. The Logic of Rational Theism: Exploratory Essays (Lewiston, New York/Queenston, Ontario: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990).
• "Middle Knowledge, A Calvinist-Arminian Rapprochement?" in The Grace of God, The Will of Man, Clark H. Pinnock, ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1989), pp. 141-164.
• and J. P. Moreland, eds. Naturalism: A Critical Analysis (Routledge Studies in Twentieth Century Philosophy)(London/New York: Routledge, 2000).
• No Easy Answers: Finding Hope in Doubt, Failure and Unanswered Prayer (Chicago: Moody Press, 1990).
• The Only Wise God: The Compatibility of Divine Foreknowledge & Human Freedom(Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987).
• and J. P. Moreland, Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2003).
• ed., Philosophy of Religion: A Reader and Guide(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001/New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002).
• The Problem of Divine Foreknowledge and Future Contingents from Aristotle to Suarez: The Coherence of Theism: Omniscience(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1988).
• "The Problem of Miracles: A Historical and Philosophical Perspective," in Gospel Perspectives: The Miracles of Jesus, Vol. 6, David Wenham and Craig L. Blomberg, eds. (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1986), pp. 9-48.
• Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics (Westchester: Crossway Books, 1994).
• The Son Rises: Historical evidence for the resurrection of Jesus (Chicago: Moody Press, 1981).
• The Tensed Theory of Time: A Critical Examination (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000).
• The Tenseless Theory of Time - A Critical Examination(Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000).
• and Quentin Smith,Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
• Time and Eternity: Exploring God's Relationship to Time(Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2001).
• ed., Time and The Metaphysics of Relativity (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001).
• and Francis J. Beckwith and J. P. Moreland, eds., To Everyone an Answer: A Case for the Christian Worldview: Essays in Honor of Norman Geisler(Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2004).
• and John Dominic Crossan, Will the Real Jesus Please Stand Up? A Debate Between William Lane Craig and John Dominic Crossan, Paul Copan, ed. (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998).

Gregory Boyd Gregory A. Greg Boyd is an evangelical pastor, theologian, and author. ... Professor Antony Garrard Newton Flew (born February 11, 1923) is a British philosopher. ... James Porter Moreland (born 1948), commonly referred to as J.P. Moreland, is an American Christian apologist, theologian, and philosopher. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Dr. Norman L. Geisler is a scholar, contributor to the field of Christian apologetics, and the author or coauthor of some sixty books defending the Christian faith. ... John Dominic Crossan (born Nenagh, Co. ...

References

External links

• William Lane Craig's Virtual Office, with several of Craig's articles and transcripts from his public debates, his CV, and a cumulative annual bibliography of journal essays, book chapters and books.
• Reasonable Faith, William Lane Craig's website featuring articles, transcripts of debates, audio-visual resources, an online newsletter and discussion forum.
• Web companion to Craig's Reasonable Faith
• Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? A debate between William Lane Craig and Bart D. Ehrman
• The Evidence for Jesus by William Lane Craig
• The Historicity of the Empty Tomb of Jesus by William L. Craig
• The Disciples' Inspection of the Empty Tomb by William L. Craig
• The Guard at the Tomb by William L. Craig
• The Bodily Resurrection of Jesus by William L. Craig
• William Lane Craig (Theopedia; with audio resources)
• An atheist response to Kalam Cosmological Argument
• Secular Web response to William Lane Craig - with debates and articles
• William Lane Craig's Online Store, with nearly 200 of Craig's books, articles, transcripts, CDs and DVDs from his public lectures and debates.
• William Lane Craig on MySpace

Bart D. Ehrman is a New Testament scholar and an expert on early Christianity. ... MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. ...

Critical assessments

• Kenneth D. Boa and Robert M. Bowman, Faith Has Its Reasons: An Integrative Approach to Defending Christianity (Colorado Springs: NAV Press, 2001), pp. 81-84.

• William J. Wainwright, Book Review: The Kalam Cosmological Argument, 'Nous, 16 (1982), pp. 328-334.