W. Mark Felt on the set of CBS's Face the Nation in 1976. His identity as "Deep Throat" was not revealed for over 30 years.

William Mark Felt, Sr. (born August 17, 1913) is a former agent and top official of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He was revealed in 2005 to be the Watergate scandal informant nicknamed "Deep Throat" after years of his repeated denials. Source: http://www. ... CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) is a major television network and radio broadcaster in the United States. ... Face The Nation logo Face the Nation is an American Sunday-morning interview show which premiered on CBS on November 7, 1954. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search W. Mark Felt, on the set of CBSs Face the Nation in 1976. ... Jump to: navigation, search August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search Official FBI Seal The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Watergate Complex as depicted in Government Exhibit 1. ... Jump to: navigation, search W. Mark Felt, on the set of CBSs Face the Nation in 1976. ...

Felt worked in several FBI field offices prior to his promotion to the Bureau's Washington headquarters. During the early investigation of the Watergate scandal (1972–74), Felt was the Bureau's Associate Director, the second-ranking post in the FBI. While Associate Director, Felt provided Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward with critical leads on the story that eventually saw the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon in 1974. In 1980, Felt was convicted of violating the civil rights of people thought to be associated with the Weather Underground by ordering FBI agents to burgle their homes. He received a fine but was pardoned by President Ronald Reagan during his appeal. Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... ... Bob Woodward Robert Upshur Bob Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is one of the best-known journalists in the United States, thanks largely to his work in helping uncover the Watergate scandal of President Richard Nixon, in a historical journalistic partnership with Carl Bernstein, while working as a reporter for... Jump to: navigation, search The President of the United States (often abbreviated POTUS) is the head of state of the United States. ... Order: 37th President Vice President: Spiro Agnew (1969–1973), Gerald R. Ford (1973–1974) Term of office: January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 Preceded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Succeeded by: Gerald R. Ford Date of birth: January 9, 1913 Place of birth: Yorba Linda, California Date of death: April 22... Jump to: navigation, search 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Weatherman, also known as the Weather Underground Organization, was a US-based, self-described revolutionary organization of communist men and women formed by members of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), splintering that organization in the process. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ronald Wilson Reagan, GCB, (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ...

On May 31, 2005, Felt was revealed to have been "Deep Throat." His identity as Woodward's informant was a secret for three decades and had been the source of much speculation in American political and popular culture. Felt resides in Santa Rosa, California and has completed an update of his 1979 autobiography which provides information on his past as "Deep Throat". Jump to: navigation, search May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining, as the last day of May. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search Santa Rosa is the county seat of Sonoma County, California. ...

Early career

Sen. James P. Pope, who gave Felt his first job in Washington.

Felt was born in Twin Falls, Idaho, ^[1] the son of carpenter and building contractor Mark Earl Felt and his wife, the former Rose Dygert.^[2] After graduating from Twin Falls High School in 1931, he received a BA from the University of Idaho in 1935, and was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He went to Washington, D.C., to work in the office of U.S. Senator James P. Pope (D-Idaho). In 1938, Felt married Audrey Robinson of Gooding, Idaho, whom he had known when they were both students at the University of Idaho. She had come to Washington to work at the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and they were wed by the chaplain of the United States House of Representatives, the Rev. Sheara Montgomery.^[3] Felt stayed on with Pope's successor in the Senate, David Worth Clark (D-Idaho).^[4] Felt attended George Washington University Law School at night, earning his law degree in 1940, and was admitted to the District of Columbia bar in 1941.^[5] Image File history File links Idaho Senator James P. Pope, from Congressional Bioguide. ... James Pinckney Pope (1884-1966) was a mayor of Boise, Idaho, and a United States Senator from Idaho. ... Twin Falls is a town located in Twin Falls County, Idaho. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Jump to: navigation, search A Bachelor of Arts (B.A. or A.B., from the Latin Artium Baccalaureus) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or program in the arts and/or sciences. ... The University of Idaho is a land-grant university formed by the Territorial Legislature of Idaho in 1889, located in Moscow, Idaho. ... 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Beta Theta Pi (ΒΘΠ) is an international college social fraternity founded on August 8, 1839 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, USA, where it is part of the Miami Triad. ... A fraternity is an organization that represents the relationship between its members as akin to brotherhood. ... Washington, D.C. is the capital city of the United States of America. ... Seal of the Senate The United States Senate is one of the two houses of the Congress of the United States, the other being the House of Representatives. ... James Pinckney Pope (1884-1966) was a mayor of Boise, Idaho, and a United States Senator from Idaho. ... The Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... State nickname: Gem State Other U.S. States Capital Boise Largest city Boise Governor Dirk Kempthorne (R) Senators {{{Senators}}} Official languages none Area 216,632 km² (14th)  - Land 214,499 km²  - Water 2,133 km² (0. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Gooding is a city located in Gooding County, Idaho. ... The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the United States government agency that collects taxes and enforces the tax laws. ... Jump to: navigation, search Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the Congress of the United States, the other being the Senate. ... David Worth Clark (2 April 1902 - 19 June 1955)) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate representing Idaho. ... The Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... State nickname: Gem State Other U.S. States Capital Boise Largest city Boise Governor Dirk Kempthorne (R) Senators {{{Senators}}} Official languages none Area 216,632 km² (14th)  - Land 214,499 km²  - Water 2,133 km² (0. ... George Washington University Law School is the oldest law school in the District of Columbia. ... Jump to: navigation, search J.D. is an abbreviation for the Latin Juris Doctor, also called Doctor of Jurisprudence, and is the law degree typically awarded by an accredited U.S. law school after successfully completing three years of study. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... ... Jump to: navigation, search 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Upon graduation, Felt took a position at the Federal Trade Commission but did not like the work. For most of the time he had nothing to do, and when he was assigned a case, it was whether a toilet paper brand called "Red Cross" was misleading consumers into thinking it was endorsed by the American Red Cross. Felt wrote in his memoir: FTC headquarters, Washington, D.C. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is an Independent Agency of the United States Government, established in 1914. ... A WWII-era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort. ...

My research, which required days of travel and hundreds of interviews, produced two definite conclusions:

1. Most people did use toilet paper.

2. Most people did not appreciate being asked about it.

That was when I started looking for other employment.^[6]

He applied for a job with the FBI in November 1941 and was accepted. His first day at the Bureau was 26 January 1942. Jump to: navigation, search 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ...

Early FBI years

J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI, photographed in 1961. Hoover appointed Felt the third ranking official in the Bureau in 1971.

FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover liked to move Bureau agents around so they would have wide experience. Hoover, Felt observed, "wanted every agent to get into any Field office at anytime. Since he had never been transferred and did not have a family, he had no idea of the financial and personal hardship involved."^[7] Download high resolution version (430x640, 46 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: J. Edgar Hoover Categories: U.S. history images ... Download high resolution version (430x640, 46 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: J. Edgar Hoover Categories: U.S. history images ... Jump to: navigation, search Hoover in 1961 John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from May 10, 1924, until his death in 1972. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Hoover in 1961 John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from May 10, 1924, until his death in 1972. ...

After completing sixteen weeks of training at the FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia, and FBI Headquarters in Washington, Felt was first assigned to Texas, working in the field offices in Houston and San Antonio, spending three months in each. He then returned to the "Seat of Government," as Hoover called FBI headquarters, and was assigned to the Espionage Section of the Domestic Intelligence Division, tracking down spies and saboteurs during World War II. The Espionage Section was abolished in May 1945 after V-E Day. After the war, he was again in the field, sent first to Seattle, Washington. After two years of general work, he spent two years as a firearms instructor and was promoted from agent to supervisor. Upon passage of the Atomic Energy Act and the creation of the Atomic Energy Commission, the Seattle office became responsible for completing background checks of workers at the Hanford plutonium plant near Richland, Washington. Felt oversaw these checks.^[8] The FBI Academy is located in Quantico, Virginia. ... Quantico, Virginia is in Prince William County, 23 miles north-northeast of Fredericksburg, Virginia, near Dumfries and Stafford along Highway 619. ... ... Jump to: navigation, search City nickname: Space City Location Location in the state of Texas Government Counties Harris County Fort Bend County Montgomery County Mayor Bill White Physical characteristics Area      Land      Water 601. ... Jump to: navigation, search Downtown San Antonio as viewed from the Tower of the Americas Nickname: Alamo City Location in Texas Founded Incorporated 1731   County Bexar County Mayor Phil Hardberger Area  - Total  - Water 1,067. ... Espionage is the practice of obtaining secrets (spying) from rivals or enemies for military, political, or economic advantage. ... Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that... Jump to: navigation, search 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) was May 8, 1945, the date when the Allies during the Second World War formally celebrated the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitlers Reich. ... Jump to: navigation, search Downtown Seattle skyline City nickname: The Emerald City Location Location of Seattle in King County and Washington Government County King Mayor Greg Nickels NP/Democrat ¹ Physical characteristics Area      Land      Water 369. ... Almost a year after World War II ended, Congress established the United States Atomic Energy Commission to foster and control the peace time development of atomic science and technology. ... Almost a year after World War II ended, Congress established the United States Atomic Energy Commission to foster and control the peace time development of atomic science and technology. ... Jump to: navigation, search Hanford Site during the Manhattan Project. ... General Name, Symbol, Number plutonium, Pu, 94 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block ?, 7, f Appearance silvery white Atomic mass (244) g/mol Electron configuration [Rn] 5f6 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r. ... Richland is a city located in Benton County in southeastern Washington, at the confluence of the Yakima River and the Columbia River. ...

Mark Felt, special agent in charge of the Salt Lake City field office, poses for an FBI publicity shot on January 20, 1958.

In 1954, Felt returned briefly to Washington as an inspector's aide. Two months later, Felt was sent to New Orleans, Louisiana, as assistant special agent in charge of the field office. When he was transferred to Los Angeles, California, fifteen months later, he held the same rank there.^[9] In 1956, Felt was transferred to Salt Lake City, Utah, and promoted to special agent in charge. The Salt Lake office included Nevada within its purview, and while there, Felt oversaw some of the Bureau's earliest investigations into organized crime with the Mob's operations in the casinos of Reno and Las Vegas^[10] (It was Hoover's, and therefore the Bureau's official position at the time, that there was no such thing as the Mob). In February 1958, he went to Kansas City, Missouri, in his memoir dubbed "the Siberia of Field Offices",^[11] where he oversaw additional investigations of organized crime.^[12] On Jan. ... On Jan. ... The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is Salt Lake Citys top tourist draw. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... Jump to: navigation, search January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1954 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search For information on the events of Hurricane Katrina, see effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans. ... The City of Los Angeles (from Spanish Los Ángeles , meaning the angels), also known as L.A., is the second-largest city in the United States in terms of population, as well as one of the worlds most important economic, cultural, and entertainment centers. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... ... State nickname: Silver State, Battle Born State (official) Other U.S. States Capital Carson City Largest city Las Vegas Governor Kenny Guinn (R) Senators Harry Reid (D) John Ensign (R) Official languages None Area 286,367 km² (7th)  - Land 284,396 km²  - Water 1,971 km² (0. ... Jump to: navigation, search Organized crime is crime carried out systematically by formal criminal organizations. ... City nickname: The Biggest Little City in the World Founded May 13, 1868 County Washoe County Mayor Bob Cashell Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 179. ... Jump to: navigation, search Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign just to the south of the Las Vegas Strip welcoming visitors to the city City nickname: The Entertainment Capital of the World Location Location of Las Vegas in Nevada Government County Clark Mayor Oscar B. Goodman Physical characteristics Area      Land... Jump to: navigation, search 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kansas City is a city covering parts of Jackson, Clay, and Platte counties in Missouri. ...

Clyde Tolson, Associate Director of the FBI. Felt became his assistant in 1971.

He returned to Washington in September 1962. As assistant to the Bureau's assistant director in charge of the Training Division, Felt helped oversee the FBI Academy.^[13] In November 1964, he became assistant director of the Bureau, as chief inspector of the Bureau and head of the Inspection Division ^[14]. This division oversaw compliance with Bureau regulations and conducted internal investigations. Clyde Tolson, former Associate Director of the FBI. File links The following pages link to this file: Clyde Tolson Categories: FBI images ... Clyde Anderson Tolson (May 22, 1900 - April 14, 1975) was associate director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The FBI Academy is located in Quantico, Virginia. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

On July 1, 1971, Felt was promoted by Hoover to Deputy Associate Director, assisting Associate Director Clyde A. Tolson.^[15] Hoover's right-hand man for decades, Tolson was in failing health and no longer able to attend to his duties. Richard Gid Powers wrote that Hoover installed Felt to rein in William C. Sullivan's domestic spying operations, as Sullivan had been engaged in secret unofficial work for the White House. In his memoir, Felt quoted Hoover as having said, "I need someone who can control Sullivan. I think you know he has been getting out of hand."^[16] In his book, The Bureau, Ronald Kessler said, "Felt managed to please Hoover by being tactful with him and tough on agents."^[17] Curt Gentry called Felt "the director's latest fair-haired boy," but who had "no inherent power" in his new post, the real number three being John P. Mohr.^[18] Jump to: navigation, search July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... Clyde Anderson Tolson (May 22, 1900 - April 14, 1975) was associate director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. ... William Cornelius Sullivan (1912 - 9 November 1977) was former head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation intelligence operations. ... Jump to: navigation, search The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. ... John P. Mohr (died January 1997) was an administrator with the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. ...

After Hoover's death

L. Patrick Gray, acting director of the FBI from May 1972 to April 1973. He was indicted with Felt for illegal break-ins.

Hoover died in his sleep and was found on the morning of May 2, 1972. Tolson was nominally in charge until the next day when Nixon appointed loyalist L. Patrick Gray III as acting FBI director. Tolson submitted his resignation, dictated by Felt, and Gray accepted it, the acceptance also being dictated by Felt. Felt took Tolson's post as Associate Director, the number-two job in the bureau.^[19] Felt served as an honorary pallbearer at Hoover's funeral.^[20] L. Patrick Gray, http://www. ... Louis Patrick Gray III (July 18, 1916 – July 6, 2005) was acting director of the FBI from 1972-73. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Louis Patrick Gray III (July 18, 1916 – July 6, 2005) was acting director of the FBI from 1972-73. ...

Immediately upon his death, Hoover's secretary for five decades, Helen Gandy, began destroying his files with the approval of Felt and Gray. She turned over twelve boxes of the "Official/Confidential" file to Felt on May 4, 1972. This consisted of 167 files and 17,750 pages, many of them containing derogatory information. Felt stored them in his office, and Gray told the press that afternoon that "there are no dossiers or secret files. There are just general files and I took steps to preserve their integrity." Felt earlier that day had told Gray, "Mr. Gray, the Bureau doesn't have any secret files," and to prove it had taken Gray to Hoover's office. They found Gandy boxing up papers. Felt said Gray "looked casually at an open file drawer and approved her work," though Gray would later deny he looked at anything. Gandy retained Hoover's "Personal File" and destroyed it.^[21] When Felt was called to testify in 1975 by the U.S. House about the destruction of Hoover's papers, he said, "There's no serious problems if we lose some papers. I don't see anything wrong and I still don't." ^[22] Helen W. Gandy (April 8, 1897–July 7, 1988) was an American civil servant. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Jump to: navigation, search Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the Congress of the United States, the other being the Senate. ...

In his memoir, Felt expressed mixed feelings about Gray. While noting Gray did work hard, he was critical at how often he was away from FBI Headquarters. Gray lived in Stonington, Connecticut, and commuted to Washington. He also visited all of the Bureau's field offices except Honolulu. His frequent absences led to the nickname "Three-Day Gray". ^[23] These absences, combined with Gray's hospitalization and recuperation from November 20, 1972, to January 2, 1973,^[24] meant that Felt was effectively in charge for much of his final year at the Bureau. Bob Woodward wrote "Gray got to be director of the F.B.I. and Felt did the work."^[25] Felt wrote in his memoir: Jump to: navigation, search The Town of Stonington, Connecticut, in the southeastern corner of the state, includes the communities of the Borough of Stonington, Mystic, Old Mystic, Pawcatuck and Wequetequock, the site of the first European settlement in 1649, in lands that had belonged to the Pequots. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... Jump to: navigation, search November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Jump to: navigation, search January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ...

The record amply demonstrates that President Nixon made Pat Gray the Acting Director of the FBI because he wanted a politician in J. Edgar Hoover's position who would convert the Bureau into an adjunct of the White House machine.^[26]

Watergate

The Watergate Complex in Washington, D.C. Felt saw all the FBI's files on its investigation of the break-in there in 1972.

As associate director, Felt saw everything compiled on Watergate before it went to Gray. The agent in charge, Charles Nuzum, sent his findings to Investigative Division head Robert Gebhardt, who then passed the information on to Felt. From the day of the break-in, June 17, 1972, until the FBI investigation was mostly completed in June 1973, Felt was the key control point for FBI information. He had been among the first to learn of the investigation, being informed at 7:00 on the morning of June 17.^[27] Ronald Kessler, who had spoken to former Bureau agents, reported that throughout the investigation they "were amazed to see material in Woodward and Bernstein's stories lifted almost verbatim from their reports of interviews a few days or weeks earlier."^[28] Record Group 21: Records of District Courts of the United States, 1685 – 1991; NARA, College Park, MD. Gerald R. Ford Library & Museum The Watergate Files Exhibit Government Exhibit 1: The Watergate Complex File links The following pages link to this file: Watergate scandal Categories: United States government images ... Record Group 21: Records of District Courts of the United States, 1685 – 1991; NARA, College Park, MD. Gerald R. Ford Library & Museum The Watergate Files Exhibit Government Exhibit 1: The Watergate Complex File links The following pages link to this file: Watergate scandal Categories: United States government images ... The Watergate building. ... Washington, D.C. is the capital city of the United States of America. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... The Watergate building. ... Jump to: navigation, search June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... Jump to: navigation, search June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ...

Contact with Woodward

Bob Woodward first describes Deep Throat in All the President's Men as "a source in the Executive Branch who had access to information at CRP [the Committee to Re-elect the President, Nixon's 1972 campaign organization], as well as at the White House." ^[29] The book also calls him "an incurable gossip" who was "in a unique position to observe the Executive Branch," a man "whose fight had been worn out in too many battles."^[30] Woodward had known the source before Watergate and had discussed politics and government with him. Bob Woodward Robert Upshur Bob Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is one of the best-known journalists in the United States, thanks largely to his work in helping uncover the Watergate scandal of President Richard Nixon, in a historical journalistic partnership with Carl Bernstein, while working as a reporter for... All the Presidents Men is a 1974 non-fiction book by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, the two journalists investigating the Watergate scandal for the Washington Post. ... The Committee to Re-elect the President, often abbreviated to CRP or CREEP, was a Nixon White House fund-raising organization headed by John N. Mitchell, who had previously served as United States Attorney General. ...

Woodward in 2005 wrote that he met Felt at the White House in 1969 or 1970 when Woodward was an aide to Admiral Thomas Moorer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, delivering papers to the White House Situation Room. In his book The Secret Man, Woodward described Felt as "a tall man with perfectly combed gray hair . . . distinguished looking" with "a studied air of confidence, even what might be called a command presence."^[31] They stayed in touch and spoke on the telephone several times. When Woodward started working at the Washington Post, he phoned Felt on several occasions to ask for information for articles in the Post. Felt's information, taken on a promise that Woodward would never reveal their origin, was a source for a few stories, notably for an article on May 18, 1972, about Arthur H. Bremer, who shot George Wallace. When the Watergate story broke, Woodward called on his friend. Felt advised Woodward on 19 June that Howard Hunt was involved; the telephone number of his White House office had been listed in the address book of one of the burglars. Initially, Woodward's source was known at the Post as "My Friend," but was tagged "Deep Throat" after the pornographic movie by Post editor Howard Simons. Woodward has written that idea for the nickname first came to Simons because Felt had been providing the information on a "deep background" basis. Deep background is a journalistic term meaning information provided to a reporter on the condition that the source be neither identified nor quoted directly. Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Thomas Hinman Moorer (1912 February 9 - 2004 February 5) was a U.S. admiral. ... The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is by law the highest ranking military officer of the United States military, and the principal military advisor to the President of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Arthur Herman Bremer (born 21 August 1950) shot Democratic presidential candidate George Wallace on 15 May 1972 in Laurel, Maryland, leaving Wallace paralyzed for life. ... Jump to: navigation, search George Corley Wallace (August 25, 1919 – September 13, 1998) was an American politician who was elected Governor of Alabama (as a Democrat) four times (1962, 1970, 1974 and 1982) and ran for U.S. President (in 1964, 1968, 1972 and 1976). ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... Edward Howard Hunt (born October 9, 1918) worked for the White House under President Richard Nixon, figured in the Watergate Scandal, and was convicted of burglary, conspiracy, and wiretapping, eventually serving 33 months in prison. ... Deep Throat   poster Deep Throat is a US pornographic movie released in the summer of 1972, written and directed by Gerard Damiano and starring Linda Lovelace. ... This page is about the Washington Post editor. ...

When Felt's name was revealed, it was noted that "My Friend" has the same initial letters as "Mark Felt." Woodward has said this was a coincidence, but in looking back at some of his notes, interviews with Felt during the earliest days of the story were marked with "M.F."

Code for contacting Woodward

Woodward claimed that when he wanted to meet Deep Throat, he would move a flowerpot with a red flag on the balcony of his apartment, number 617, at the Webster House at 1718 P Street, Northwest, and when Deep Throat wanted a meeting, he would circle the page number on page twenty of Woodward's copy of The New York Times and draw clock hands to signal the hour.^[32] Adrian Havill questioned these claims in his 1993 biography of Woodward and Bernstein, stating Woodward's balcony faced an interior courtyard and was not visible from the street, but Woodward responded that it has been bricked in since he lived there. Havill also claimed that copies of The Times were not delivered marked by apartment, but Woodward and a former neighbor disputed this claim.^[33] Woodward has stated Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... 1993 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

How [Felt] could have made a daily observation of my balcony is still a mystery to me. At the time, the back of my building was not enclosed so anyone could have driven in the back alley to observe my balcony. In addition, my balcony and the back of the apartment complex faced onto a courtyard or back area that was shared with a number of other apartment or office buildings in the area. My balcony could have been seen from dozens of apartment or offices.

There were several embassies in the area. The Iraqi embassy was down the street, and I thought it possible that the FBI had surveillance or listening posts nearby. Could Felt have had the counterintelligence agents regularly report on the status of my flag and flowerpot? That seems unlikely, if not impossible.^[34]

Days after the break-in, Nixon and Bob Haldeman talked about putting pressure on the FBI to slow down the investigation. The FBI had been called in by the District of Columbia police because the burglars had been found with wiretapping equipment, and wiretapping is a crime investigated by the FBI. Haldeman told President Nixon on 23 June 1972, "Mark Felt wants to cooperate because he's ambitious."^[35] Harry Robbins (Bob) Haldeman (October 27, 1926 - November 12, 1993) was a U.S. political aide and businessman, best known for his service in the Nixon White House, and for his role in the Watergate scandal, for which he was convicted and imprisoned. ... ... Telephone tapping or Wire tapping/ Wiretapping (in US) describes the monitoring of telephone conversations by a third party, often by covert means. ... June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ...

Nixon told Felt was leaking

Nixon was told Felt was leaking information. In a taped conversation on 19 October 1972, Haldeman said he had sources, which he declined to name, confirming Felt was speaking to the press. "You can't say anything about this because it will screw up our source and there's a real concern. Mitchell is the only one who knows about this and he feels strongly that we better not do anything because . . . If we move on him, he'll go out and unload everything. He knows everything that's to be known in the FBI. He has access to absolutely everything." ^[36] Haldeman also reported that he had spoken to White House counsel John W. Dean about punishing Felt, but Dean said Felt had committed no crime and could not be prosecuted. Jump to: navigation, search October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Mitchell (far left) meeting with Nixon, J. Edgar Hoover and John Ehrlichman on May 26, 1971. ... John Dean, May 7, 1972. ...

When Gray returned from his sick leave in January 1973, he confronted Felt about being the source for Woodward and Bernstein. Gray said he had defended Felt to Attorney General Richard Kleindienst: "You know, Mark, Dick Kleindienst told me I ought to get rid of you. He says White House staff members are concerned that you are the FBI source of leaks to Woodward and Bernstein,"^[37] to which Felt replied, "Pat, I haven't leaked anything to anybody."^[38] Gray told Felt, "I told Kleindienst that you've worked with me on a very competent manner and I'm convinced that you are completely loyal. I told him I was not going to move you out. Kleindienst told me, 'Pat, I love you for that.'" Jump to: navigation, search 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... Alberto Gonzales, current Attorney General of the United States The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... Richard Gordon Kleindienst (August 5, 1923–February 3, 2000) was an American lawyer and politician. ...

Felt denies he was source

Felt called "obvious" the reasons why he was suspected by the White House as the reporters' source:

I was supposed to be jealous of Gray for having received the appointment as Acting Director instead of myself. They felt that my high position in the FBI gave me access to all the Watergate information and that I was releasing it to Woodward and Bernstein in an effort to discredit Gray so that he would be removed and I would have another chance at the job. Then there were those frequent instances when I had been much less than cooperative in responding to requests from the White House which I felt were improper. I suppose the White House staff had me tagged as an insubordinate.^[39]

Felt wrote, "it is true I would like to have been appointed FBI director," but "I never leaked information to Woodward and Bernstein or anyone else!"

Nixon passes over Felt again

President Richard Nixon departing the White House on 9 August 1974, shortly before his resignation took effect. Felt's leaks to Woodward spurred the investigations that led to his resignation.

On February 17, 1973, Nixon nominated Gray as Hoover's permanent replacement as director.^[40] Until then, Gray had been in limbo as acting director. In another taped conversation on 28 February 1973, Nixon spoke to Dean about Felt acting as an informant, and mentioned that he had never met him. Gray was forced to resign on 27 April 1973, after it was revealed Gray had destroyed a file on the Kennedy family that had been in the White House safe of E. Howard Hunt.^[41] Gray told his superiors that Felt should be named as his successor. Image File history File links Richard Nixon delivering the V sign outside Army One upon his final departure from the White House Photograph by Robert L. Knudsen, August 9, 1974, National Archives (http://www. ... Image File history File links Richard Nixon delivering the V sign outside Army One upon his final departure from the White House Photograph by Robert L. Knudsen, August 9, 1974, National Archives (http://www. ... Jump to: navigation, search Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the thirty-seventh President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Jump to: navigation, search The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ...

The day Gray resigned, Kleindienst spoke to Nixon, who urged that Felt be appointed as Gray's replacement, but Nixon instead appointed William Ruckelshaus. Stanley Kutler reported that Nixon said, "I don't want him. I can't have him. I just talked to Bill Ruckelshaus and Bill is a Mr. Clean and I want a fellow in there that is not part of the old guard and that is not part of that infighting in there."^[42] On another White House tape, from 11 May 1973, Nixon and White House Chief of Staff Alexander M. Haig spoke of Felt leaking material to The New York Times. Nixon said, "he's a bad guy, you see," and that William Sullivan had told him Felt's ambition was to be director of the Bureau.^[43] William Doyle Ruckelshaus (born July 24, 1932) is an attorney and civil servant in the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ...

Felt called his relationship with Ruckelshaus "stormy".^[44] He said in his memoir Ruckelshaus was a "security guard sent to see that the FBI did nothing which would displease Mr. Nixon."^[45] Felt retired from the Bureau on June 22, 1973, ending a thirty-one-year career. Jump to: navigation, search June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ...

Tried for illegal break-ins

In the early 1970s, Felt oversaw a turbulent period in the FBI's history. The FBI was pursuing radicals in the Weather Underground who had planted bombs at the Capitol, the Pentagon, and the State Department. Felt, along with Edward S. Miller, authorized FBI agents to break into homes secretly in 1972 and 1973, without a search warrant, on nine separate occasions. These kinds of FBI burglaries were known as "black bag jobs." The break-ins occurred at five addresses in New York and New Jersey, at the homes of relatives and acquaintances of Weather Underground members, and did not lead to the capture of any fugitives. The use of "black bag jobs" by the FBI was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court on 19 June 1972, in the Plamondon case, 407 U.S. 297. Weatherman, also known as the Weather Underground Organization, was a US-based, self-described revolutionary organization of communist men and women formed by members of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), splintering that organization in the process. ... United States Capitol . The United States Capitol is the building which serves as home for the legislative branch of the United States government. ... Jump to: navigation, search A pre-9/11 view of The Pentagon, looking east with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in the distance. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... Edward S. Miller was an official with the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. ... A search warrant is a written warrant issued by a judge which authorizes the police to conduct a search of a person or location for evidence of a criminal offense. ... A Black Bag Job or Black Bag Operation is a covert entry action undertaken by a police force or intelligence agency. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Lawrence (Pun) Plamondon was a 60s revolutionary activist who was one of the founders of the White Panther Party. ...

After revelation by the Church Committee of the FBI's illegal activities, many agents were investigated. Mark Felt in 1976 publicly stated he had ordered break-ins and that individual agents were merely obeying orders and should not be punished for it. Felt also stated Gray also authorized the break-ins, but Gray denied this. Felt said on the CBS television program Face the Nation he would probably be a "scapegoat" for the Bureau's work.^[46] "I think this is justified and I'd do it again tomorrow," he said on the program. While admitting the break-ins were "extralegal," he justified it as protecting the "greater good". Felt said: The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a Senate committee chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-ID) in 1975. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

To not take action against these people and know of a bombing in advance would simply be to stick your fingers in your ears and protect your eardrums when the explosion went off and then start the investigation.

The Attorney General in the new Carter administration, Griffin Bell, investigated, and on April 10, 1978, a federal grand jury charged Felt, Miller and Gray with conspiracy to violate the constitutional rights of American citizens by searching their homes without warrants, though Gray's case did not go to trial and was dropped by the government on December 11, 1980. Felt told Ronald Kessler: Griffin Boyette Bell (born October 31, 1918) is an American lawyer and former Presidential Cabinet member. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ... 1978 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ...

I was shocked that I was indicted. You would be too, if you did what you thought was in the best interests of the country and someone on technical grounds indicted you.^[47]

The indictment charged violations of Title 18, Section 241 of the United States Code. The indictment charged Felt and the others The United States Code (U.S.C.) is a compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal Law of the United States. ...

did unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly combine, conspire, confederate, and agree together and with each other to injure and oppress citizens of the United States who were relatives and acquaintances of the Weatherman fugitives, in the free exercise and enjoyments of certain rights and privileges secured to them by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America.^[48]

Felt, Gray, and Miller were arraigned in Washington on April 20. Seven hundred current and former FBI agents were outside the courthouse applauding the "Washington Three", as Felt referred to himself and his colleagues in his memoir.^[49] Jump to: navigation, search April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ...

Richard Nixon, who testified in Felt's defense at his trial for violating Americans' civil rights.

Felt and Miller attempted to plea bargain with the government, willing to agree to a misdemeanor guilty plea to conducting searches without warrants — a violation of 18 U.S.C. sec. 2236 — but the government rejected the offer in 1979. After eight postponements, the case against Felt and Miller went to trial in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia on September 18, 1980.^[50] On October 29, 1980, former President Richard Nixon appeared as a rebuttal witness for the defense, and testified that presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had authorized the bureau to engage in break-ins while conducting foreign intelligence and counterespionage investigations.^[51] It was Nixon's first courtroom appearance since his resignation in 1974. Nixon also contributed money to Felt's legal defense fund, Felt's expenses running over $600,000. Also testifying were former Attorneys General Herbert Brownell, Jr., Nicholas Katzenbach, Ramsey Clark, John N. Mitchell, and Richard Kleindienst, all of whom said warrantless searches in national security matters were commonplace and not understood to be illegal, but Mitchell and Kleindienst denied they had authorized any of the break-ins at issue in the trial. (The Bureau used a national security justification for the searches because it alleged the Weather Underground was in the employ of Cuba.^[52]) WHPO-MPF-C6779(04) Richard Nixon, Official Presidential Photograph, 07/08/1971 NARA ARC Holdings, Nixon Presidential Materials Photographer: Hartmann File links The following pages link to this file: Richard Nixon Madman theory Categories: Executive Office of the President images ... WHPO-MPF-C6779(04) Richard Nixon, Official Presidential Photograph, 07/08/1971 NARA ARC Holdings, Nixon Presidential Materials Photographer: Hartmann File links The following pages link to this file: Richard Nixon Madman theory Categories: Executive Office of the President images ... Jump to: navigation, search Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the thirty-seventh President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... The United States District Court for the District of Columbia is the United States District Court that hears cases originating in the District of Columbia under Federal law. ... Jump to: navigation, search September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 63 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the thirty-seventh President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Jump to: navigation, search Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Herbert Brownell, Jr. ... Nicholas deBelleville Katzenbach (born January 17, 1922) was a American lawyer and United States Attorney General. ... Jump to: navigation, search Attorney General Clark & President Lyndon B. Johnson. ... Mitchell (far left) meeting with Nixon, J. Edgar Hoover and John Ehrlichman on May 26, 1971. ... Richard Gordon Kleindienst (August 5, 1923–February 3, 2000) was an American lawyer and politician. ...

The jury returned guilty verdicts on November 6, 1980. Although the charge carried a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison, Felt was fined $5,000. (Miller was fined $3,500).^[53] Writing in The New York Times a week after the conviction, Roy Cohn claimed that Felt and Miller were being used as scapegoats by the Carter administration and it was an unfair prosecution. Cohn wrote it was the "final dirty trick" and that there had been no "personal motive" to their actions ^[54]. The Times saluted the convictions saying it showed "the case has established that zeal is no excuse for violating the Constitution."^[55] November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... Roy Marcus Cohn (February 20, 1927 – August 2, 1986) was an American lawyer who came to prominence during the investigations by Senator Joseph McCarthy into Communism in the government and especially during the Army-McCarthy Hearings. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ...

Felt and Miller appealed the verdict.

Pardoned by Reagan

President Ronald Reagan, who pardoned Felt and Miller.

In a phone call on January 30, 1981, Edwin Meese encouraged President Ronald Reagan to issue a pardon, and after further encouragement from law enforcement officials, and former bureau agents, he did so. The pardon was given on March 26, 1981, but was not announced to the public until April 15, 1981. (The delay was partly because Reagan was shot on March 30.) Reagan wrote: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (594x750, 49 KB) Official Portrait of President Reagan, 1981. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (594x750, 49 KB) Official Portrait of President Reagan, 1981. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ronald Wilson Reagan, GCB, (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Edwin Meese III (born December 2, 1931 in Oakland, California) served as the seventy-fifth Attorney General of the United States (1985 - 1988). ... Jump to: navigation, search Ronald Wilson Reagan, GCB, (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... Jump to: navigation, search March 26 is the 85th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (86th in leap years). ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 30 is the 89th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (90th in Leap years). ...

Pursuant to the grant of authority in article II, section 2 of the Constitution of the United States, I have granted full and unconditional pardons to W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller.

During their long careers, Mark Felt and Edward Miller served the Federal Bureau of Investigation and our nation with great distinction. To punish them further — after 3 years of criminal prosecution proceedings — would not serve the ends of justice.

Their convictions in the U.S. District Court, on appeal at the time I signed the pardons, grew out of their good-faith belief that their actions were necessary to preserve the security interests of our country. The record demonstrates that they acted not with criminal intent, but in the belief that they had grants of authority reaching to the highest levels of government.

America was at war in 1972, and Messrs. Felt and Miller followed procedures they believed essential to keep the Director of the FBI, the Attorney General, and the President of the United States advised of the activities of hostile foreign powers and their collaborators in this country. They have never denied their actions, but, in fact, came forward to acknowledge them publicly in order to relieve their subordinate agents from criminal actions.

Four years ago, thousands of draft evaders and others who violated the Selective Service laws were unconditionally pardoned by my predecessor. America was generous to those who refused to serve their country in the Vietnam war. We can be no less generous to two men who acted on high principle to bring an end to the terrorism that was threatening our nation.^[56]

Nixon sent Felt and Miller bottles of champagne with the note "Justice ultimately prevails."^[57] The New York Times disapproved saying America "deserved better than a gratuitous revision of the record by the President."^[58] Felt and Miller said they would seek repayment of their legal fees from the government.

The chief prosecutor on the trial, John W. Nields, Jr., said "I would warrant that whoever is responsible for the pardons did not read the record of the trial and did not know the facts of the case." Nields also complained that the White House did not consult with the prosecutors in the case, which was usual practice when a pardon was under consideration.^[59]

Felt reacted by saying, "I feel very excited and just so pleased that I can hardly contain myself. I am most grateful to the President. I don't know how I'm ever going to be able to thank him. It's just like having a heavy burden lifted off your back. This case has been dragging on for five years." Miller told a press conference the day of the announcement "I certainly owe the Gipper one." Their attorney, Thomas Kennelly, said "We thank God and we thank President Reagan that these two good men have been vindicated at last." Carter Attorney General Griffin Bell said he did not object to the pardons as the initial convictions showed that behavior such as Felt and Miller's was no longer tolerated. Griffin Boyette Bell (born October 31, 1918) is an American lawyer and former Presidential Cabinet member. ...

Despite their pardons, Felt and Miller won permission from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to appeal the conviction so as to remove it from their record and to prevent it being used in civil suits by the victims of the break-ins they ordered.^[60] Ultimately, Felt's law license was returned by the court in 1982, which cited Reagan's pardon. In June 1982, Felt and Miller testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee's security and terrorism subcommittee that the restrictions placed on the FBI by Attorney General Edward Levi were threatening the country's safety.^[61] The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, known informally as the D.C. Circuit, is the federal appellate court for the U.S. district court in Washington, DC. Appeals from the D.C. Circuit, as with all the U.S. Courts of Appeals, are heard... Jump to: navigation, search 1982 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1982 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Edward H. Levi Edward Hirsch Levi (June 26, 1911–March 7, 2000) was an American academic leader, scholar and statesman. ...

Later years

Felt published his memoir The FBI Pyramid From the Inside in 1979. It was co-written with conservative writer Ralph de Toledano, though his name appears only in the copyright notice. Toldedano in 2005 wrote that the volume was "largely written by me since his original manuscript read like The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table." Toledano said: Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. ...

Felt swore to me that he was not Deep Throat, that he had never leaked information to the Woodward-Bernstein team or anyone else. The book was published and bombed.^[62]

Library Journal wrote in their review that "at one time Felt was assumed to be Watergate's 'Deep Throat'; in this interesting but hardly sensational memoir, he makes it clear that that honor, if honor it be, lies elsewhere."^[63] The memoir was a strong defense of Hoover and his tenure as Director and condemned the reaction to criticisms of the Bureau made in the 1970s by the Church Committee and civil libertarians. He also denounced the treatment of Bureau agents as criminals and said the Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act of 1974 only served to interfere with government work and helped criminals. (The flavor of his criticisms is apparent with the very first words of the book: "The Bill of Rights is not a suicide pact," Justice Robert H. Jackson's comment in his dissent to Terminello v. City of Chicago, 337 U.S. 1 (1949).^[64]) The New York Times Book Review was highly critical of the book saying Felt "seeks to perpetuate a view of Hoover and the F.B.I. that is no longer seriously peddled even on the backs of cereal boxes" and contains "a disturbing number of factual errors,"^[65] sentiments echoed by Curt Gentry who said Felt was "the keeper of the Hoover flame."^[66] The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a Senate committee chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-ID) in 1975. ... Nearly sixty countries around the world have implemented some form of freedom of information legislation, which sets rules on governmental secrecy. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Justice Jackson Robert Houghwout Jackson (February 13, 1892 - October 9, 1954) was United States Attorney General (1940 - 1941) and an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1941 - 1954). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. ...

In 1990, Felt moved to Santa Rosa, California, from Alexandria, Virginia, his home since the 1970s. In 1992, he bought his present home in Santa Rosa and since then lived with his daughter Joan Felt. He suffered a stroke before 1999, reported Ronald Kessler, and met with Bob Woodward in 1999. Kessler took this as evidence that Felt was "Deep Throat". However, the Santa Rosa Press Democrat said Felt's stroke was in 2001.^[67] Jump to: navigation, search Santa Rosa is the county seat of Sonoma County, California. ... Alexandria is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. ... Jump to: navigation, search The 1970s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1970 and 1979. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1992 was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1999 is a common year starting on Friday Anno Domini (or the Current Era), and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1999 is a common year starting on Friday Anno Domini (or the Current Era), and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

Family

Felt and his wife, Audrey, who died in 1984, had two children, Joan (born circa 1944) and Mark. Joan, who had earned two degrees from Stanford University and won a Fulbright Scholarship, joined a commune in the 1970s and, according the Vanity Fair article by John D. O'Connor revealing Felt's secret, gave birth to her son on camera for a documentary, The Birth of Ludi. Joan had three sons, Will (a.k.a. Ludi) Felt (born 1974); Robbie Jones (born circa 1979); and Nick Jones (born circa 1981). Nick Jones was a schoolmate of O'Connor's daughter and they met at a party. Joan teaches Spanish at Sonoma State University and Santa Rosa Junior College, and is a long time member of and local contact for Adi Da. Felt's son Mark Jr. is a pilot for American Airlines and a retired U.S. Air Force lieutenant colonel.^[68] Jump to: navigation, search 1984 is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search For other meanings of Stanford, see Stanford (disambiguation). ... The Fulbright Program is program of educational grants (Fulbright Fellowships) sponsored by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Department of State. ... Jump to: navigation, search The 1970s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1970 and 1979. ... Jump to: navigation, search This page refers to the year 1979. ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sonoma State University is a campus of the California State University system located in Rohnert Park, California (about seven miles south of Santa Rosa). ... The Santa Rosa Junior College (SRJC) is a community college located in the city of Santa Rosa in Sonoma County, California. ... Adi Da Samraj (born Franklin Albert Jones, November 3, 1939 in Jamaica, New York) is a controversial modern spiritual teacher and religious guru and the founder of the new religious movement known as Adidam. ... Jump to: navigation, search AA 777-200ER landing at London Heathrow Airport American Airlines and American Eagle aircraft at San Juan Note: For the arenas named after this company, see American Airlines Center (Dallas, Texas), or American Airlines Arena (Miami, Florida). ... Seal of the Air Force. ...

Deep Throat speculation

For a detailed overview of speculation prior to 31 May 2005, see Deep Throat (Watergate). Jump to: navigation, search May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining, as the last day of May. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search W. Mark Felt, on the set of CBSs Face the Nation in 1976. ...

The identity of Deep Throat was debated for over three decades. Jack Limpert had published evidence as early as 1974 that Felt was the informant.^[69] On June 25 of that year, a few weeks after All the President's Men was published, The Wall Street Journal ran an editorial, "If You Drink Scotch, Smoke, Read, Maybe You're Deep Throat." It began "W. Mark Felt says he isn't now, nor has he ever been Deep Throat." The Journal quoted Felt saying the character was a "composite" and "I'm just not that kind of person." ^[70] During a grand jury investigation in 1976, Felt was called to testify and the prosecutor, Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights Stanley Pottinger, stumbled upon the fact Felt was "Deep Throat", but the secrecy of the proceedings preserved the secrecy of Felt's alter ego from the public. ^[71] Jump to: navigation, search 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with a worldwide average daily circulation of more than 2. ... A grand jury is a type of common law jury; responsible for investigating alleged crimes, examining evidence, and issuing indictments if they believe that there is enough evidence for a trial to proceed. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In 1992, James Mann, who had been a reporter at The Washington Post in 1972 and worked with Woodward, wrote a piece for The Atlantic Monthly saying the source had to have been within the FBI. While he mentioned Felt as a possibility, he said he could not be certain it was him.^[72] Jump to: navigation, search 1992 was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... The Atlantic Monthly (also known as The Atlantic) is an American literary/cultural magazine that was founded in November 1857. ...

Alexander Butterfield, the White House aide best known for revealing the existence of Nixon's taping system, told The Hartford Courant in 1995, "I think it was a guy named Mark Felt." ^[73] In July 1999, Felt was identified as Deep Throat by The Hartford Courant, citing Chase Culeman-Beckman, a nineteen year old from Port Chester, New York . Culeman-Beckman said Jacob Bernstein, the son of Carl Bernstein and Nora Ephron, had told him the name at summer camp in 1988, and that Jacob claimed he had been told by his father. Felt denied the identification to the Courant saying "No, it's not me. I would have done better. I would have been more effective. Deep Throat didn't exactly bring the White House crashing down, did he?" Bernstein said his son didn't know. "Bob and I have been wise enough never to tell our wives, and we've certainly never told our children."^[74] (Bernstein reiterated on June 2, 2005, on the Today Show that his wife had never known.) Alexander Porter Butterfield (born April 6, 1926) was the deputy assistant to Richard Nixon from 1969 until 1973. ... The Hartford Courant is Connecticuts largest daily newspaper, and the only morning newspaper for most of the state north of New Haven and east of Waterbury. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1999 is a common year starting on Friday Anno Domini (or the Current Era), and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... The Hartford Courant is Connecticuts largest daily newspaper, and the only morning newspaper for most of the state north of New Haven and east of Waterbury. ... Port Chester is a village located in Westchester County, New York. ... Carl Bernstein. ... Nora Ephron (born May 19, 1941 in New York City, New York) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and novelist. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Leonard Garment, President Nixon's former law partner who became White House counsel after John W. Dean's resignation, ruled Felt out as Deep Throat in his 2000 book In Search of Deep Throat. Garment wrote: Leonard Garment was acting special counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon for the last two years of his presidency. ... John Dean, May 7, 1972. ...

The Felt theory was a strong one . . . Felt had a personal motive for acting. After the death of J. Edgar Hoover . . . Felt thought he was a leading candidate to succeed Hoover . . . The characteristics were a good fit. The trouble with Felt's candidacy was that Deep Throat in All the President's Men simply did not sound to me like a career FBI man.^[75]

Garment said the information leaked to Woodward was inside White House information Felt would not have had access to. "Felt did not fit."^[76] (Once the secret was revealed, it was noted Felt did have access to such information because the Bureau's agents were interviewing high White House officials.) Jump to: navigation, search Hoover in 1961 John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from May 10, 1924, until his death in 1972. ...

In 2002, The San Francisco Chronicle profiled Felt. Noting his denial in The FBI Pyramid, the paper wrote Jump to: navigation, search 2002(MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The San Francisco Chronicle, the self-described Voice of the West, is Northern Californias largest newspaper. ...

Curiously, his son — American Airlines pilot Mark Felt — now says that shouldn't be read as a definitive denial, and that he plans to answer the question once-and-for-all in a second memoir. The excerpt of the working draft obtained by The Chronicle has Felt still denying he's Throat but providing a rationale for why Throat did the right thing.^[77]

In February 2005, reports surfaced that Woodward had prepared Deep Throat's obituary, because he was near death. This led to some speculation that Deep Throat might be William Rehnquist, who was a Justice Department official early in the Nixon administration, but was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by the time of the incident. Jump to: navigation, search AA 777-200ER landing at London Heathrow Airport American Airlines and American Eagle aircraft at San Juan Note: For the arenas named after this company, see American Airlines Center (Dallas, Texas), or American Airlines Arena (Miami, Florida). ... 2005 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December- → Ongoing events • Iraqi legislative election • Bill C-38 (Canada gay marriage) • Tsunami relief Upcoming events • March 11: Red Nose Day 2005 in the UK. Deaths in February • 26 – Jef Raskin • 25 – Hugh Nibley • 25 – Peter Benenson • 21... An obituary is a notice of the death of a person, usually published in a newspaper, written or commissioned by the newspaper (rather than written by relatives), and usually including a short biography. ... William Hubbs Rehnquist William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer, jurist and political figure, who served as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1972 until 1986 and as the 16th Chief Justice from 1986 until his death in...

Deep Throat revealed

Vanity Fair magazine revealed Felt was Deep Throat on 31 May 2005 when it published an article (eventually appearing in the July issue of the magazine) on its website by John D. O'Connor, an attorney acting on Felt's behalf, in which Felt said, "I'm the guy they used to call Deep Throat." After the Vanity Fair story broke, Ben Bradlee, the key editor of the Washington Post during Watergate, confirmed that Felt was Deep Throat. According to the Vanity Fair article, Felt was persuaded to come out by his family, who wanted to capitalize on the book deals and other lucrative opportunities that Felt would inevitably be offered in order, at least in part, to pay off his grandchildren's education. They also did not want Bob Woodward to get all the attention by revealing Deep Throat's identity after Felt's death.^[78] Vanity Fair is a glossy American glamour magazine monthly that offers a mixture of articles on high-brow culture, jet-set and entertainment-business personalities, politics, and current affairs. ... Jump to: navigation, search May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining, as the last day of May. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee (born August 26, 1921) is the vice president of the Washington Post. ...

Public response varied widely. Felt's family called him an "American hero," suggesting that he leaked information for moral or patriotic reasons. G. Gordon Liddy, who was convicted of burglary in the Watergate scandal, said Felt should have gone to the grand jury rather than leaking information.^[79] Some have contrasted Felt's media treatment with that of other whistleblowers, like Clinton scandal whistleblower Linda Tripp ^[80] or the informant who leaked the identity of CIA employee Valerie Plame to columnist Robert Novak, who was later a critic of Felt. This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, etc. ... A grand jury is a type of common law jury; responsible for investigating alleged crimes, examining evidence, and issuing indictments if they believe that there is enough evidence for a trial to proceed. ... Jump to: navigation, search A whistleblower is an employee, former employee, or member of an organization who reports misconduct to people or entities that have the power to take corrective action. ... Jump to: navigation, search William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe, III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. ... Linda Tripp (born Linda Rose Carotenuto on November 24, 1949 in Jersey City, New Jersey) is an American woman who was a central figure in the Lewinsky scandal of 1998 and 1999 that led to the impeachment of U.S. President Bill Clinton. ... Jump to: navigation, search Valerie Plame with her husband Joseph C. Wilson, photographed after her CIA identity became public knowledge. ... Jump to: navigation, search Robert David Novak (born February 26, 1931) is an American journalist and political figure. ...

Charles Colson, who served prison time for his actions in the Nixon White House, said Felt had violated "his oath to keep this nation's secrets,"^[81] but a Los Angeles Times editorial pointed out this argument was specious, "as if there's no difference between nuclear strategy and rounding up hush money to silence your hired burglars."^[82] Ralph de Toledano, who co-wrote Felt's 1979 memor, said Mark Felt Jr. had approached him in 2004 to buy Toledano's half of the copyright. Toledano agreed to sell but was never paid and attempted to rescind the deal, threatening legal action. A few days before the Vanity Fair article was released, Toledano finally received a check. Charles Wendell Chuck Colson (born October, 1931) was the chief counsel for President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. ... Hush money is an informal term for financial incentives or rewards offered in exchange for not divulging information. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2004(MMIV) is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

I had been gloriously and illegally deceived, and Deep Throat was, in characteristic style, back in business — which given his history of betrayal, was par for the course.^[83]

Speculation about Felt's motives at the time of the scandal has varied widely as well. Some suggested it was revenge for Nixon choosing Gray over Felt to replace Hoover as FBI Director. Others suggest Felt acted out of institutional loyalty to the FBI.

Publishers were interested in signing Felt to a book deal after the revelation. Weeks after the Vanity Fair article was released, PublicAffairs Books, whose CEO was a Washington Post reporter and editor during the Watergate era, announced that it signed a deal with Felt. The new book was to include material from his 1979 memoir with an update. The new volume was scheduled for publication in the spring of 2006. Felt sold the movie rights to his story Universal Pictures for development by Tom Hanks's production company, Playtone. The book and movie deals were valued at US $1 million, most coming from the movie option.^[84] A publisher is a person or entity which engages in the act of publishing. ... Vanity Fair is a glossy American glamour magazine monthly that offers a mixture of articles on high-brow culture, jet-set and entertainment-business personalities, politics, and current affairs. ... Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the job of having the ultimate executive responsibility or authority within an organization or corporation. ... Jump to: navigation, search This page refers to the year 1979. ... A memoir, as a literary genre, forms a sub-class of autobiography. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Universal Studios logo Universal Studios is a famous Hollywood movie studio located at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California, which is in the San Fernando Valley. ... Jump to: navigation, search Tom Hanks in February 2004 Thomas Jeffrey Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor famous for playing notable roles in many popular and critically acclaimed movies. ...

In the summer of 2005, Woodward's longtime publisher, Simon and Schuster, issued Woodward's swiftly written account of his contacts with Felt, The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat (ISBN 0743287150). The book received poor reviews and, despite the media attention that surrounded the Vanity Fair story, did not sell very well. Jean-François Millet Le Semeur (The Sower) Simon & Schuster logo, circa 1961. ...

Notes

Ibid (Latin, short for ibidem, the same place) is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the last endnote or footnote. ... This article is on the novel, Vanity Fair. ... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... The American Conservative (TAC) is biweekly magazine published by Pat Buchanan, Scott McConnell, and Taki Theodoracopolous. ... Jump to: navigation, search July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washingtonians were a temperance group from early in the history of the United States. ... The Atlantic Monthly (also known as The Atlantic) is an American literary/cultural magazine that was founded in November 1857. ... The Hartford Courant is Connecticuts largest daily newspaper, and the only morning newspaper for most of the state north of New Haven and east of Waterbury. ... The San Francisco Chronicle, the self-described Voice of the West, is Northern Californias largest newspaper. ... This article is on the novel, Vanity Fair. ... Newsday is a daily tabloid newspaper which primarily serves Long Island and the New York City borough of Queens, although it is sold throughout the greater New York City metropolitan area. ... Jump to: navigation, search June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... City nickname: The Summit City Location in the state of Indiana County Allen County, Indiana Area  - Total  - Water 127 km^2 (78. ... 2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the western United States. ... 2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The American Conservative (TAC) is biweekly magazine published by Pat Buchanan, Scott McConnell, and Taki Theodoracopolous. ... Jump to: navigation, search July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Anson, Robert Sam. Exile: The Unquiet Oblivion of Richard M. Nixon. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. (ISBN 0671440217)
• Benfell, Carol. "A Family Secret: Joan Felt Explains Why Family Members Urged Her Father, Watergate's 'Deep Throat' to Reveal His Identity". The Press Democrat (Santa Rosa, California). June 5, 2005. A1.
• Bernstein, Carl and Bob Woodward. All the President's Men. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974. (ISBN 067121781X)
• Cannon, Lou and Laura A. Kiernan. "President Pardons 2 Ex-FBI Officials Guilty in Break-Ins". The Washington Post. April 16, 1981. A1.
• Cohn, Roy. "Stabbing the F.B.I." The New York Times. November 15, 1980. 20.
• Crewdson, John. "Ex-Aide Approved F.B.I. Burglaries." The New York Times. August 18, 1976. A1.
• Crewdson, John. "Ex-F.B.I. Aide Sees 'Scapegoat' Role". The New York Times. August 30, 1976. 21.
• Daley, David. "Deep Throat: 2 boys talking politics at summer camp may have revealed a Watergate secret." The Hartford Courant. July 28, 1999. A1.
• "Deep Thoughts" (editorial). Los Angeles Times. June 2, 2005. B10.
• Duke, Lynne. "Deep Throat's Daughter, The Kindred Free Spirit" The Washington Post. June 12, 2005. A1.
• Felt, W. Mark. The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1979. (ISBN 0399119043).
• Garment, Leonard. In Search of Deep Throat: The Greatest Political Mystery of Our Time. New York: Basic Books, 2000. ISBN 0465026133
• Gentry, Curt. J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets. New York: W.W. Norton, 1991. (ISBN 0393024040)
• Haddock, Vicki. "The Bay Area's 'Deep Throat' candidate." The San Francisco Chronicle. June 16, 2002. D1.
• Havill, Adrian. Deep Truth: The Lives of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1993. ISBN 1559721723
• Horrock, Nicholas M. "Gray and 2 Ex-F.B.I Aides Indicted on Conspiracy in Search for Radicals." The New York Times. April 11, 1978. A1.
• Johnston, Laurie and Robert McG. Thomas. "Congratulations and Champagne from Nixon." The New York Times. April 30, 1981. C18.
• Kamen, Al and Laura A. Kiernan. "Lawyers". The Washington Post. June 28, 1982. B3.
• Kessler, Ronald. The F.B.I.: Inside the World's Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency. New York: Pocket Books, 1993. ISBN 0671786571
• Kutler, Stanley I., editor. Abuse of Power: The New Nixon Tapes. New York: The Free Press, 1997. ISBN 0684841274
• Lardner, George. "Attorney General Backs FBI Pardons but Ex-Prosecutor Disagrees". The Washington Post. April 17, 1981. A9.
• Lakely, James. "Tripp, Felt treatment a contrast". The Washington Times. June 2, 2005. [[86]
• Limpert, Jack. "Deeper Into Deep Throat". Washingtonian. August 1974. [87]
• Mann, James. "Deep Throat: An Institutional Analysis". The Atlantic Monthly. May 1992. [88]
• Marro, Anthony. "Gray and 2 Ex-F.B.I. Aides Deny Guilt as 700 at Court Applaud Them". The New York Times. April 21, 1978. A13.
• O'Connor, John D. "'I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat'". Vanity Fair. July 2005. 86-89, 129-133. [89]
• "Pardoning the F.B.I's Past". (Editorial). The New York Times. April 16, 1980. A30.
• Pear, Robert. "Conspiracy Trial for 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials Accused in Break-ins." The New York Times. September 19, 1980. A14.
• Pear, Robert. "Long Delayed Trial Over F.B.I. Break-ins to Start in Capital Tomorrow". The New York Times. September 14, 1980. 30.
• Pear, Robert. "President Pardons 2 Ex-F.B.I. Officials in 1970's Break-ins." The New York Times. April 16, 1981. A1.
• Pear, Robert. "Prosecutors Rejected Offer of Plea to F.B.I. Break-ins". The New York Times. January 11, 1981. 24.
• Pear, Robert. "Testimony by Nixon Heard in F.B.I. Trial." The New York Times. October 30, 1980. A17.
• Pear, Robert. "2 Ex-F.B.I. Agents Get Light Fines for Authorizing Break-ins in 70's". The New York Times. December 16, 1980. A1.
• Pear, Robert. "2 Pardoned Ex-F.B.I. Officials to Seek U.S. Payment of Some Legal Fees." The New York Times. May 1, 1981. A14.
• Pichirallo, Joe. "Judge Allows Appeals by Ex-Officials Of FBI Despite Pardons by Reagan". The Washington Post. July 24, 1981. C5.
• Raum, Tom. "Turncoat or U.S. hero? Deep Throat casts divide". The Journal - Gazette (Ft. Wayne, Indiana). June 2, 2005. 1A.
• "The Right Punishment for F.B.I. Crimes." (Editorial). The New York Times. December 18, 1980. A30.
• Rizzo, Frank. "Nixon one role will remain nameless." The Hartford Courant. December 17, 1995. G1.
• Schram, Martin. "Nixon's henchmen lecture us on ethics". Newsday. June 6, 2005. A32.
• Steck, Henry. Review of The FBI Pyramid. Library Journal. April 1, 1980. 850.
• Summers, Anthony. Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1993. (ISBN 0399138005)
• Theoharis, Athan G., Tony G. Poveda, Susan Rosefeld, and Richard Gid Powers. The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. New York: Checkmark Books, 2000. (ISBN 0816042284)
• Thompson, Bob. "Deep Throat Family Cuts Publishing, Film Pacts; Tom Hanks to Develop Movie About Secret Watergate Source." The Washington Post. June 16, 2005. C1.
• Toledano, Ralph de. "Deep Throat's Ghost". The American Conservative. July 4, 2005.
• United Press International. "2 Ex-FBI Aides Urge Relation of Spying Rules." The Miami Herald. June 27, 1982. 24A.
• United States Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on Government Operations. Subcommittee on Government Information and Individual Rights. Inquiry Into the Destruction of Former FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's Files and FBI Recordkeeping: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, December 1, 1975. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1975.
• United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Office of the Federal Register. Public Papers of the President: Ronald Reagan, 1981. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1982. [90]
• Wise, David. "Apologia by No. 2". The New York Times Book Review. January 27, 1980. 12.
• Woodward, Bob. "How Mark Felt Became 'Deep Throat'". The Washington Post. June 2, 2005. A1.
• Woodward, Bob. The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005. (ISBN 0743287150)

Jean-François Millet Le Semeur (The Sower) Simon & Schuster logo, circa 1961. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1984 is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search Santa Rosa is the county seat of Sonoma County, California. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... Jump to: navigation, search November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... August 18 is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... Jump to: navigation, search August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Hartford Courant is Connecticuts largest daily newspaper, and the only morning newspaper for most of the state north of New Haven and east of Waterbury. ... Jump to: navigation, search July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1999 is a common year starting on Friday Anno Domini (or the Current Era), and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the western United States. ... 2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search This page refers to the year 1979. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year 2000. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The San Francisco Chronicle, the self-described Voice of the West, is Northern Californias largest newspaper. ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2002(MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1993 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... 1978 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining, as the last day in April. ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search (Some entries on this page have been duplicated on August 1. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1982 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Times logo The Washington Times is a daily broadsheet newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... 2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washingtonians were a temperance group from early in the history of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... The Atlantic Monthly (also known as The Atlantic) is an American literary/cultural magazine that was founded in November 1857. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1992 was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 1978 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... This article is on the novel, Vanity Fair. ... July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... Jump to: navigation, search April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... Jump to: navigation, search September 14 is the 257th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (258th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... Jump to: navigation, search April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... Jump to: navigation, search May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 160 days remaining. ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... City nickname: The Summit City Location in the state of Indiana County Allen County, Indiana Area  - Total  - Water 127 km^2 (78. ... 2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... Jump to: navigation, search December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... The Hartford Courant is Connecticuts largest daily newspaper, and the only morning newspaper for most of the state north of New Haven and east of Waterbury. ... Jump to: navigation, search December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Newsday is a daily tabloid newspaper which primarily serves Long Island and the New York City borough of Queens, although it is sold throughout the greater New York City metropolitan area. ... Jump to: navigation, search June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... 1993 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year 2000. ... The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The American Conservative (TAC) is biweekly magazine published by Pat Buchanan, Scott McConnell, and Taki Theodoracopolous. ... Jump to: navigation, search July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Front of UPI Headquarters, Washington, D.C. United Press International (UPI) is a global news agency headquartered in the United States filing news in English, Spanish and Arabic. ... The Miami Herald is a daily newspaper owned by Knight Ridder. ... Jump to: navigation, search June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1982 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... Jump to: navigation, search Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the Congress of the United States, the other being the Senate. ... The Ninety-fourth United States Congress was in session from 1975 to 1977. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... The logotype of the United States Government Printing Office In the United States, the Government Printing Office (GPO) provides printed (and now electronic) copies of documents produced by and for all federal agencies, including the Supreme Court, the Congress, and all executive branch agencies like the FCC and EPA. Court... Jump to: navigation, search 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... The United States National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records. ... The Federal Register contains most routine publications and public notices of United States government agencies. ... Washington, D.C. is the capital city of the United States of America. ... The logotype of the United States Government Printing Office In the United States, the Government Printing Office (GPO) provides printed (and now electronic) copies of documents produced by and for all federal agencies, including the Supreme Court, the Congress, and all executive branch agencies like the FCC and EPA. Court... Jump to: navigation, search 1982 is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. ... January 27 is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... The Washington Post is the largest and oldest newspaper in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. ... 2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jean-François Millet Le Semeur (The Sower) Simon & Schuster logo, circa 1961. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

W. Mark Felt

• Dohrn, Jennifer. I Was The Target Of Illegal FBI Break-Ins Ordered by Mark Felt aka "Deep Throat" (2 June 2005). Democracy Now!
• Dean, John W. Why The Revelation of the Identity Of Deep Throat Has Only Created Another Mystery (3 June 2005. Findlaw. See also his extensive appendix collecting all of Woodward's references to "Deep Throat" in All The President's Men.