NationMaster - Encyclopedia: William Tyndale

William Tyndale (sometimes spelled Tyndale,Tindall or Tyndall) (ca. 1494–October 6, 1536) was a 16th century Protestant reformer and scholar who translated the Bible into the Early Modern English of his day. Although a number of partial and complete English translations had been made from the 7th century onward,^{[citation needed]} Tyndale's was the first to take advantage of the new medium of print, which allowed for its wide distribution. In 1535 Tyndale was arrested, jailed in the castle of Vilvoorde outside Brussels, Belgium for more than a year, tried for heresy and treason and then strangled and burnt at the stake in the castle's courtyard. [1] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 494 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1335 Ã— 1619 pixel, file size: 264 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) From:Foxes Book of Martyrs This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and... 1494 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... Year 1536 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... A scholar is either a student or someone who has achieved a mastery of some academic discipline, perhaps receiving financial support through a scholarship. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... Shakespeares writings are universally associated with Early Modern English Early Modern English refers to the stage of the English language used from about the end of the Middle English period (the latter half of the 1400s) to 1650. ... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ... Vilvoorde (French: Vilvorde) is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. ... For other uses, see Brussels (disambiguation). ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Traitor redirects here. ... Burning of two sodomites at the stake outside ZÃ¼rich, 1482 (Spiezer Schilling) Execution by burning has a long history as a method of punishment for crimes such as treason and for other unpopular acts such as heresy and the putative practice of witchcraft (burning, however, was actually less common...

Much of Tyndale's work eventually found its way into the King James Version (or Authorised Version) of the Bible, published in 1611, and, though nominally the work of 54 independent scholars, is based primarily on Tyndale's translations. The King James or Authorised Version of the Bible is an English translation of the Christian Bible first published in 1611. ... Events June 23 - Henry Hudsons crew maroons him, his son and 7 others in a boat November 1 - At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeares romantic comedy The Tempest is presented for the first time. ...

Biography

William Tyndale was born around 1494, probably in one of the villages near Dursley, Gloucestershire. The Tyndales were also known under the name Hychyns (Hitchins), and it was as William Hychyns that he was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford (now part of Hertford College), where he was admitted to the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1512, the same year he became a subdeacon. He was made Master of Arts in July 1515, three months after he had been ordained into the priesthood. The MA degree allowed him to start studying theology, but the official course did not include the study of scripture. This horrified Tyndale, and he organised private groups for teaching and discussing the scriptures. He was a gifted linguist (fluent in French, Greek, Hebrew, German, Italian, Latin, Spanish and of course his native English) and subsequently went to Cambridge (possibly studying under Erasmus, whose 1503 Enchiridion Militis Christiani — "Handbook of the Christian Knight" — he translated into English), where he is believed to have met Thomas Bilney and John Frith. No contemporary records survive which show Tyndale at Cambridge. Arms of the former Dursley Rural District Council Dursley is a market town in Gloucestershire, England. ... Gloucestershire (pronounced ; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a county in South West England. ... The University of Oxford (usually abbreviated as Oxon. ... College name Hertford College Named after Elias de Hertford Established 1282 Sister College None Principal Dr John Landers JCR President Stephanie Johnston Undergraduates 376 Graduates 224 Homepage Boatclub Hertford College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. ... A B.A. issused as a certificate Bachelor of Arts (B.A., BA or A.B.), from the Latin Artium Baccalaureus is an undergraduate bachelors degree awarded for either a course or a program in the liberal arts or the sciences, or both. ... Subdeacon is a title used in various branches of Christianity. ... The degree of Master of Arts degree is an undergraduate degree awarded by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge as well as by the University of Dublin. ... At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Theology at: The School of Theology Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... This article describes the Biblical dialects of Hebrew. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. ... Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 â€“ July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. ... Thomas Bilney (born in or after 1495 at or near Norwich; died 1531) was an English martyr. ... John Frith (1503â€“July 4, 1533) was an English Protestant priest, writer, and martyr. ...

He became chaplain in the house of Sir John Walsh at Little Sodbury in about 1521, and tutor to his children. His opinions involved him in controversy with his fellow clergymen, and around 1522 he was summoned before the Chancellor of the Diocese of Worcester on a charge of heresy. Little Sodbury is an English village in South Gloucestershire a little east of Chipping Sodbury. ... The Diocese of Worcester forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England. ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

From Foxe's Book of Martyrs: "There dwelt not far off a certain doctor, that had been chancellor to a bishop, who had been of old, familiar acquaintance with Master Tyndale, and favored him well; unto whom Master Tyndale went and opened his mind upon divers questions of the Scripture: for to him he durst be bold to disclose his heart. Unto whom the doctor said, 'Do you not know that the pope is very Antichrist, whom the Scripture speaketh of? But beware what you say; for if you shall be perceived to be of that opinion, it will cost you your life.' " William Tyndale, just before being burnt at the stake, cries out Lord, ope the King of Englands eies in this woodcut from an early edition of Foxes Book of Martyrs. ...

Soon afterwards he already determined to translate the Bible into English: he was convinced that the way to God was through His word and that scripture should be available even to common people. Foxe describes an argument with a "learned" but "blasphemous" clergyman, who had asserted to Tyndale that, "We had better be without God's laws than the Pope's." In a swelling of emotion, Tyndale made his prophetic response: "I defy the Pope, and all his laws; and if God spares my life, I will cause the boy that drives the plow in England to know more of the Scriptures than the Pope himself!" ^[1]^[2] John Foxe, line engraving by George Glover, first published in the 1641 edition of Actes and Monuments John Foxe (1516â€“April 8, 1587) is remembered as the author of the famous Foxes Book of Martyrs. ...

With a sense of vocation, he left for London in 1523 to seek permission and other help from the Church. In particular he hoped for support from Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall, a well-known classicist whom Erasmus had praised after working with him on a Greek New Testament, but the bishop, like many highly-placed churchmen, was uncomfortable with the idea of the Bible in the vernacular and told Tyndale he had no room for him in the Bishop's Palace. Tyndale preached and studied "at his book" (Foxe) in London for some time, relying on the help of a cloth merchant, Humphrey Monmouth. He then left England under a pseudonym and landed at Hamburg in 1524 with the work he had done so far on his translation of the New Testament. He is said to have visited Luther at Wittenberg, though there is no evidence for this, and in the following year completed his translation, with assistance from Observant friar William Roy. Cuthbert Tunstall (or Tonstall) (1474 - November 18, 1559) was an English church leader, twice Bishop of Durham. ... Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 â€“ July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. ... A pseudonym (Greek pseudo + -onym: false name) is an artificial, fictitious name, also known as an alias, used by an individual as an alternative to a persons true name. ... Location Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE6 First Mayor Ole von Beust (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 755 kmÂ² (292 sq mi) Population 1,754,317 (11/2006)[1] - Density 2,324 /kmÂ² (6,018... Statue of Martin Luther in the main square Wittenberg, officially [Die] Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a town in Germany, in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, at 12Â° 59 E, 51Â° 51 N, on the Elbe river. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ...

In 1525 publication of his work by Peter Quentell in Cologne was interrupted by anti-Lutheran influence, and it was not until 1526 that a full edition of the New Testament was produced by the printer Peter Schoeffer in Worms, a safe city for church reformers. More copies were soon being printed in Antwerp. The book was smuggled into England and Scotland, and was condemned in October 1526 by Tunstall, who issued warnings to booksellers and had copies burned in public. For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... // Worms (pronounced ) is a city in the southwest of Germany. ... For other uses, see Antwerp (disambiguation). ...

Following the publication of the New Testament, Cardinal Wolsey condemned Tyndale as a heretic and demanded his arrest. Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, (c. ...

Tyndale went into hiding, possibly for a time in Hamburg, and carried on working. He revised his New Testament and began translating the Old Testament and writing various treatises. In 1530 he wrote The Practyse of Prelates, which seemed to move him briefly to the Catholic side through its opposition to Henry VIII's divorce. This resulted in the king's wrath being directed at him: he asked the emperor Charles V to have Tyndale seized and returned to England. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (521x640, 105 KB) Summary Photo taken by Lonpicman Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (521x640, 105 KB) Summary Photo taken by Lonpicman Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... The church of St Dunstan-in-the-West is in Fleet Street in London. ... Location Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE6 First Mayor Ole von Beust (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 755 kmÂ² (292 sq mi) Population 1,754,317 (11/2006)[1] - Density 2,324 /kmÂ² (6,018... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... Henry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland, from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... Charles V (24 February 1500 - 21 September 1558) was ruler of the Burgundian territories (1506-1555), King of Spain (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily (1516-1554), Archduke of Austria (1519-1521), King of the Romans (or German King), (1519-1556 but did not formally abdicate until 1558) and...

Eventually, he was betrayed to the authorities. He was arrested in Antwerp in 1535, betrayed by Henry Phillips, and held in the castle of Vilvoorde near Brussels. In politics, authority generally refers to the ability to make laws, independent of the power to enforce them, or the ability to permit something. ... For other uses, see Antwerp (disambiguation). ... Vilvoorde (French: Vilvorde) is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. ... Nickname: Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Coordinates: Country Belgium Region Brussels-Capital Region Founded 979 Founded (Region) June 18, 1989 Government - Mayor (Municipality) Freddy Thielemans Area - Region 162 kmÂ² (62. ...

From Foxe's Book of Martyr's : Master Tyndale, remaining in prison, was proffered an advocate and a procurator; the which he refused, saying that he would make answer for himself. He had so preached to them who had him in charge, and such as was there conversant with him in the Castle that they reported of him, that if he were not a good Christian man, they knew not whom they might take to be one.

He was tried on a charge of heresy in 1536 and condemned to the stake, despite Thomas Cromwell's intercession on his behalf. Tyndale was strangled, but he regained consciousness,^{[citation needed]} and he was burned alive on 6 October 1536. His final words reportedly were, "Oh Lord, open the King of England's eyes". Thomas Cromwell: detail from a portrait by Hans Holbein, 1532-3 Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex ( 1485 - July 28, 1540) was an English statesman, one of the most important political figures of the reign of Henry VIII of England. ... Year 1536 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ...

Tyndale's legacy

In translating the Bible, Tyndale introduced new words into the English language: The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

He also coined such familiar phrases as: Jehovah is an English transcription of ×™Ö°×”Ö¹×•Ö¸×”, a specific vocalized spelling of ×™×”×•×” which is found in the Masoretic Text. ... â€œHebrewâ€ redirects here. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh. ... It has been suggested that Yahweh be merged into this article or section. ... At the bottom of the hands, the two letters on each hand combine to form ×™×”×•×” (YHVH), the name of God. ... Pasch redirects here. ... For other uses, see Atonement (disambiguation). ... Yom Kippur (IPA: ; Hebrew:×™×•Ö¹× ×›Ö´Ö¼×¤Ö¼×•Ö¼×¨, IPA: ) is the Jewish holiday of the Day of Atonement. ... The Scapegoat by William Holman Hunt, 1854. ... Leviticus is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, also the third book in the Torah (five books of Moses). ...

Some of the new words and phrases introduced by Tyndale did not sit well with the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, using words like 'Overseer' rather than 'Bishop' and 'Elder' rather than 'Priest', and (very controversially), 'congregation' rather than 'Church' and 'love' rather than 'charity'. Tyndale contended (with Erasmus) that the Greek New Testament did not support the traditional Roman Catholic readings. Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 â€“ July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. ...

Contention from Roman Catholics came from real or perceived errors in translation. Thomas More commented that searching for errors in the Tyndale Bible was similar to searching for water in the sea. This reflected the vast theological difference between the two men. More remained Roman Catholic in orientation, whilst Tyndale was persuaded of a Lutheran reading of Scripture. Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall of London declared that there were upwards of 2,000 errors in Tyndale's Bible. Tunstall in 1523 had denied Tyndale the permission required under the Constitutions of Oxford (1409), that were still in force, to translate the Bible into English, and forced him into exile. There are also several institutions named Thomas More College. ... Cuthbert Tunstall (or Tonstall) (1474 - November 18, 1559) was an English church leader, twice Bishop of Durham. ...

From Foxe's Book of Martyrs: As touching his translation of the New Testament, because his enemies did so much carp at it, pretending it to be full of heresies, he wrote to John Frith, as followeth, "I call God to record against the day we shall appear before our Lord Jesus, that I never altered one syllable of God's Word against my conscience, nor would do this day, if all that is in earth, whether it be honor, pleasure, or riches, might be given me." William Tyndale, just before being burnt at the stake, cries out Lord, ope the King of Englands eies in this woodcut from an early edition of Foxes Book of Martyrs. ...

Almost all histories claim that Tyndale translated from the Vulgate and Martin Luther. This is certainly false: we have already mentioned that Tyndale controversially followed Erasmus' (1522) Greek edition of the New Testament. In his Preface to his 1534 New Testament ("WT unto the Reader") he not only goes into some detail about the Greek tenses but also points out that there is often a Hebrew idiom underlying the Greek. The Tyndale Society adduces much further evidence to show that his translations were made directly from the original Hebrew and Greek sources he had at his disposal. For example, the Prolegomena in Mombert's William Tyndale's Five Books of Moses show that Tyndale's Pentateuch is a translation of the Hebrew original. The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century version in Latin, partly revised and partly translated by Jerome on the orders of Pope Damasus I in 382. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 â€“ February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 â€“ July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. ...

Of the first (1526) edition of Tyndale's New Testament, only three copies survive. The only complete copy is part of the Bible Collection of Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart. The copy of the British Library is almost complete, lacking only the title page and list of contents. WÃ¼rttembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart WÃ¼rttembergische Landesbibliothek (WLB) is a large library in Stuttgart, Germany, tracing back to the ducal public library of WÃ¼rttemberg, founded in 1765. ... British Library Ossulston St entrance, with distinctive red logo. ...

Tyndale University College and Seminary, a Christian university college and seminary in Toronto, is named after William Tyndale. Tyndale University College and Seminary is an evangelical Christian and transdenominational post-secondary educational institution located in Toronto, Ontario Canada. ...

Tyndale's Long-Term Impact on the English Bible

The men who translated the Revised Standard Version in the 1940s noted that Tyndale's translation inspired the great translations to follow, including the Great Bible of 1539 (which many Christians consider to be the answer to Tyndale's dying prayer), the Geneva Bible of 1560, the Bishops' Bible of 1568, the Douay-Rheims Bible of 1582–1609, and the King James Version of 1611, of which the RSV translators noted: "It [the KJV] kept felicitous phrases and apt expressions, from whatever source, which had stood the test of public usage. It owed most, especially in the New Testament, to Tyndale." The efforts of translating the Bible from its original languages into over 2,000 others have spanned more than two millennia. ... A number of Old English Bible translations were prepared in mediaeval England, translations of parts of the Bible into the Old English language. ... The age of Middle English was not a fertile time for Bible translations but saw the first major translation that of John Wyclif. ... Early Modern English Bible translations are those translations of the Bible which were made between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Jewish English Bible translations are modern English Bible translations that include the books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) according to the masoretic text, and according to the traditional division and order of Torah, Neviim, and Ketuvim. ... These are other translation projects which are worthy of note which are not easily classified in the other groups: Anchor Bible Series - The Anchor Bible is a translation treating the Bible merely as a historical text; each book is translated by a different scholar, with extensive critical commentary. ... The Revised Standard Version (RSV) is an English translation of the Bible published in the mid-20th century. ... The Great Bible was the first authorised edition of the Holy Bible in English, authorised by King Henry VIII of England to be read aloud in the church services of the Church of England. ... The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. ... The Bishops Bible was an English translation of the Holy Bible produced under the authority of the established Church of England in 1568. ... The Douai Bible, also known as the Rheims-Douai Bible or Douay-Rheims Bible, was a Roman Catholic translation of the Holy Bible from the Latin Vulgate into English. ... This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). ...

Many of the great English versions since then have drawn inspiration from Tyndale, such as the Revised Standard Version, the New American Standard Bible, and the English Standard Version. Even the paraphrases like the Living Bible and the New Living Translation have been inspired by the same desire to make the Bible understandable to Tyndale's proverbial ploughboy. The New American Standard Bible (NASB) is an English translation of the Bible. ... The English Standard Version (ESV) is an English translation of the Bible. ... The Living Bible (TLB) is a English version of the Bible by Kenneth Taylor released in 1971. ... New Living Translation The New Living Translation or NLT is a translation of the Bible into an easily readable form of modern English. ...

The aforementioned paraphrases were, incidentally, sanctioned and published by the Tyndale House Publishers of Wheaton, Illinois, which, as one might expect, was named for Tyndale. Tyndale House is a publisher founded in 1962 by Kenneth Taylor, in order to publish his paraphrase of the Epistles, which he had composed while commuting to work at Moody Press in Chicago. ...

Memorials

A bronze statue by Sir Joseph Boehm commemorating the life and work of Tyndale was erected in Victoria Embankment Gardens on the Thames Embankment, London in 1884. It shows the reformer's right hand on an open Bible, which in turn is resting on an early printing press. Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm, Bart. ... Victoria Embankment, London The Victoria Embankment, previously the Thames Embankment is a road and walkway along the north bank of the River Thames in London in the cities of Westminster and London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

There is also a memorial tower, the Tyndale Monument, erected in 1866 and prominent for miles around, on a hill above his birthplace of North Nibley. The Tyndale Monument is a tower built on a hill at North Nibley, Gloucestershire, England. ... North Nibley is a village in Gloucestershire, United Kingdom about 3 km northwest of Wotton-under-Edge. ...

The site in Vilvoorde, Belgium (15 minutes north of Brussels by train) where Tyndale was burned is also marked by a memorial. It was erected in 1913 by Friends of the Trinitarian Bible Society of London and the Belgium Bible Society.

He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as a translator and martyr on October 6. The Lutheran Calendar of Saints is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by the Lutheran Church. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

References

British Library Ossulston St entrance, with distinctive red logo. ... The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge is a 1914 religious encyclopedia, published in thirteen volumes. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

External links

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since April 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since May 2007 | Heroes of the Christian Church in the Anglican Communion | Bible translators | English translators | English Reformation | Tudor clergy | Protestant martyrs of the Early Modern era | Lutheran saints | People executed for heresy | English Roman Catholic priests | People from Gloucestershire | Former students of Magdalen Hall, Oxford | 1490s births | 1536 deaths | Old Waynfletes Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works. ...

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