Rutan VariEze, the first aircraft to use winglets in 1975

Learjet 28/29, the first production jet aircraft to use winglets in 1977

McDonnell Douglas MD-11, one of the first airliners to benefit from winglet research

Wingtip devices are usually intended to improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft.^[1] There are several types of devices, and though they function in different manners, the intended aerodynamic effect is to modify the aircraft's wake in some beneficial manner. Wingtip devices can also improve aircraft handling characteristics. From a marketing standpoint, they are also valued for their aesthetic appeal, and aircraft have been equipped with them for cosmetic reasons as well. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2185x1543, 625 KB) Rutan VariEze (UK registration G-VEZE) at Kemble Airfield, Gloucestershire, England. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2185x1543, 625 KB) Rutan VariEze (UK registration G-VEZE) at Kemble Airfield, Gloucestershire, England. ... Rutan VariEze The Rutan Model 31 VariEze is a composite, canard aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1975: Events January A specially modified McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle sets eight time to climb records, including one of 3 minutes 27 seconds from standstill on the runway to a height of 30,000 metres (98,425 feet). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Learjet 28 is an eight to ten seat (two crew and six to eight passengers), twin-engined, high speed business jet, intended to be the successor to the Learjet 25. ... Varig McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (PP-VQJ) landing at London (Heathrow) Airport in July 2004. ... Varig McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (PP-VQJ) landing at London (Heathrow) Airport in July 2004. ... The McDonnell Douglas MD-11 is an American three-engine medium to long-range widebody airliner, with two engines mounted on underwing pylons and a third engine at the base of the vertical stabilizer. ... Airplane and Aeroplane redirect here. ...

Such devices increase the effective aspect ratio of a wing, with less added wingspan. An extension of span would lower lift-induced drag, but would increase parasitic drag, and would require boosting the strength and weight of the wing. At some point there is no net benefit from further increased span. There may also be operational considerations that limit the allowable wingspan. Despite all the research, no references exists that conclude the winglet performs as well as or better than simply extending the wing.^{[citation needed]} The low aspect ratio wing of a Piper PA-28 Cherokee In aerodynamics, the aspect ratio is an airplanes wings span divided by its standard mean chord (SMC). ... The distance AB is the wing span of this Aer Lingus Airbus A320. ... In aerodynamics, lift-induced drag, induced drag, or sometimes drag due to lift, is a drag force which occurs whenever a lifting body or a wing of finite span generates lift. ... Parasitic drag (also called parasite drag) is drag caused by moving a solid object through a fluid. ...

The wingtip devices increase the lift generated at the wingtip, and reduce the lift-induced drag caused by wingtip vortices, improving lift-to-drag ratio. This increases fuel efficiency in powered aircraft, and cross-country speed in gliders, in both cases increasing range.^[1] In aerodynamics, lift-induced drag, induced drag, or sometimes drag due to lift, is a drag force which occurs whenever a lifting body or a wing of finite span generates lift. ... Wingtip vortices stream from an F-15E as it disengages from a KC-10 Extender following midair refueling. ... In aerodynamics, the lift-to-drag ratio, or L/D ratio (ell-over-dee, as opposed to ell-dee), is the amount of lift generated by a wing, compared to the drag it creates by moving through the air. ... Fuel efficiency sometimes means the same as thermal efficiency, that is, the efficiency of converting energy contained in a carrier fuel to kinetic energy or work. ... Gliders are un-powered heavier-than-air aircraft. ... The maximal total range is the distance an aircraft can fly between takeoff and landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft, or cross-country speed and environmental conditions in unpowered aircraft. ...

Types

Winglet

Gulfstream V model during winglet flutter tests at the NASA Langley Transonic Dynamics Wind Tunnel

A winglet is a near vertical extension of the wing tips. The upward angle (or cant) of the winglet, its inward angle (or toe), as well as its size and shape are critical for correct performance, and unique in each application. The vortex which rotates around from below the wing strikes the cambered surface of the winglet, generating a force that angles inward and slightly forward, analogous to a sailboat sailing close hauled. The winglet converts some of the otherwise wasted energy in the wing tip vortex to an apparent thrust. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Gulfstream G500 is a private jet aircraft produced by Gulfstream Aerospace, Savannah, Georgia, USA, a General Dynamics company. ... Aeroelasticity is the science which studies the interaction among inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic forces. ... This article is about the American space agency. ... Langley Research Center NASA Langley 14 x 22 foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The wing tip of a Quad City Challenger II, formed with an aluminum bow The wing tip of an American Aviation AA-1 Yankee, showing its Hoerner style design A Piper PA-28 Cherokee with huge winglets installed The wing tip is that part of the wing most distant from... The camber in aerospace engineering is the asymmetry between the top and the bottom curves of an airfoil. ... Diagram of Sailboat, in this case a typical monohull sloop with a bermuda or marconi rig. ... Points of sail is the term used to describe a sailing boats course in relation to the wind direction. ... Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newtons Second and Third Laws. ...

This small contribution can be very worthwhile, provided the benefit offsets the cost of installing and maintaining the winglets during the aircraft's lifetime. Another potential benefit of winglets is that they reduce the strength of wingtip vortices, which trail behind the plane. When other aircraft pass through these vortices, the turbulent air can cause loss of control, possibly resulting in an accident.

The EADS Airbus A340, and the Boeing 747-400 use winglets. Other designs such as Boeing 777 and the 747-8 omit them in favor of raked wingtips, because the gain available is very small and would make the aircraft too large for a standard airport gate. Large winglets are mainly useful for short distance flights, where the benefit in climb performance is more important. Raked wingtips are now preferred over small winglets for long distance flights where cruise performance is more important. This article is about the airliner manufacturer. ... For the road in England, see A340 road. ... Boeing Commercial Airplanes, based in Renton, Washington, is a unit of The Boeing Company, consisting of the Seattle-based former Boeing Airplane Company (the civil airliner division), as well as the Long Beach-based Douglas Aircraft division of the former McDonnell Douglas Corporation. ... The Boeing 747-400 is the latest version of the Boeing 747 in service. ... The Boeing 777 is an American long-range wide-body twin-engine airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. ... The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced on November 14, 2005 as an evolutionary development of the Boeing 747-400. ...

Winglet history

Winglet on KC-135 Stratotanker with attached tufts showing airflow during NASA tests in 1979-80

Image File history File links 87008main_TF-2004-15_popup1. ... Image File history File links 87008main_TF-2004-15_popup1. ... The Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker is an aerial refueling tanker aircraft. ... Look up Tuft in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the American space agency. ...

NASA

The initial concept came from Frederick W. Lanchester, an Englishman, in 1897, when he patented wing end-plates to control wingtip vortices.^[2] The concept was further developed by Richard T. Whitcomb, an engineer at NASA's Langley Research Center, after the cost of jet fuel skyrocketed in the 1973 oil crisis. Witcomb's designs were flight tested in 1979-80 by a joint NASA / U.S. Air Force team using a KC-135 Stratotanker based at the Dryden Flight Research Center.^[2] A Lockheed L-1011 and McDonnell Douglas DC-10 were also used for testing, and the latter design was directly used on the derivative MD-11^[2] rolled out in 1990. Green plaque to Frederick Lanchester on his home in Moseley, Birmingham Frederick William Lanchester, Hon FRAeS (October 23, 1868 - March 8, 1946) was an English polymath and engineer who made important contributions to automotive engineering, aerodynamics and co-invented the field of operations research. ... Richard T. Whitcomb (1921, Evanston, Illinois) is an aeronautical engineer who spent most of his career at the Langley Laboratory of the NACA and its successor organization, NASA. In the 1950s, Whitcomb proposed the Area Rule. The Area Rule states that two bodies having the same cross-sectional area distribution... This article is about the American space agency. ... Langley Research Center NASA Langley 14 x 22 foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel. ... The 1973 oil crisis began in earnest on October 17, 1973, when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) announced, as a result of the ongoing Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum... This article is about the American space agency. ... “The U.S. Air Force” redirects here. ... The Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker is an aerial refueling tanker aircraft. ... Dryden Flight Research Centers fleet of aircraft in 1993. ... The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, commonly referred to as just L-1011 (pronounced ell-ten-eleven), was the third widebody passenger jet airliner to enter operation, following the Boeing 747 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10. ... DC10 redirects here. ... The McDonnell Douglas MD-11 is an American three-engine medium to long-range widebody airliner, with two engines mounted on underwing pylons and a third engine at the base of the vertical stabilizer. ...

NASA's most notable application of wingtip devices is on the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. Located on the 747's horizontal stabilizers, the devices allow for stability under the weight of the Space Shuttle Orbiter. The Boeing 747, sometimes nicknamed the Jumbo Jet,[4][5] is long-haul, widebody commercial airliner manufactured by Boeing in the United States. ... Atlantis transported by a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft Schematic 3-view The Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) are two extensively modified Boeing 747 jetliners that NASA uses to transport a space shuttle orbiter. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Composite airplanes

Beechcraft 2000 Starship

Even before NASA did flight testing on winglets, Burt Rutan incorporated them in his innovative Rutan VariEze homebuilt airplane design, making the first flight with winglets on May 21, 1975. The VariEze pioneered glass reinforced plastic composite construction in homebuilt aircraft, which simplified fabrication of the winglets. He avoided any drag penalty by using winglets to do double duty, serving as the vertical stabilizers in his rear wing, canard, pusher configuration. They were also used similarly on the derivative Rutan Long-EZ, and reappeared on his Beechcraft Starship business aircraft design that first flew in 1986. From [1]. Credited to NASA. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... From [1]. Credited to NASA. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Elbert Leander Burt Rutan (born June 17, 1943 in Estacada, Oregon) is an American aerospace engineer noted for his originality in designing light, strong, unusual-looking, energy-efficient aircraft. ... Rutan VariEze The Rutan Model 31 VariEze is a composite, canard aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. ... Also known as amateur-built aircraft, homebuilt aircraft are constructed by one or more persons for whom this is not a professional activity. ... is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1975: Events January A specially modified McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle sets eight time to climb records, including one of 3 minutes 27 seconds from standstill on the runway to a height of 30,000 metres (98,425 feet). ... This article or section should be merged with Fiberglass Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is a composite material made of a plastic reinforced by fine fibers made of glass. ... The vertical stabilizer or fin of an aircraft is found on its tail, generally pointing straight upward. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A British WWI-era F.E.2b pusher. ... Long-EZ belonging to NOAA The Rutan Model 61 Long-EZ is a homebuilt aircraft with a canard layout designed by Burt Rutans Rutan Aircraft Factory. ... Beechcraft 2000 Starship (NASA) Beechcraft Starship (NASA) The Beechcraft Starship is a futuristic-looking aircraft designed by Burt Rutans Scaled Composites and produced by the Beech Aircraft Corporation. ...

Conventional winglets were fitted to Rutan's Rutan Voyager, the first airplane to circumnavigate the world without refueling in 1987. However, they were ground off on the record flight when the wings, heavily laden with fuel for the first time, drooped down, dragging the wingtips on the runway during takeoff. The mission team calculated that the loss of the winglets would use part, but not all of the fuel reserve, so the attempt did not have to be aborted. Voyager returning from its flight The Scaled Composites Model 76 Voyager aircraft was the first to fly around the world without stopping or refueling. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1987: Events January January 1 - US Coast Guard HH-65 Dolphins and US Navy H-3 Sea Kings help rescue people trapped inside the Dupont Plaza hotel Puerto Rico after a fire there on New Years Eve January 7 - French...

Business aircraft

Learjet exhibited the prototype Learjet Model 28 at the 1977 National Business Aviation Association convention. The Model 28 prototype employed the first winglets ever used on a jet and a production aircraft, either civilian or military. Learjet developed the winglet design without NASA assistance. Although the Model 28 was intended to be a prototype experimental aircraft, performance was so impressive it resulted in a production commitment from Learjet. Flight tests made with and without winglets showed that the winglets increased range by about 6.5 percent and also improved directional stability. Learjet’s application of winglets to production aircraft continued to newer models including the Learjet 55, 31, 60, and 45. The Learjet 28 is an eight to ten seat (two crew and six to eight passengers), twin-engined, high speed business jet, intended to be the successor to the Learjet 25. ... National Business Aviation Association or NBAA, is a non-profit and nonpartisan 501(c)6 corporation based in Washington, DC. The Association has existed for over 55 years and as of this writing, represents more then 7,000 companies. ... The Learjet 55 Longhorn is a private jet manufactured by Gates Learjet. ... The Learjet 31 is an American ten seat (two crew and eight passengers) twin-engined, high speed business jet. ... The Learjet 60 is a private jet manufactured by Bombardier Aerospace. ... The Learjet 45 aircraft is a mid-sized business jet produced by Bombardier Aerospace. ...

Gulfstream V with winglets

Gulfstream also explored winglets in the late 1970s and incorporated winglets in the Gulfstream III, IV, and V. The performance of the Gulfstream V has been exemplary. Its operational range of 6,500 nmi permits routine nonstop business travel for routes such as New York–Tokyo. The Gulfstream V also holds over 70 world and national flight records.^[3] Image File history File links Gulfstream V NASA, von http://www. ... Image File history File links Gulfstream V NASA, von http://www. ... The Gulfstream G500 is a private jet aircraft produced by Gulfstream Aerospace, Savannah, Georgia, USA, a General Dynamics company. ... Gulfstream may refer to: Gulfstream Park Gulfstream Aerospace See also Gulf Stream for the ocean current This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The C-20 Gulfstream is the military designation of the commercial Gulfstream bizjets used by the US military forces. ... The Gulfstream IV (or G-IV) and derivatives are a family of private jet aircraft produced by Gulfstream Aerospace, a General Dynamics company based in Savannah, Georgia, United States. ... The Gulfstream G500 is a private jet aircraft produced by Gulfstream Aerospace, Savannah, Georgia, USA, a General Dynamics company. ... The maximal total range is the distance an aircraft can fly between takeoff and landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft, or cross-country speed and environmental conditions in unpowered aircraft. ... A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. ...

Winglets are also applied to many other business jets to reduce take-off distance, enabling operation out of smaller secondary airports, or allowing higher cruise altitudes for overflying bad weather, valuable operational benefits for corporate travel. In addition to factory installed winglets on new aircraft, aftermarket vendors developed retrofit kits for popular jets and turboprops, to improve both aerodynamics and appearance. Winglets became so popular on this class of aircraft, that Dassault, whose French designers resisted applying them on their Falcon Jet line until recently, were forced to run a contrarian marketing campaign. Cessna Aircraft Company recently announced they were partnering with Winglet Technology, LLC of Wichita, Kansas to test a new wingtip device called Elliptical Winglets, which are designed to increase range and increase payload on hot and high departures.^[4] Formerly named Societé des Avions Marcel Bloch or MB, the Dassault Aviation is a French aircraft manufacturer of military, regional and business jets. ... The Falcon is a family of business jets manufactured by Dassault Aviation. ... In finance, a contrarian takes the view that widespread pessimism tends to lead to market rallies and that widespread optimism tends to lead to market slumps. ... Cessna Aircraft Company, located in Wichita, Kansas, is a manufacturer of general aviation aircraft, from small two-seat, single-engine airplanes to business jets. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Kansas County Government  - Mayor Carl Brewer (D) Area  - City 359. ... In aviation, hot and high is the ability of an airplane to operate safely from airports in very warm climates or very high elevations. ...

Boeing airliners

Boeing announced a new version of the 747, in October 1985, known as the 747-400, with extended range and capacity. With this particular model, Boeing used a combination of winglets and increased span to carry the additional load. The winglets increase the 747-400 range by 3.5 percent over the 747-400D, which is otherwise aerodynamically identical.^[5] Winglets are preferred for Boeing derivative designs based on existing platforms, because they allow maximum re-use of existing components. Newer designs are favoring increased span, other wingtip devices, or a combination of both, whenever possible. The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661) is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William Edward Boeing. ... The Boeing 747, sometimes nicknamed the Jumbo Jet,[4][5] is long-haul, widebody commercial airliner manufactured by Boeing in the United States. ... The Boeing 747-400 is the latest version of the Boeing 747 in service. ...

Gliders

Schempp-Hirth Ventus 2a glider with factory winglets winch-launching from Lasham Airfield

In 1987, mechanical engineer Peter Masak called on Mark D. Maughmer, an associate professor of aerospace engineering, about designing winglets to improve performance on his 15-meter wingspan racing sailplane. Others had attempted to apply Whitcomb's winglets to gliders before, and they did improve climb performance, but this did not offset the parasite drag penalty in high speed cruise. Masak was convinced it was possible to overcome this hurdle.^[6] Winch-launching is one of several ways to launch a glider (see article on gliding). ... Winch-launching is one of several ways to launch a glider (see article on gliding). ... A Ventus-2bx at the 2005 European Gliding Championships in Räyskäla, Finland. ... Gliders or Sailplanes are heavier-than-air aircraft primarily intended for unpowered flight. ... This article is about the aerial sport of gliding. ... Location Lasham Airfield is 6 miles south-south-east of Basingstoke in Hampshire near the village of Lasham. ... Mechanical engineering is the application of physical principles to the creation of useful devices, objects and machines. ... Peter C. Masak (August 17, 1957 - May 22, 2004) was an engineer, inventor, and glider pilot. ... Mark D. Maughmer is a Professor of Aerospace Engineering in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University. ... Gliders are un-powered heavier-than-air aircraft. ...

PSU-90-125 winglet airfoil profile

By trial and error, they ultimately developed successful winglet designs for gliding competitions, using a new PSU–90–125 airfoil designed by Maughmer specifically for the winglet application. At the 1991 World Gliding Championships in Uvalde, Texas, the trophy for the highest speed went to a winglet equipped 15-meter class limited wingspan glider, exceeding the highest speed in the unlimited span Open Class, an exceptional result.^[7] Masak went on to win the 1993 U.S. 15 Meter Nationals gliding competition using winglets on his prototype Scimitar sailplane.^[8] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 210 pixel Image in higher resolution (1050 × 276 pixel, file size: 8 KB, MIME type: image/png) PSU 90-125 Winglet airfoil designed by Dr. Mark D. Maughmer and Michael Selig at the Pennsylvania State University. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 210 pixel Image in higher resolution (1050 × 276 pixel, file size: 8 KB, MIME type: image/png) PSU 90-125 Winglet airfoil designed by Dr. Mark D. Maughmer and Michael Selig at the Pennsylvania State University. ... For the kite, see foil kite. ... Duo Discuses en masse waiting for the start of a glider competition at Vaumeilh airfield near Sisteron. ... For the kite, see foil kite. ... The World Gliding Championships is a gliding competition held every two years or so. ... Uvalde is a city located in Uvalde County, Texas. ... Competition classes in gliding, as in other sports, mainly exist to ensure fairness in competition. ...

The Masak winglets were originally retrofit to production sailplanes, but within 10 years of their introduction, most high-performance gliders were equipped from the factory with winglets, or some other wingtip device.^[9] It took over a decade for winglets to first appear on a production airliner, the original application that was the focus of the NASA development. Yet, once the advantages of winglets were proven in competition, adoption was swift with gliders. The point difference between the winner and the runner-up in soaring competition is often less than one percent, so even a small improvement in efficiency is a large competitive advantage.

Many non-competition pilots installed them for the handling benefits, including increased roll rate and roll authority, and reduced tendency for wing tip stall. The benefits are notable, because sailplane winglets must be removable to allow the glider to be stored in a trailer, so they are usually installed only at the pilots' preference. Roll Rate is a term used to define the rate at which an aircraft can change its roll attitude, typically expressed in degrees per second This aircraft-related article is a stub. ... In aerodynamics, a stall is a condition in which an excessive angle of attack causes loss of lift due to disruption of airflow. ... Utility trailer A Trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle. ...

Blended winglets

Boeing 737 with blended winglets

A Continental Airlines 757-200WL with winglets takes off.

Raytheon Hawker 800SP with winglets

A blended winglet is intended to reduce interference drag at the wing/winglet junction. A sharp interior angle in this region can interact with the boundary layer flow causing a drag inducing vortex, negating some of the benefit of the winglet. The blended winglet is also more aesthetically appealing, and is used on business jets and sailplanes, where individual buyer preference is an important marketing aspect. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1657x1146, 86 KB) Privatair Boeing 737-700 (Swiss registration HB-IIP) landing at London Heathrow Airport, England. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1657x1146, 86 KB) Privatair Boeing 737-700 (Swiss registration HB-IIP) landing at London Heathrow Airport, England. ... The Boeing 737 is an American short to medium range, single aisle, narrow body jet airliner. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1776x1249, 1297 KB) Continental Airlines Boeing 757-200 (registration N48127) takes off from Bristol International Airport, Bristol, England, bound for Newark (New York), USA. Photographed by Adrian Pingstone in December 2006 and released to the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1776x1249, 1297 KB) Continental Airlines Boeing 757-200 (registration N48127) takes off from Bristol International Airport, Bristol, England, bound for Newark (New York), USA. Photographed by Adrian Pingstone in December 2006 and released to the public domain. ... Continental Airlines (NYSE: CAL) is a U.S. certificated air carrier. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 555 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 710 pixel, file size: 272 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photo taken by me [--El-dodo 04:45, 30 June 2006 (UTC)} of Hawker 800SP N270HC (SN 258020) at San Antonio International Airport... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 555 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 710 pixel, file size: 272 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photo taken by me [--El-dodo 04:45, 30 June 2006 (UTC)} of Hawker 800SP N270HC (SN 258020) at San Antonio International Airport... BAe 125-1000 The twin engined BAe 125 is the worlds best selling mid-size corporate jet, now marketed as the Raytheon Hawker 800. ... Parasitic drag (also called parasite drag) is drag caused by moving a solid object through a fluid. ... In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is that layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface. ...

Blended winglets have been offered as an aftermarket retrofit for Boeing 737,^[1] 757 and Raytheon Hawker 800 with winglets series aircraft by Aviation Partners Inc., and the 737 version is now standard on the Boeing Business Jet derivative. Many operators have retrofitted their fleets with these for the fuel cost savings. Aviation Partners is also developing winglets for the 767-300ER. Airbus tested similar blended winglets designed by Winglet Technology for the A320 series,^[10] but determined that their benefits did not warrant further development and reallocated resources from the program to their struggling A380 program.^[11] The Boeing 737 is an American short to medium range, single aisle, narrow body jet airliner. ... The Boeing 757 is an American short to medium range commercial passenger aircraft manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. ... BAe 125-1000 The twin engined BAe 125 is the worlds best selling mid-size corporate jet, now marketed as the Raytheon Hawker 800. ... Hawker 800SP with API Winglets Aviation Partners Inc. ... The Boeing Business Jet series are factory conversions of Boeing airliners for the corporate jet market, initially the 737 series airliners. ... The Airbus A320 family of short-to-medium range commercial passenger aircraft are manufactured by Airbus S.A.S.. Family members include the A318, A319, A320, and A321, as well as the ACJ business jet. ... The Airbus A380 manufactured by Airbus S.A.S. is a double-decker, four engined airliner capable of flying 800 passengers in a high density format or 555 passengers in a typical three-class configuration. ...

Advertising

Advertising on WestJet Boeing 737-700 winglets

Some airlines capitalize on the visibility of winglets to passengers. AirTran, American Airlines, Southwest Airlines and WestJet advertise their website addresses on the inboard side of their 737's winglets. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A WestJet Boeing 737-700 WestJet Airlines Ltd. ... 737 in new Boeing Colors. ... AirTran Airways (formerly known as Valujet) is a low-cost airline based in the United States. ... American Airlines, Inc. ... This article is about the American airline. ... A WestJet Boeing 737-700 WestJet Airlines Ltd. ...

Notable examples

Winglets are employed on many aircraft types, some notable examples are:

• Rutan VariEze, the first aircraft to use winglets (1975)
• Learjet 28/29, the first production jet aircraft to use winglets (1977)
• Glaser-Dirks DG-303, an early sailplane derivative design incorporating winglets as factory standard equipment
• Boeing 747-400, the first mainline airliner to feature winglets (1988)

Detail view of the wingtip fence on an Airbus A319

Rutan VariEze The Rutan Model 31 VariEze is a composite, canard aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1975: Events January A specially modified McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle sets eight time to climb records, including one of 3 minutes 27 seconds from standstill on the runway to a height of 30,000 metres (98,425 feet). ... The Learjet 28 is an eight to ten seat (two crew and six to eight passengers), twin-engined, high speed business jet, intended to be the successor to the Learjet 25. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1977: // January 15 – A Skyline Sweden Vickers Viscount 838 crashes in Kälvesta, Sweden just outside Stockholm killing all 22 on board. ... A DG-300 at Sintra Air Force Base, Portugal The DG-300 is a Standard Class single-seat high performance sailplane built of glass reinforced plastic. ... The Boeing 747-400 is the latest version of the Boeing 747 in service. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1988: January January 26 - the French defence ministry approves full-scale development of the Dassault Rafale January 30 - a Boeing 747 sets a new around-the-world record of 36 hours 54 minutes April April 23 - Kanellos Kanellopoulos recreates the mythical... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (915 × 685 pixel, file size: 88 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Wingtip device Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (915 × 685 pixel, file size: 88 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Wingtip device Metadata... The Airbus A320 family of short-to-medium range commercial passenger aircraft are manufactured by Airbus S.A.S.. Family members include the A318, A319, A320, and A321, as well as the ACJ business jet. ...

Wingtip fence

A wingtip fence is a winglet variant with surfaces extending both upward and downward from the wingtip. Both surfaces are shorter than or equivalent to a winglet possessing similar aerodynamic benefits. Category: Aircraft components ...

Wingtip fences are employed on:

• Airbus A300-600
• Airbus A310-300
• Airbus A320 series
• Airbus A380

U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidon with raked wingtips

The Airbus A300 is a short to medium range widebody aircraft. ... The Airbus A310 is a medium to long-range widebody airliner manufactured by Airbus S.A.S. It was Airbus second model to be introduced, and is a shortened derivative of the A300. ... A320 redirects here. ... The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, four-engine airliner manufactured by the European corporation Airbus, an EADS subsidiary. ... Boeing 737 MMA (Source: The Boeing Company) This work is copyrighted. ... Boeing 737 MMA (Source: The Boeing Company) This work is copyrighted. ... USN redirects here. ... The P-8A Poseidon (formerly the Multimission Maritime Aircraft or MMA) is intended to search for and destroy submarines, conduct shipping interdiction, and also possibly engage in an electronic intelligence (ELINT) role. ...

Raked wingtip

Raked wingtips are a feature on some Boeing airliners, where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing. The stated purpose of this additional feature is to improve fuel economy, climb performance and to shorten takeoff field length. It does this in much the same way that winglets do, by increasing the effective aspect ratio of the wing and interrupting harmful wingtip vortices. This decreases the amount of lift-induced drag experienced by the aircraft. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5.5%, as opposed to improvements of 3.5% to 4.5% from conventional winglets.^[5] An increase in wingspan is generally more effective than a winglet of the same length, but may present difficulties in ground handling. For this reason, Boeing's short-range 787-3 design currently calls for winglets, instead of the raked wingtips featured on all other 787 variants. An Airbus A340 airliner operated by Air Jamaica An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers. ... The swept wing of an airliner: British Midland Airbus A320-200 A swept-wing is a wing planform used on high-speed aircraft that spend a considerable portion of their flight time in the transonic. ... Fuel efficiency, sometimes also referred to as fuel economy and commonly gas mileage in the United States, is a numeric measure often used to describe the amount of fuel consumed with regard to the distance travelled in a transportation vehicle, such as an automobile. ... The aspect ratio of a two-dimensional shape is the ratio of its longer dimension to its shorter dimension. ... Wingtip vortices stream from an F-15E as it disengages from a KC-10 Extender following midair refueling. ... In aerodynamics, lift-induced drag, induced drag, or sometimes drag due to lift, is a drag force which occurs whenever a lifting body or a wing of finite span generates lift. ... The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a mid-sized, wide-body, twin engine jet airliner currently in production by Boeing Commercial Airplanes and scheduled to enter service in November 2008. ...

Raked wingtips are or are planned to be employed on:

• Boeing 747-8
• Boeing 767-400ER
• Boeing 777-200LR/-300ER/Freighter
• Boeing 787-8/-9/-10
• Boeing P-8 Poseidon

The Boeing 747-8 is the latest variant of the Boeing 747, officially announced on November 14, 2005 as an evolutionary development of the Boeing 747-400. ... American Airlines Boeing 767-300 at Gatwick Airport, England. ... The Boeing 777 is an American long-range wide-body twin-engine airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. ... The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a mid-sized, wide-body, twin engine jet airliner currently in production by Boeing Commercial Airplanes and scheduled to enter service in November 2008. ... The P-8A Poseidon (formerly the Multimission Maritime Aircraft or MMA) is intended to search for and destroy submarines, conduct shipping interdiction, and also possibly engage in an electronic intelligence (ELINT) role. ...

Non-planar wingtip

DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000 glider with raked, non-planar wingtip and winglet

Non-planar wingtips are normally angled upwards in a polyhedral wing configuration, increasing the local dihedral near the wing tip. These provide the wake control benefit of winglets, with less parasite drag penalty if designed carefully. The non-planar wing tip is often swept back like a raked wingtip, and may also be combined with a winglet. A winglet is also a special case of a non-planar wingtip. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The DG1000 is a glider of the Two Seater Class built by DG Flugzeugbau. ... Gliders or Sailplanes are heavier-than-air aircraft primarily intended for unpowered flight. ... In geometry, the dihedral is the angle between two planes. ...

Aircraft designers employed mostly planar wing designs with simple dihedral after World War II, prior to the introduction of winglets. With the wide acceptance of winglets in new sailplane designs of the 1990s, designers sought to further optimize the aerodynamic performance of their wing tip designs. Glider winglets were originally retrofit directly to planar wings, with only a small, nearly right-angle transition area. Once the performance of the winglet itself was optimized, attention turned to the transition between the wing and winglet. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

A common application was tapering the transition area from the wing tip chord to the winglet chord, and raking the transition area back to place the winglet in the optimal position. If the tapered portion was canted upward, the winglet height could also be reduced. Eventually designers employed multiple non-planar sections, each canting up at a greater angle, dispensing with the winglets entirely. Look up chord in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Non-planar wingtips (without winglets) are or will be employed on:

• Schempp-Hirth Discus-2b
• Schempp-Hirth Duo Discus
• Airbus A350 XWB

The Schempp-Hirth Discus-2 is a Standard Class sailplane produced by Schempp-Hirth since 1998. ... The Schempp-Hirth Duo Discus is a high performance two seat glider primarily designed for fast cross-country flying including gliding competitions. ... “A350” redirects here. ...

Actuating wingtip devices

There has been research into actuating wingtip devices, including a filed patent application,^[12] though no aircraft currently uses this feature as described. The XB-70 Valkyrie's wingtips were capable of drooping downward in flight, to facilitate Mach 3 flight using waveriding. The North American XB-70 Valkyrie was conceived for the Strategic Air Command in the 1950s as a high-altitude bomber that could fly three times the speed of sound (Mach 3). ... An F/A-18 Hornet breaking the sound barrier. ... A waverider is a hypersonic aircraft design that improves its supersonic lift-to-drag ratio by producing a lifting surface built out of the shock waves being generated by its own flight, a technique known as compression lift. ...

Spiroid Winglets

A winglet that loops back onto the wing to attempt to eliminate winglet tip induced vortices. Patent # 5,102,068[1]

Gallery

KC-135 Stratotanker winglet flight tests at Dryden Flight Research Center Image File history File links NASA_KC-135_winglet_fig026. ... The Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker is an aerial refueling tanker aircraft. ... Dryden Flight Research Centers fleet of aircraft in 1993. ...	Winglets on a PrivatAir Boeing Business Jet Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1657x1146, 86 KB) Privatair Boeing 737-700 (Swiss registration HB-IIP) landing at London Heathrow Airport, England. ... A PrivatAir Boeing 737-700 business jet PrivatAir is an airline based in Geneva, Switzerland, specializing in scheduled and charter flights using mid-sized, long-range, all premium class jets. ... The Boeing Business Jet series are factory conversions of Boeing airliners for the corporate jet market, initially the 737 series airliners. ...	The blended winglet at the wing tip of a Boeing 737-800 passenger jet Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x683, 362 KB) Summary Copyright Tom Collins Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... The Boeing 737 is an American short to medium range, single aisle, narrow body jet airliner. ...	Ilyushin Il-96 with winglets Image File history File links Aeroflot-Il-96. ... The Ilyushin Il-96 is a four-engined long-range Russian widebody airliner. ...
Raytheon Hawker 800SP with winglets Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 555 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 710 pixel, file size: 272 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Photo taken by me [--El-dodo 04:45, 30 June 2006 (UTC)} of Hawker 800SP N270HC (SN 258020) at San Antonio International Airport... BAe 125-1000 The twin engined BAe 125 is the worlds best selling mid-size corporate jet, now marketed as the Raytheon Hawker 800. ...	Embraer ERJ 145XR wing with winglet detail Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Embraer 145 of the Brazilian police (Photo: Lindomar Cruz /ABr) Embraer ERJ 135 American Eagle ERJ 140 British Airways Citiexpress (Now BA Connect) ERJ 145 in British Airways utopia livery Pathania Embraer ERJ 145 cockpit Régional ERJ145 operating for Air France bmi regional ERJ 145 The Embraer ERJ 145...	A Piper PA-28 Cherokee with oversized winglets Image File history File linksMetadata PiperPA-28CherokeeWithHugeWinglets01. ... Cherokee is the common name for the Pipers PA-28 family of aircraft models, which received its type certificate from the FAA in 1960 and is still under production by The New Piper Aircraft Company. ...	Rutan Long-EZ with winglets that double as vertical stabilizers Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1800x1255, 542 KB) Rutan Long-EZ 160 (UK registration G-WILY) taking off at Kemble Airfield, Gloucestershire, England. ... Long-EZ belonging to NOAA The Rutan Model 61 Long-EZ is a homebuilt aircraft with a canard layout designed by Burt Rutans Rutan Aircraft Factory. ... The vertical stabilizer or fin of an aircraft is found on its tail, generally pointing straight upward. ...
Airbus A319 aircraft with wingtip fences Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x683, 522 KB) Summary Copyright Tom Collins. ... The Airbus A320 family of short-to-medium range commercial passenger aircraft are manufactured by Airbus S.A.S.. Family members include the A318, A319, A320, and A321, as well as the ACJ business jet. ...	Winglets on a DG Flugzeugbau DG-808 motor glider A DG808 glider over the Lac de Serre-Ponçon in the French Alps. ... The DG-800 series comprises a family of 15 metre and 18 metre single-seat glider and motorgliders produced by Glaser-Dirks since 1993 and by DG Flugzeugbau GmbH after 1997. ... Gliders are un-powered heavier-than-air aircraft. ...	Rolladen-Schneider LS4-b glider with blended winglets Image File history File links Rolladen-Schneider_LS4-b_Uwe_Melzer. ... The Rolladen-Schneider LS4 is a Standard Class single seat glider manufactured by Rolladen-Schneider Flugzeugbau GmbH between 1980 and 2003. ... Gliders or Sailplanes are heavier-than-air aircraft primarily intended for unpowered flight. ...	End-plates are used on racing cars, as seen on the edges of these Formula 1 front spoilers Download high resolution version (3008x2000, 4192 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Formula One, abbreviated to F1 and also known as Grand Prix racing, is the highest class of single-seat open-wheel auto racing. ...
Boeing 787 featuring a raked wingtip Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 300 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a mid-sized, wide-body, twin engine jet airliner currently in production by Boeing Commercial Airplanes and scheduled to enter service in November 2008. ...	An Ultraflight Lazair showing the winglet design that dates from 1978 Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A Lazair Series III with its bottom-mounted control stick. ...

References

Langley Research Center NASA Langley 14 x 22 foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel. ... is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the