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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. | WAP is an open international standard for applications that use wireless communication. Its principal application is to enable access to the Internet from a mobile phone or PDA. A WAP browser provides all of the basic services of a computer based web browser but simplified to operate within the restrictions of a mobile phone, such as its smaller view screen. The Japanese i-mode system is another major competing wireless data protocol. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Wireless. ...
User with Treo (PDA with smartphone functionality) Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are handheld computers, but have become much more versatile over the years. ...
An example of a Web browser (Mozilla Firefox) A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. ...
NTT DoCoMos i-mode is a wireless Internet service popular in Japan and is increasing in popularity in other parts of the world, such as the Israel (Cellcom being the main company to sell i-mode phones and service there). ...
WAP sites are websites written in, or dynamically converted to, WML (Wireless Markup Language) and accessed via the WAP browser. Currently, there are WAP site authoring tools accessible to many countries - tagtag (hosted in Slovenia), wapple (England U.K.), all2wap (Switzerland), celladmin (Israel), and mobilemo (Philippines). A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML...
Evolution of mobile web standards Wireless Markup Language, based on XML, is a content format for devices that implement the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) specification, such as mobile phones, and preceded the use of other markup languages now used with WAP, such as XHTML and even standard HTML (which are...
Before the introduction of WAP, service providers had extremely limited opportunities to offer interactive data services. Interactive data applications are required to support now commonplace activities such as:
- Email by mobile phone
- Tracking of stock market prices
- Sports results
- News headlines
- Music downloads
Technical specifications
- wap is a protocol for wireless devices like multi media mobile
- The bottom-most protocol in the suite is the WAP Datagram Protocol (WDP), which is an adaptation layer that makes every data network look a bit like UDP to the upper layers by providing unreliable transport of data with two 16-bit port numbers (origin and destination). WDP is considered by all the upper layers as one and the same protocol, which has several "technical realizations" on top of other "data bearers" such as SMS, USSD, etc. On native IP bearers such as GPRS, UMTS packet-radio service, or PPP on top of a circuit-switched data connection, WDP is in fact exactly UDP.
- WTP provides transaction support (reliable request/response) that is adapted to the wireless world. WTP supports more effectively than TCP the problem of packet loss, which is common in 2G wireless technologies in most radio conditions, but is misinterpreted by TCP as network congestion.
- Finally, WSP is best thought of on first approach as a compressed version of HTTP.
This protocol suite allows a terminal to emit requests that have an HTTP or HTTPS equivalent to a WAP gateway; the gateway translates requests into plain HTTP. WAP Datagram Protocol defines the movement of information from receiver to the sender and resembles the UDP in the Internet standards. ...
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
SMS may refer to: Short message service, a form of text messaging on cell phones Sega Master System – an 8-bit video game console from the 1980s Seiner Majestät Schiff, His Majestys Ship in the German Kaiserliche Marine and the Austro-Hungarian Navy SMS (comics), a British comic...
Unstructured Supplementary Service Data is a capability of all GSM phones. ...
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. ...
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile phone technologies. ...
In computing, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. ...
A big random number is used to make a public-key/private-key pair. ...
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide secure communications on the Internet for such things as web browsing, e-mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and other data transfers. ...
Wireless transaction protocol is a standard used in mobile telephony. ...
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
WSP is an open standard for maintaining high level session. ...
HTTP (for HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the primary method used to convey information on the World Wide Web. ...
HTTP (for HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the primary method used to convey information on the World Wide Web. ...
https is a URI scheme used to indicate a secure HTTP connection. ...
A WAP gateway sits between mobile devices using the WAP protocol and the World Wide Web, passing pages from one to the other much like a proxy. ...
Wireless Application Environment (WAE) In this space, application-specific markup languages are defined.
The primary language of the WAE is WML, the Wireless Markup Language, which has been designed from scratch for handheld devices with phone-specific features. Evolution of mobile web standards Wireless Markup Language, based on XML, is a content format for devices that implement the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) specification, such as mobile phones, and preceded the use of other markup languages now used with WAP, such as XHTML and even standard HTML (which are...
Maintenance and evolutions The WAP Forum has consolidated (along with many other forums of the industry) into OMA (Open Mobile Alliance), which covers virtually everything in future development of wireless data services. The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) is a standards body which develops open standards for the mobile industry. ...
WAP 2.0 WAP 2.0 is a re-engineering of WAP using a cut-down version of XHTML with end-to-end HTTP (i.e., dropping the gateway and custom protocol suite used to communicate with it). A WAP gateway can be used in conjunction with WAP 2.0; however, in this scenario, it is used as a standard proxy server. The WAP gateway's role would then shift from one of translation to adding additional information to each request. This would be configured by the operator and could include telephone numbers, location, billing information, and handset information. The Extensible HyperText Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same depth of expression as HTML, but also conforms to XML syntax. ...
HTTP (for HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the primary method used to convey information on the World Wide Web. ...
XHTML Mobile Profile (XHTML MP), the markup language defined in WAP 2.0, is made to work in mobile devices. It is a subset of XHTML and a superset of XHTML Basic. A version of cascading style sheets (CSS) called WAP CSS is supported by XHTML MP. Evolution of mobile web standards XHTML Mobile Profile (XHTML MP) is a hypertextual computer language standard designed specifically for mobile phones and other resource-constrained devices. ...
The Extensible HyperText Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same depth of expression as HTML, but also conforms to XML syntax. ...
XHTML Basic is an XML-based structured markup language primarily used for simple (mainly handheld) user agents, typically mobile devices. ...
In web development, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. ...
WAP Push WAP Push, has been incorporated into the specification to allow WAP content to be pushed to the mobile handset with minimum user intervention. A WAP Push is basically a specially encoded message which includes a link to a WAP address. WAP Push is specified on top of WDP; as such, it can be delivered over any WDP-supported bearer, such as GPRS or SMS.
In most GSM networks there are a wide range of modified processors, however, GPRS activation from the network is not generally supported, so WAP Push messages have to be delivered on top of the SMS bearer. On receiving a WAP Push, a WAP 1.2 or later enabled handset will automatically give the user the option to access the WAP content. This is also known as WAP Push SI (Service Indication).
The network entity that processes WAP Pushes and delivers them over an IP or SMS Bearer is known as a Push Proxy Gateway. A Push Proxy Gateway is a component of WAP Gateways that pushes URL notifications to mobile handsets. ...
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Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (January 2008) | Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...
Possible failure WAP was hyped at the time of its introduction, leading users to expect WAP to have the performance of the Web. One telco's advertising campaign depicted a cartoon WAP user surfing through a Neuromancer-like "information space". In terms of speed, ease of use, appearance, and interoperability, the reality fell far short of expectations. This led to the wide usage of sardonic phrases such as "Worthless Application Protocol", "Wait And Pay", and so on. Not to be confused with Hyperbola. ...
A telephone company (or telco) provides telecommunications services such as telephony and data communications. ...
For the 1988 video game, see Neuromancer (video game). ...
Critics advanced several explanations for the early failure of WAP, possibly not realizing that it was a United Kingdom product which had to comply with the laws of European nations. An example is the requirement to utilize an ITU message-type that is specific to the French language with appropriate character conversions being deployed by the WAP message transmit and receive software [some comments in this and later sections are provided by the WAP inventor, Trevor Cutler of England]. Some are technical criticisms:
- The idiosyncratic WML language, which cut users off from the true HTML Web, leaving only native WAP content and Web-to-WAP "proxified" content available to WAP users. However, others argue that technology at that stage would simply not have been able to give access to anything but custom-designed content which was the sole purpose of WAP and its simple, reduced complexity interface as the citizens of many nations are not connected to the web at the present time and have to use government funded and controlled portals to WAP and similar non-complex services.
- Under-specification of terminal requirements. In the early WAP standards, there were many optional features and under-specified requirements, which meant that compliant devices would not necessarily interoperate properly. This resulted in great variability in the actual behavior of phones, principally because WAP service implementers and mobile phone manufacturers did not obtain a copy of the standards or the correct hardware and the standard software modules. As an example, some phone models would not accept a page more than 1 Kb in size; others would downright crash. The user interface of devices was also underspecified: as an example, accesskeys (e.g., the ability to press '4' to access directly the fourth link in a list) were variously implemented depending on phone models (sometimes with the accesskey number automatically displayed by the browser next to the link, sometimes without it, and sometimes accesskeys were not implemented at all).
- Constrained user interface capabilities. Terminals with small black and white screens and few buttons, as the early WAP terminals were, are not very apt at presenting a lot of information to their user, which compounded the other problems: one would have had to be extra careful in designing the user interface on such a resource-constrained device which was the real concept of WAP.
- Lack of good authoring tools. The problems above might have been alleviated by a WML authoring tool that would have allowed content providers to easily publish content that would interoperate flawlessly with many models, adapting the pages presented to the User-Agent type. However, the development kits which existed did not provide such a general capability. Developing for the web was easy: with a text editor and a web browser, anybody could get started, thanks also to the forgiving nature of most desktop browser rendering engines. By contrast, the stringent requirements of the WML specifications, the variability in terminals, and the demands of testing on various wireless terminals, along with the lack of widely available desktop authoring and emulation tools, considerably lengthened the time required to complete most projects. However, with many mobile devices now supporting xHTML, and programs such as Adobe Go Live and Dreamweaver offering improved web authoring tools, it is becoming easier to create content, accessible by many new devices.
- No good user agent profiling tools. It quickly became nearly impossible for web hosts to determine if a request came from a mobile device, or a larger more capable device. No useful profiling or database of device capabilities were built into the specifications in the unauthorized non-compliant products.
Other criticisms are oriented towards the wireless carriers' particular implementations of WAP: IdiosyncrasyBOOTY!!! comes from Greek ιδιοσυγκÏασία a peculiar temperament, habit of body (idios ones own and sun-krasis mixture). It is defined as a structural or behavioral characteristic peculiar to an individual or group. ...
HTML, an initialism of Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. ...
he ondan A user agent is the client application used with a particular network protocol; the phrase is most commonly used in reference to those which access the World Wide Web, but other systems such as SIP uses the term user agent to refer to the users phone. ...
WML can stand for more than one thing: Wireless Markup Language, markup used in mobile phones with WAP Website Meta Language Wesnoth Markup Language, language used in Battle for Wesnoth game This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other...
- Neglect of content providers. Some wireless carriers had assumed a "build it and they will come" strategy, meaning that they would just provide the transport of data as well as the terminals, and then wait for content providers to publish their services on the Internet and make their investment in WAP useful. However, content providers received little help or incentive to go through the complicated route of development. Others, notably in Japan (cf. below), had a more thorough dialogue with their content provider community, which was then replicated in modern, more successful WAP services such as i-mode in Japan or the Gallery service in France.
- Lack of openness. Many wireless carriers sold their WAP services that were "open", in that they allowed users to reach any service expressed in WML and published on the Internet. However, they also made sure that the first page that clients accessed was their own "wireless portal", which they controlled very closely. Some carriers also turned off editing or accessing the address bar in the device's browser. To facilitate users wanting to go off deck, an address bar on a form on a page linked off the hard coded home page page was provided. It makes it easier for carriers to implement filtering of off deck WML sites by URLs or to disable the address bar in the future if the carrier decides to switch all users to a walled garden model. Given the difficulty in typing up fully qualified URLs on a phone keyboard, most users would give up going "off portal" or out of the walled garden; by not letting third parties put their own entries on the operators' wireless portal, some contend that operators cut themselves off from a valuable opportunity. On the other hand, some operators argue that their customers would have wanted them to manage the experience and, on such a constrained device, avoid giving access to too many services.
NTT DoCoMos i-mode is a wireless Internet service popular in Japan and is increasing in popularity in other parts of the world, such as the Israel (Cellcom being the main company to sell i-mode phones and service there). ...
A webform on a web page allows a user to enter data that is, typically, sent to a server for processing and to mimic the usage of paper forms. ...
// Uniform Resource Locator (URL) formerly known as Universal Resource Locator, is a technical, Web-related term used in two distinct meanings: In popular usage and many technical documents, it is a synonym for Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); Strictly, the idea of a uniform syntax for global identifiers of network-retrievable...
A walled garden, with regards to media content, refers to a closed set or exclusive set of information services provided for users (a method of creating a monopoly or securing an information system). ...
Protocol design lessons from WAP The original WAP was a simple platform for access to web-like WML services and e-mail using mobile phones in Europe and the SE Asian regions and continues today with a considerable user base. The later versions of WAP were primarily for the United States region and was designed for a different requirement - to enable full web XHTML access using mobile devices with a higher specification and cost, and with a higher degree of software complexity.
There has been considerable discussion about whether the WAP protocol design was appropriate. Some have suggested that the bandwidth-sparing simple interface of Gopher would be a better match for mobile phones and Personal digital assistants (PDAs). Gopher is a distributed document search and retrieval network protocol designed for the Internet. ...
The initial design of WAP was specifically aimed at protocol independence across a range of different protocols (SMS, IP over PPP over a circuit switched bearer, IP over GPRS, etc). This has led to a protocol considerably more complex than an approach directly over IP might have caused. In computing, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. ...
Most controversial, especially for many from the IP side, was the design of WAP over IP. WAP's transmission layer protocol, WTP, uses its own retransmission mechanisms over UDP to attempt to solve the problem of inadequacy using TCP over high packet loss networks. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...
See also .mobi (also known as DotMobi) is a top-level domain approved by ICANN and managed by the mTLD global registry dedicated to delivering the Internet to mobile devices via the Mobile Web. ...
NTT DoCoMos i-mode is a wireless Internet service popular in Japan and is increasing in popularity in other parts of the world, such as the Israel (Cellcom being the main company to sell i-mode phones and service there). ...
A microbrowser (sometimes minibrowser or mobile browser) is a web browser designed for use on a handheld device such as a PDA or mobile phone. ...
Wireless transaction protocol is a standard used in mobile telephony. ...
This page summarizes the known relative differences between the most popular mobile platform development options for handheld devices such as a PDA or mobile phones. ...
Pocket Internet Explorer displaying the Wikipedia main page on a PDA Opera Mini displaying the Wikipedia portal The Mobile Web refers to the World Wide Web as accessed from mobile devices such as cell phones, PDAs, and other portable gadgets connected to a public network. ...
External links This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL.[[zh:无线应用协议 Several examples of non-folding mobile phones. ...
The history of mobile phones can be traced back to devices that are unrecognizable in todays GSM dominated world. ...
This page summarizes the known relative differences between the most popular mobile platform development options for handheld devices such as a PDA or mobile phones. ...
There are many mobile phone features found in todays mobile phones that offer users many more capabilities than only voice calls or text messaging. ...
This is a list of mobile phone network operating companies. ...
[[Image: ]] A Greenfield-type tower used in base stations for mobile telephony A mobile phone (Samsung) Mobile phone radiation and health concerns have been raised, especially following the enormous increase in the use of wireless mobile telephony throughout the world (as of August 2005, there were more than 2 billion...
GSM and IS-95 are the two most prevalent mobile communication technologies. ...
Cellular frequencies - the general term which unites radio frequencies utilized by cellular networks to provide service to their subscribers. ...
It has been suggested that Virtual sim be merged into this article or section. ...
Evolution of mobile web standards XHTML Mobile Profile (XHTML MP) is a hypertextual computer language standard designed specifically for mobile phones and other resource-constrained devices. ...
The Joi Ito Moblog Moblog is a blend of the words mobile and weblog. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
This Manhattan driver is juggling two phones at once It has been argued that the distraction caused by using mobile phones while driving is responsible for many road traffic accidents. ...
Mobile gambling refers to gambling done on a remote wirelessly connected device. ...
Screenshot from a mobile fighting game, Fightality A mobile game is a video game played on a mobile phone, smartphone, PDA, handheld computer or any type of handheld or wireless device. ...
M-learning, or mobile learning, now commonly abbreviated to mLearning, has different meanings for different communities. ...
Ringxiety (alternately also spelled rinxiety) is a familiar and unnerving sensation and the false belief that some wireless-telephone users can hear their mobile phone ringing or feel it vibrating, when in fact that telephone is not doing so. ...
A Sony Ericsson Smartphone (Model P910i) with touch screen and QWERTY keyboard Look up smartphone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
“GFDL†redirects here. ...
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