 One-third scale replica of The Republic, which once stood in the great basin at the exposition, Chicago, 2004 The World Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago World's Fair), a World's fair, was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's discovery of the New World. Chicago had beaten New York City, Washington, D.C. and St. Louis, Missouri for the honor of hosting the fair. The fair had a profound effect on architecture, the arts, Chicago's self image, and American industrial optimism. Download high resolution version (672x1162, 117 KB)Photo by J. Crocker, August 2004. ...
Download high resolution version (672x1162, 117 KB)Photo by J. Crocker, August 2004. ...
Worlds Fair is the generic name for various large expositions held since the mid 19th century. ...
Chicago, colloquially known as the Second City and the Windy City, is the third-largest city in population in the United States and the largest inland city in the country. ...
1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Christopher Columbus (conjectural image) For information about the film director, see the article on Chris Columbus. ...
Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ...
New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the United States, the most densely populated major city in North America, and is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture. ...
Washington, D.C. is the capital city of the United States of America. ...
The Gateway Arch, shown here behind the Old Courthouse, is the most recognizable part of the St. ...
Opening ceremony Opening ceremonies for the fair were held on October 21, 1892, but the fairgrounds were not actually opened to the public until May 1, 1893. The fair continued until October 30, 1893. In addition to recognizing the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World, the fair also served to show the world that Chicago had risen from the ashes of the Great Chicago Fire which had destroyed much of the city in 1871. October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining. ...
1892 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ...
October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 62 days remaining. ...
Artists rendering of the fire, by John R Chapin. ...
1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Description The exposition was located in Jackson Park and on the Midway Plaisance on 630 acres (2.5 km²) in the neighborhoods of Hyde Park and Woodlawn. The layout of the fairgrounds was created by Frederick Law Olmsted, and the Beaux-Arts architecture of the buildings was under the direction of Daniel Burnham, director of Works for the fair. The Director of the American Academy in Rome, Francis David Millet, directed the painted mural decorations. Indeed, it was a coming-of-age for the arts and architecture of the "American Renaissance". Most of the buildings were based on classical architecture, and the area taken up by the fair around the Court of Honor was known as "The White City". Louis Sullivan's polychrome proto-Modern Transportation Building was an outstanding exception, but his opinion was that the "White City" had set back modern American architecture by forty years. Osaka Garden, with MSI in background Jackson Park is a 500 acre (2 km²) park on Chicagos South Side, bordering Lake Michigan and the neighborhoods of Hyde Park and Woodlawn. ...
Midway Plaisance is a linear park located near Lake Michigan in Chicago, Illinois approximately 5 miles from the downtown Loop area. ...
Hyde Park is a neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, located seven miles south of the Loop; it is home to the Museum of Science and Industry and the University of Chicago. ...
Woodlawn is a neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, USA bounded by Jackson Park to the East, the University of Chicago to the North, Martin Luther King Drive to the West, and, mostly, 67th to the South. ...
Frederick Law Olmsted, oil painting by John Singer Sargent, 1895, Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North Carolina Frederick Law Olmsted (April 26, 1822–August 28, 1903) was a United States landscape architect, famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including Central Park in New York, New York, the countrys oldest...
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// Scope and intentions According to the very earliest surviving work on the subject, Vitruvius De Architectura, good buildings should have Beauty (Venustas), Firmness (Firmitas) and Utility (Utilitas); architecture can be said to be a balance and coordination among these three elements, with none overpowering the others. ...
Daniel Burnham Daniel Hudson Burnham (September 4, 1846 - June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban planner. ...
Francis Davis Millet (name sometimes given as Francis David Millet; November 3, 1846 - April 15, 1912) was an American painter and writer and one of those who died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic. ...
For the white nationalist magazine, see American Renaissance (magazine). ...
Louis Sullivan Louis Henry (Henri) Sullivan (September 3, 1856 - April 14, 1924) was an American architect, called the father of modernism, considered by many as the creator of the Prairie School of architecture, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, and a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright. ...
Early in July, a Wellesley College English teacher named Katharine Lee Bates was a visitor at the fair, and was rather more impressed by it than was Sullivan. In her poem (later a song) America the Beautiful, the phrase, Thine alabaster cities gleam, was inspired by the "White City". July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ...
Wellesley College is a womens liberal arts college that opened in 1875, founded by Henry Fowle Durant and his wife Pauline Fowle Durant. ...
Katharine Lee Bates, (August 12, 1859 - March 26, 1929), is remembered as the author of the words to the anthem America the Beautiful. ...
America the Beautiful is an American patriotic song which rivals The Star-Spangled Banner, the national anthem of the United States, in popularity. ...
Some famous visitors to the fair included Thomas Edison, Susan B. Anthony, Jane Addams, Scott Joplin, Annie Oakley, Edweard Muybridge, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Frederick Douglass, Henry Blake Fuller, J.P. Morgan, Henry Adams, Andrew Carnegie, W.D. Howells, Hamlin Garland, and President Benjamin Harrison. Thomas Alva Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many important devices. ...
Susan Brownell Anthony, aged 28 Susan Brownell Anthony Susan Brownell Anthony, (February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was an American civil rights leader who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, led the effort to grant women the right to vote in the United States. ...
Jane Addams Jane Addams (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was an American social worker, sociologist and reformer. ...
Scott Joplin (ca. ...
Annie Oakley (birth name Phoebe Anne Oakley Mozee, 13 August 1860 – 3 November 1926) was a United States sharpshooter in the American West. ...
The Horse in Motion Eadweard Muybridge (April 9, 1830 – May 8, 1904) was a British-born photographer, known primarily for his early use of multiple cameras to capture motion. ...
Paul Laurence Dunbar (June 27, 1872 – February 9, 1906) was a seminal African-American poet in the late 19th and early 20th century. ...
Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14, 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. ...
John Pierpont Morgan (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913), American financier and banker, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, a son of Junius Spencer Morgan (1813–1890), who was a partner of George Peabody and the founder of the house of J. S. Morgan & Co. ...
Henry Brooks Adams (February 16, 1838 - March 27, 1918) was a U.S. historian, journalist and novelist. ...
Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835–August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American businessman and major philanthropist. ...
Hamlin Hannibal Garland (born September 14, 1860 in West Salem, Wisconsin; died March 4, 1940 in Hollywood, California) was an American novelist, poet, essayist, and short story writer. ...
This article is about the President. ...
McKim, Mead and White designed the Agriculture building. Of the more than 200 buildings erected for the fair, the only one which still stands in place is the Palace of Fine Arts. From the time the fair closed until 1920, the building housed the Field Columbian Museum (now the relocated Field Museum of Natural History). In 1931 the building re-opened as the Museum of Science and Industry. McKim, Mead, and White was the premier architectural firm in the eastern United States at the turn of the twentieth century. ...
1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ...
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago The Field Museum of Natural History, in Chicago, Illinois, USA, sits on Lake Shore Drive next to Lake Michigan, part of a scenic complex known as Museum Campus Chicago. ...
1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...
The Museum of Science and Industry is housed in the only surviving building from the 1893 World Columbian Exposition and is a National Historic Landmark. ...
The only other significant building that survived the fair is the Norway pavilion, a building now preserved at a museum called "Little Norway" in Blue Mounds, Wisconsin. [1] Blue Mounds is a village located in Dane County, Wisconsin. ...
The Fine Arts Building was purposely constructed to last. The other buildings at the fair were all intended to be temporary. Their facades were made not of stone, but of a mixture of plaster and hemp called "staff." Architecture critics derided the structures as "decorated sheds". The "White City," however, so impressed everyone who saw it (at least before air pollution began to darken the facades) that plans were considered to refinish the exteriors in marble or some other material. Sadly, these plans had to be abandoned in July 1894 when much of the fair grounds was destroyed in a fire. (The fire occurred at the height of the Pullman Strike; since the strikers set other fires that very week, it is possible the fire was set by disgruntled Pullman employees.) July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ...
1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
Pullman Strike began on May 11, 1894. ...
Jackson Park was eventually returned to its status as a public park, and the lagoon was reshaped to give it a more natural appearance. The Midway Plaisance, a park-like boulevard which extends west from Jackson Park, forms the southern boundary of the University of Chicago, which was being built as the fair was closing. The U of C's football team were the original "Monsters of the Midway". The University of Chicago is a private co-educational university located in Chicago, Illinois. ...
The Monsters of the Midway is most widely known as the nickname for the National Football Leagues Chicago Bears -- particularly the dominant teams of 1940 and 1941. ...
The Museum of Science and Industry was fronted by a paved parking lot for many years. In the 1990s, an ambitious project was undertaken, to build an underground garage surfaced by natural grass, thus extending the park completely around the building. // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ...
Electricity at the fair The International Exposition was held in a building which -- for the first time -- was devoted to electrical exhibits. It was an historical moment and the beginning of a revolution, as Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse introduced the public to electrical power by providing alternating current to illuminate the Exposition. The general public observed firsthand the qualities and abilities of alternating current power. All the exhibits were from commercial enterprises. Thomas Edison, Brush, Western Electric, and Westinghouse had exhibits. General Electric Company (backed by Edison and J.P. Morgan) proposed to power the electric fair with direct current at the cost of one million dollars. 1893 Chicago Worlds Fair from stereopticon card photo This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
1893 Chicago Worlds Fair from stereopticon card photo This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional) imaging is a technique to create the illusion of depth in a photograph, movie, or other two-dimensional image, by presenting a slightly different image to each eye. ...
Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 — circa January 7, 1943; baptismal name: Ðикола) was an inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer. ...
George Westinghouse (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914) was an American entrepreneur and engineer now best known for the brand of electrical goods that bear his name. ...
Electricity is the term the early scientists used when they were actually referring to charge. Present usage of the term electricity has become confused. ...
It has been suggested that Electric reactance be merged into this article or section. ...
Western Electric (sometimes abbreviated WECo) was a US electrical engineering company, the manufacturing arm of AT&T from 1881 to 1995 . ...
Westinghouse logo (designed by Paul Rand) The Westinghouse Electric Company, headquartered in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, is an organization founded by George Westinghouse in 1886. ...
The General Electric Company, or GE, NYSE: GE is a multinational technology and services company. ...
Direct current (DC or continuous current) is the continuous flow of electricity through a conductor such as a wire from high to low potential. ...
Westinghouse, armed with Tesla's alternating current system, proposed to illuminate the exposition for half that price. Tesla's high-frequency high-voltage lighting produced more efficient light with quantitatively less heat. A two-phase induction motor was driven by current from the main generators to power the system. Edison tried to prevent the use of his light bulbs in Tesla's works. Westinghouse's proposal was chosen over the inferior direct current system to power the fair. General Electric banned the use of Edison's lamps in Westinghouse's plan, in retailiation for losing the bid. Westinghouse's company quickly designed a double-stopper lightbulb (sidestepping Edison's patents) and was able to light the fair. Sine waves of various frequencies; the lower waves have higher frequencies than those above. ...
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ...
A motor is a device that converts energy into mechanical power, and is often synonymous with engine. ...
Early 20th century Alternator made in Budapest, Hungary, in the power generating hall of a hydroelectric station. ...
The Westinghouse Company displayed several polyphase systems. The exhibits included a switchboard, polyphase generators, step-up transformers, transmission line, step-down transformers, commercial size induction motors and synchronous motors, and rotary direct current converters (including an operational railway motor). The working scaled system allowed the public a view of a system of polyphase power which could be transmitted over long distances, and be utilized, including the supply of direct current. Meters and other auxiliary devices were also present. Polyphase electrical systems supply alternating current electrical power in overlapping phases. ...
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy from one electrical circuit to another by magnetic coupling but without any moving parts. ...
Tesla displayed his phosphorescent lighting, powered without wires by high-frequency fields. Tesla displayed the first practical phosphorescent lamps (a precursor to fluorescent lamps). Tesla's lighting inventions exposed to high-frequency currents would bring the gases to incandescence. Tesla also displayed the first neon lights. His innovations in this type of light emission were not regularly patented. A compact fluorescent lamp with an integrated electronic ballast A fluorescent lamp is a type of lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor in argon or neon gas, producing short-wave ultraviolet light. ...
A neon lamp is a gas discharge lamp containing neon gas at low pressure. ...
Also among the exhibits was Tesla's demonstration, most notably the "Egg of Columbus". This device explains the principles of the rotating magnetic field and his induction motor. The Egg of Columbus consisted of a polyphase field coil underneath a plate with a copper egg positioned over the top. When the sequence of coils were energized, the magnetic field arrangement inductively created a rotation on the egg and made it stand up on end (appearing to resist gravity). On August 25, Elisha Gray introduced Tesla for a delivery of a lecture on mechanical and electrical oscillators. Tesla explained his work for efficiently increasing the work at high frequency of reciprocation. As Electrical Congress members listened, Tesla delineated mechanisms which could produce oscillations of constant periods irrespective of the pressure applied and irrespective of frictional losses and loads. He continued to explain the working mean of the production of constant period electric currents (not resorting to spark gaps or breaks), and how to produce these with mechanisms which are reliable. The Egg of Columbus is a story about Christopher Columbus that takes place at a dinner which a Spanish gentleman had given in his honor. ...
August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ...
Elisha Gray (August 2, 1835 - January 21, 1901) independently invented the telephone in his laboratory in Highland Park, Illinois. ...
Oscillation is the periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure as seen, for example, in a swinging pendulum. ...
The successful demonstration of alternating current lighting at the Exposition dispelled doubts about the usefulness of the polyphase alternating current system developed by Westinghouse and Tesla.
Image File history File links World_Columbian_Exposition_-_White_City_-_1. ...
Image File history File links World_Columbian_Exposition_-_White_City_-_1. ...
Other notable attractions The World Columbian Exposition was the first world's fair with an area for amusements which was strictly separated from the exhibition halls. This area, concentrated on Midway Plaisance, included carnival rides - among them the first Ferris Wheel, built by George Ferris. This wheel was 250 feet high and had 36 cars, each of which could accommodate 60 people. One of the cars carried a band which played whenever the wheel was in motion. Nearby, Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West show performed, perpetuating the images of the American frontier which had just officially been declared closed. At the same time, historian Frederick Jackson Turner gave academic lectures reflecting on the end of the same frontier. Another popular Midway attraction was the "Street in Cairo", which included the popular exotic dancer known as Little Egypt. Six Flags New England, an amusement park in Springfield, Massachusetts. ...
A Ferris wheel (or, more commonly in the UK, big wheel) is an amusement ride consisting of an upright wheel with passenger gondolas suspended from the rim. ...
Buffalo Bill (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917) was born William Frederick Cody in the American state of Iowa. ...
Frederick Jackson Turner Frederick Jackson Turner (November 14, 1861–1932) was an American historian. ...
Little Egypt was the stage name for two popular exotic dancers, Ashea Wabe who danced at the Seeley banquet and Farida Mazar Spyropoulos, who appeared at the Street in Cairo exhibition on the Midway at the World Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893. ...
The Electrotachyscope of Ottomar Anschütz, which used a Geissler Tube to project the illusion of moving images was demonstrated. The electrotachyscope is an 1887 invention of Ottomar Anschütz of Germany which presents the illusion of motion with transparent serial photographs, chronophotographs, arranged on a spinning wheel of fortune or mandala-like glass disc, significant as a technological development in the history of cinema. ...
Ottomar Anschütz (c. ...
The Geissler tube is a glass tube for demonstrating the principles of electrical discharge. ...
An illusion is a distortion of a sensory perception. ...
Origins of motion picture arts and sciences Any overview of the history of cinema would be remiss to fail to at least mention a long history of literature, storytelling, narrative drama, art, mythology, puppetry, shadow play, cave paintings and perhaps even dreams. ...
Louis Comfort Tiffany made his reputation with a stunning chapel he designed and built for the Exposition. This chapel has been carefully reconstructed in recent years, and can now be seen in excellent condition at the Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art. Lous Comfort Tiffany, circa 1908. ...
The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art houses the most comprehensive collection of the works of Louis Comfort Tiffany found anywhere, a major collection of American art pottery, and fine collections of late-19th and early-20th century American paintings, graphics and the decorative arts. ...
Architect Kirtland Cutter's Idaho Building, a rustic design log construction, was a popular favorite [2], visited by an estimated 18 million people. [3] The building's design and interior furnishings were a major precursor of the Arts and Crafts movement. Image File history File links Idahobuilding09. ...
Image File history File links Idahobuilding09. ...
Kirtland Kelsey Cutter (August 20, 1860–1939) was a 20th century architect in the Pacific Northwest and California. ...
Idaho Building Designed by architect Kirtland Cutter for the 1893 Chicagos World Fair, Idaho Building was a rustic design log construction. ...
The Arts and Crafts movement was a reformist movement, at first inspired by the writings of John Ruskin, that was at its height between approximately 1880–1910. ...
The John Bull, the steam locomotive that would become the oldest surviving operable steam locomotive in the world when it ran under its own power again in 1981, was also displayed. At the time of the exposition, the locomotive was only 62 years old, having been built in 1831. However, it had already by this time become notable as the first locomotive acquisition by the Smithsonian Institution. The locomotive ran under its own power from Washington, DC, to Chicago to participate, and returned to Washington under its own power again when the exposition closed. Download high resolution version (1500x1000, 260 KB)John Bull on display at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893. ...
Download high resolution version (1500x1000, 260 KB)John Bull on display at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893. ...
The John Bull, c. ...
The John Bull, c. ...
Great Western Railway No. ...
1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ...
Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...
Forty-six nations participated in the fair, including Haiti, which selected Frederick Douglass to be its coordinator. The Exposition drew nearly 26 million visitors, and left a remembered vision that can be recognized even in the Emerald City of L. Frank Baum's Oz and in Walt Disney's majestic theme parks Disneyland and Disney World (his father Elias had been a construction worker on some of the buildings). The fictional city of Oz as portrayed in the 1939 movie The Emerald City is the fictional capital of the Land of Oz in L. Frank Baums Oz books, first described in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. ...
Lyman Frank Baum (May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author, and the creator of one of the most popular books ever written in American childrens literature, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. ...
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Walt Disney For the company founded by Disney, see The Walt Disney Company. ...
Disneyland is a theme park at Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California. ...
Cinderella Castle, at the center of the Magic Kingdom, is Walt Disney World Resorts most recognizable icon Introduction Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company, the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida, USA is home to four theme parks, three water parks, several resort hotels and golf courses...
Three days before the fair was scheduled to close, Chicago mayor Carter Harrison, Sr. was assassinated by a disgruntled office seeker, Partick Prendergast. A massive closing ceremony was planned, but was canceled due to the assination. The closing ceremony was expected to break the record the fair had already set on Independence Day for the most single-day attendance of a major event. Carter Henry Harrison, Sr. ...
An Independence Day is an annual celebration commemorating the anniversary of a nations assumption of independent statehood, usually after ceasing to be a colony of another state. ...
Famous firsts at the fair An early depiction of Aunt Jemima Aunt Jemima is a trademark for pancake flour, syrup, and other pancake-related comestibles. ...
Cracker Jack is a brand of snack consisting of caramel-coated popcorn and peanuts. ...
Semolina is coarsely ground durum wheat, with particles mostly between 0. ...
Quaker Oats Company makes many types and flavors of oatmeal. ...
The International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) is the biggest congress in mathematics. ...
Elongated coins are coins that have been flattened, stretched and imprinted with a new design with the purpose of creating a commemorative or souvenir token. ...
A Ferris wheel (or, more commonly in the UK, big wheel) is an amusement ride consisting of an upright wheel with passenger gondolas suspended from the rim. ...
Assorted Juicy Fruit packaging Juicy Fruit is a flavor of chewing gum made by Wrigleys. ...
Pabst Blue Ribbon (colloquially PBR) is an American brand of beer with a long history and current popularity among the working classes and retro hipsters. ...
Shredded wheat is a breakfast cereal made from whole wheat. ...
Hamburgers often contain lettuce, onions, and other toppings, as shown here. ...
Entrance to Creation Exhibit on the Pike Map of the St. ...
The Gateway Arch, shown here behind the Old Courthouse, is the most recognizable part of the St. ...
A USPS truck in San Francisco A smaller truck used in suburban areas This article describes the United States Postal Service. ...
The United States Mint is responsible for producing and circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce. ...
Serial killers are individuals who have a history of multiple slayings of victims who were usually unknown to them beforehand. ...
Herman Webster Mudgett (1861 - May 7, 1896) was a 19th-century serial killer, better known as H.H. Holmes. ...
A midway at a fair (commonly an American fair such as a county or state fair) is the location where amusement park rides, entertainment and fast food booths are concentrated. ...
Midway Plaisance is a linear park located near Lake Michigan in Chicago, Illinois approximately 5 miles from the downtown Loop area. ...
Chicago Nicknames Hog butcher for the world, Tool maker, stacker of wheat, Player with railroads and the nations freight handler; Stormy, husky, brawling, City of the big shoulders. ...
Additional Reading - Bancroft, Hubert Howe. "The Book of the Fair: An Historical and Descriptive Presentation of the World's Science, Art and Industry, As Viewed through the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893". Bounty, New York. 1894.
- Dybwad, G. L., and Joy V. Bliss, "Annotated Bibliography: World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893". Book Stops Here, 1992. ISBN 0963161202
- Appelbaum, Stanley (1980). The Chicago World's Fair of 1893. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 048623990X.
- Burg, David F. (1976). Chicago's White City of 1893. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813101409.
- Larson, Erik (2003) The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America. Crown; ISBN 0609608444. Readable, dramatic nonfiction account intertwines the stories of architect Daniel H. Burnham and the building of the Fair with that of serial killer H. H. Holmes.
Masonic Temple Building Daniel Hudson Burnham (September 4, 1846 - June 1, 1912) was born in Henderson, New York and raised in Chicago, Illinois. ...
Herman Webster Mudgett (1861 - May 7, 1896) was a 19th-century serial killer, better known as H.H. Holmes. ...
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