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Encyclopedia > World energy resources and consumption
World power usage in terawatts (TW), 1965-2005.
World power usage in terawatts (TW), 1965-2005. [1]
Global power usage in successively increasing detail
Global power usage in successively increasing detail[2][3]
Energy Intensity of different economies The graph shows the amount of energy it takes to produce a US $ of GNP for selected countries. GNP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation.
Energy Intensity of different economies The graph shows the amount of energy it takes to produce a US $ of GNP for selected countries. GNP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation.[4]
Energy consumption per capita versus the GNP per capita The graph plots the per capita energy versus the per capita income for all countries with more than 20 million inhabitants, the data more than 90% of the world's population. The image shows the broad relation between wealth and energy consumption.[5]
GDP and Energy consumption in Japan from 1958 - 2000 The data shows the strong correlation between GDP and energy use, however it also shows that this link can be broken. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the energy use stagnated while Japan's GDP continued to grow, after 1985, under the influence of the then much cheaper oil, energy use resumed its historical relation to GDP.
GDP and Energy consumption in Japan from 1958 - 2000 The data shows the strong correlation between GDP and energy use, however it also shows that this link can be broken. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the energy use stagnated while Japan's GDP continued to grow, after 1985, under the influence of the then much cheaper oil, energy use resumed its historical relation to GDP.[6]
Worldwide overview of nuclear power. Nations in very faint green are constructing their first reactor, those red have decommissioned their last.[citation needed]
Worldwide overview of nuclear power. Nations in very faint green are constructing their first reactor, those red have decommissioned their last.[citation needed]
Worldwide energy supply in TW[4]
Remaining Oil Breakdown of the remaining 57 ZJ oil on the planet in ZJ(=1021J). The annual oil consumption was 0.18 ZJ in 2005. There is significant uncertainty surrounding these numbers. The 11 ZJ of future additions to the recoverable reserves could be optimistic.[7][8]
World renewable energy in 2005 (except 2004 data for items marked* or **).[3]
Available renewable energy. The volume of the cubes represent the amount of available wind and solar energy. The small red cube shows the proportional global energy consumption. Values are in TW =1012 Watt. The amount of available renewable energy dwarfs the global consumption.[9]
Solar energy as it is dispersed on the planet and radiated back to space. Values are in PW =1015 Watt.
Solar energy as it is dispersed on the planet and radiated back to space. Values are in PW =1015 Watt.[10]

In order to directly compare world energy resources and consumption of energy, this article uses SI units and prefixes and measures energy rate (or power) in watts (W) and amounts of energy in joules (J). One watt is one joule per second. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1144x754, 13 KB) // Graph created from the data in the BP 2006 statistical review. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1144x754, 13 KB) // Graph created from the data in the BP 2006 statistical review. ... This page lists examples of the power in watts produced by various different sources of energy. ... Image File history File links World_energy_usage_width_chart. ... Image File history File links World_energy_usage_width_chart. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 515 pixelsFull resolution (1183 × 761 pixel, file size: 14 KB, MIME type: image/png) I created this graph from 2004 data supplied by the US IEA in their 2006 report. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 515 pixelsFull resolution (1183 × 761 pixel, file size: 14 KB, MIME type: image/png) I created this graph from 2004 data supplied by the US IEA in their 2006 report. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1120x766, 55 KB) Please credit the author if you are using this image. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1120x766, 55 KB) Please credit the author if you are using this image. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 552 pixelsFull resolution (1160 × 800 pixel, file size: 14 KB, MIME type: image/png) Please credit the author if you use this image. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 552 pixelsFull resolution (1160 × 800 pixel, file size: 14 KB, MIME type: image/png) Please credit the author if you use this image. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 51 KB) Summary A map showing countries which have or had commercial nuclear power stations. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 51 KB) Summary A map showing countries which have or had commercial nuclear power stations. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (960x836, 29 KB) Author: Frank van Mierlo The PNG crusade bot automatically converted this image to the more efficient PNG format. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (960x836, 29 KB) Author: Frank van Mierlo The PNG crusade bot automatically converted this image to the more efficient PNG format. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (904x717, 90 KB) Author: Frank van Mierlo Breakdown of the remaining 57 ZJ of oil on the planet. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (904x717, 90 KB) Author: Frank van Mierlo Breakdown of the remaining 57 ZJ of oil on the planet. ... To help compare orders of magnitude this page lists dimensionless numbers between 1021 and 1024. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (882x705, 18 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renewable energy World energy resources and consumption ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (882x705, 18 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Renewable energy World energy resources and consumption ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1067x702, 84 KB) Author: Frank van Mierlo Graphic representation of the available energy flux vs energy consumption. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1067x702, 84 KB) Author: Frank van Mierlo Graphic representation of the available energy flux vs energy consumption. ... To help compare orders of magnitude this page lists dimensionless numbers between 1012 and 1015: See also Orders of magnitude (numbers) Categories: Stub | Orders of magnitude (numbers) ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (973x706, 214 KB) Graphic is original and mine, it was however heavily inspired by the work of others. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (973x706, 214 KB) Graphic is original and mine, it was however heavily inspired by the work of others. ... (Redirected from 1 E15) This list compares various sizes of positive numbers, including counts of things, dimensionless numbers and probabilities. ... Look up si, Si, SI in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In physics, power (symbol: P) is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted, or the amount of energy required or expended for a given unit of time. ... For other uses, see Watt (disambiguation). ... Lightning is the electric breakdown of air by strong electric fields (from electric potential energy to mechanical energy of the random motion of air molecules (heat), and to light). ... The joule (IPA: or ) (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy. ...


In 2004, the average total worldwide power consumption of the human race was 15 TW (= 1.5 x 1013 W) with 86.5% from burning fossil fuels.[1] This is equivalent to 0.5 ZJ (= 5 x 1020 J) per year, although there is at least 10% uncertainty in the world's energy consumption. Not all of the world's economies track their energy consumption with the same rigor, and the exact energy content of a barrel of oil or a ton of coal will vary with quality. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source fuels, this is, hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the earth’s crust. ... Zetta (symbol Z) is a SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting 1021 or 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000. ...


Most of the world energy resources are from the sun's rays hitting earth - some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable e.g. via wind, hydro or wave power. The term solar constant is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area, measured on the outer surface of Earth's atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays. The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just the visible light. It is measured by satellite to be roughly 1366 watts per square meter, though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during a year - from 1412 W/m2 in early January to 1321 W/m2 in early July, due to the earth's varying distance from the sun, and by a few parts per thousand from day to day. For the whole Earth, with a cross section of 127,400,000 km², the power is 1.740×1017 W, plus or minus 3.5%. Solar irradiance spectrum at top of atmosphere. ... This page lists examples of the power in watts produced by various different sources of energy. ... For other uses, see Watt (disambiguation). ...


The estimates of remaining worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 YJ (1 YJ = 1024J) and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6-3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. Mostly thanks to the Sun, the world also has a renewable usable energy flux that exceeds 120 PW (8,000 times 2004 total usage), or 3.8 YJ/yr, dwarfing all non-renewable resources. This article is about the chemical element. ... Burning ice. Methane, released by heating, burns; water drips (USGS). ... Exergy is defined differently in different fields of study. ...

Contents

Consumption

Since the advent of the industrial revolution, the worldwide energy consumption has been growing steadily. In 1890 the consumption of fossil fuels roughly equaled the amount of biomass fuel burned by households and industry. In 1900, global energy consumption equaled 0.7 TW(=1012 Watt.)[11] A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... Year 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... For the use of the term in ecology, see Biomass (ecology). ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... To help compare orders of magnitude this page lists dimensionless numbers between 1012 and 1015: See also Orders of magnitude (numbers) Categories: Stub | Orders of magnitude (numbers) ...


Fossil fuels

Main article: fossil fuel

The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2004, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%. [1] According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 15TW total energy consumption of 2004 was divided as follows, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy: Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source fuels, this is, hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the earth’s crust. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Energy Information Administration (EIA), as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, collects and disseminates data on energy reserves, production, consumption, distribution, prices, technology, and related international, economic, and financial matters. ...

Fuel type Power in TW[1] Energy/year in EJ
Oil 5.6 180
Gas 3.5 110
Coal 3.8 120
Hydroelectric 0.9 30
Nuclear 0.9 30
Geothermal, wind,
solar, wood		 0.13 4
Total 15 471

Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.[12] Coal and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the US the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, who bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world.[5] Over the last forty years, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. In the last three years, coal, which is one of the dirtiest sources of energy,[13] has become the fastest growing fossil fuel.[14]. Photovoltaics are rapidly becoming available to replace fossil fuels as the dominant energy source. Note the earlier comparison of availability: The total resources of all fossil fuels amount to about 0.4 YJ total, while the availability of solar power is 3.8 YJ per year. tera- (symbol: T) is a prefix in the SI system of units denoting 1012, or 1 000 000 000 000. ... In the X Window System, in the X.Org Server, EXA is a graphics acceleration architecture to make the XRender extension more usable, with only minor changes needed to adapt XFree86 video drivers written to use XAA (the XFree86 Acceleration Architecture). ... Petro redirects here. ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal (pronounced ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... Photovoltaic tree in Styria, Austria Photovoltaics, or PV for short, is a solar power technology that uses solar cells or solar photovoltaic arrays to convert light from the sun directly into electricity. ... Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun. ...


Nuclear power

Main articles: Nuclear energy policy and Nuclear power by country

In 2005 nuclear energy accounted 6.3% of world's total primary energy supply.[15] The nuclear power production in 2006 accounted 2,658 TWh, which was 16% of world's total electricity production.[16][17] In November 2007, there were 439 operational nuclear reactors worldwide, with total capacity of 372,002 MWe. A further 33 reactors were under construction, 94 reactors were planned and 222 reactors were proposed.[16] Among the nations not currently using nuclear power, 25 countries are building them, or are proposing to do so.[18] A few nations have announced plans to phase out nuclear power altogether, but to date only Italy has done so (though Italy continues to import electricity from nations with active nuclear power plants).[19] In addition, while Austria[20], the Philippines[21] and North Korea[22] have built nuclear power stations, these nations abandoned them before they could be fueled and operated. Nuclear energy policy is national and international policy concerning some or all aspects of nuclear energy, such as mining for nuclear fuel, generating electricity by nuclear power, enriching and storing spent nuclear fuel and nuclear fuel reprocessing. ... A nuclear power station at Cattenom in France. ... Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ... This article is about applications of nuclear fission reactors as power sources. ...


Renewable energy

Main article: Renewable energy

In 2004, renewable energy supplied around 7% of the world's energy consumption.[23] The renewables sector has been growing significantly since the last years of the 20th century, and in 2005 the total new investment was estimated to have been 38 billion US dollars. Germany and China lead with investments of about 7 billion US dollars each, followed by the United States, Spain, Japan, and India. This resulted in an additional 35 GW of capacity during the year.[3] Renewable energy effectively utilizes natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... For other uses, see Watt (disambiguation). ...


Hydropower
Main article: hydropower

Worldwide hydroelectricity consumption reached 816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW of large plants, and 66 GW of small hydro installations. Large hydro capacity totaling 10.9 GW was added by China, Brazil and India during the year, but there was a much faster growth (8%) in small hydro, with 5 GW added, mostly in China where some 58% of the world's small hydro plants are now located.[3] Undershot water wheels on the Orontes River in Hama, Syria Saint Anthony Falls Hydropower or hydraulic power is the force or energy of moving water. ... Hydroelectricity is electricity produced by hydropower. ... Micro hydro in North-West Vietnam Small hydro is the application of hydroelectric power on a commercial scale serving a small community or medium sized industry. ...


In the Western world, although Canada is the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, the construction of large hydro plants has stagnated due to environmental concerns.[24] Occident redirects here. ...


Biomass and biofuels
Main articles: biomass and biofuel

Until the end of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.[3] For the use of the term in ecology, see Biomass (ecology). ... For articles on specific fuels used in vehicles, see Biogas, Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biodiesel, and Straight vegetable oil. ... For the use of the term in ecology, see Biomass (ecology). ...


World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8.72 billion US gallons), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil.[3] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 billion litres (1.03 billion US gallons), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.[3] Information on pump, California. ... The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. ... The gallon is a unit of volume used for measuring liquids (as well as dry matter). ... This article is about transesterified plant and animal oils. ...


Wind power
Main article: Wind power

According to the Global Wind Energy Council, the installed capacity of wind power increased by 25.6% in from the end of 2005 to end of 2006 to total 74 GW with over half the increase in the United States, Germany, India and Spain.[25] Doubling of capacity took about three and half years. The total installed capacity is approximately three times that of the actual average power produced as the nominal capacity represents peak output; actual capacity is generally from 25-40% of the nominal capacity.[citation needed] An example of a wind turbine. ... The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) was established in 2005 to provide a credible and representative forum for the entire wind energy sector at an international level. ... An example of a wind turbine. ... An example of a wind turbine. ...


Solar power
Main article: Solar energy

Solar energy used during 2005 was approximately 93.4 GW; however, the available resources are 3.8 YJ/yr (120,000 TW). Only a small fraction of available resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nuclear power as an energy source. Assuming that our current rate of usage remains constant, we will run out of conventional oil in 35 years, coal in 200 yrs. In practice neither will actually run out, as natural constraints will force production to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle.[26][27] Ultraviolet image of the Sun. ... tera- (symbol: T) is a prefix in the SI system of units denoting 1012, or 1 000 000 000 000. ... The Hubbert peak theory posits that for any given geographical area, from an individual oil field to the planet as a whole, the rate of petroleum production tends to follow a bell-shaped curve. ...


In 2005 grid-connected photovoltaic electricity was the fastest growing renewable energy after biodiesel. During the year consumption increased by 55% on 2004 to bring the installed capacity to 3.1 GW. Over half of the increase was in Germany, now the world's largest consumer of photovoltaic electricity (followed by Japan). It was estimated that there was a further 2.3 GW of off-grid electricity produced, bringing the total to 5.4 GW.[3] Power line redirects here. ... A solar cell, a form of photovoltaic cell, is a device that uses the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from light, thus generating solar power (energy). ...


Portugal has opened the world's most powerful photovoltaic solar power plant. The 11 megawatt solar power plant, comprising 52,000 photovoltaic modules is based in southern Portugal which is one of the sunniest places in Europe. It produces sufficient energy to power 8000 homes (see Renewable energy in Portugal).[28] In 2001, the Portuguese government launched a new energy policy instrument – the E4 Programme (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies), consisting of a set of multiple, diversified measures aimed at promoting a consistent, integrated approach to energy supply and demand. ...


The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at 88 GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed swimming pools is excluded.[3] Solar hot water refers to water heated by solar energy. ... Central solar heating is the provision of central heating and hot water from solar energy by a system in which the water is heated centrally by arrays of solar thermal collectors (central solar heating plants - CSHPs) and distributed through district heating pipe networks (or block heating systems in the case...


Geothermal
Main article: Geothermal power

Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.[29] By the end of 2005 worldwide use for electricity had reached 9.3 GW, with an additional 28 GW used directly for heating.[3] If heat recovered by ground source heat pumps is included, the non-electric use of geothermal energy is estimated at more than 100 GW.[29] Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland Geothermal power (from the Greek words geo, meaning earth, and therme, meaning heat) is energy generated by heat stored beneath the Earths surface. ... Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland Geothermal power (from the Greek words geo, meaning earth, and therme, meaning heat) is energy generated by heat stored beneath the Earths surface. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A geothermal exchange heat pump, also known as a ground source heat pump (GSHP), is a heat pump that uses the Earth as either a heat source, when operating in heating mode, or a heat sink, when operating in cooling mode. ...


By country

See also: Energy by country

Energy consumption broadly tracks with gross national product, although there is a significant difference between the consumption levels of the United States with 11.4 kW per person and Japan and Germany with 6 kW per person. Canada has the highest energy consumption per person, whereas the lowest energy consumption takes place in developing and under-developed economies. In developing countries such as India the per person energy use is closer to 0.5 kW.[citation needed] Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. ...


The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1.3 billion people is currently consuming energy at a rate of 2 kW per person.[citation needed] The 2000 Watt society is a vision, originated by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at the end of the 1998, in which each person in the developed world would cut their energy use to an average of no more than 2,000 Watts by the year 2050, without lowering...


One metric of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product. Japan and the UK are among the most efficient in the world, while developing countries lack the resources to buy energy efficient manufacturing equipment.[citation needed]


By sector

Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total. [30]


The other 27% of the world's energy is lost in energy transmission and generation. In 2005, global electricity consumption equaled 2 TW. The energy used to generate 2 TW of electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%.[31] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most popular fuel for the world's electricity plants.[32]


Resources

Fossil fuel

Main article: Fossil fuel

Remaining reserves of conventional fossil fuels are estimated as:[8] Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source fuels, this is, hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the earth’s crust. ...

Fuel Energy reserves in ZJ
Coal 290.0
Oil   18.4
Gas   15.7

Significant uncertainty exists for these numbers. The estimation of the remaining fossil fuels on the planet depends on a detailed understanding of the Earth crust. This understanding is still less than perfect. While modern drilling technology makes it possible to drill wells in up to 3 km of water to verify the exact composition of the geology, one half of the ocean is deeper than 3 km, leaving about a third of the planet beyond the reach of detailed analysis.[citation needed] At the same time, long before fossil fuels run out, the effect of continuing to use them at current rates would cause havoc to the climate through global warming.[33] These figures may be too optimistic. Energy Watch Group reports show that we already cannot supply the demand for oil[34] and that uranium resources will be exhausted within 70 years. [35] Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ...


Coal

Main article: World coal reserves

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. According to the International Energy Agency the proven reserves of coal are around 909 billion tonnes, which could sustain at the current production rate for 155 years.[36] This was the fuel that launched the industrial revolution and has continued to grow in use; China, which already has many of the world's most polluted cities,[37] was in 2007 building about two coal fired power plants every week.[38][39] Coal is the fastest growing fossil fuel and its large reserves would make it a popular candidate to meet the energy demand of the global community, short of global warming concerns and other pollutants.[40] With the Fischer-Tropsch process it is possible to make liquid fuels such as diesel and jet fuel from coal. The Stop Coal campaign calls for a moratorium on the construction of any new coal plants and on the phase out of all existing plants, citing concern for global warming.[41] In the United States, 49% of electricity generation comes from burning coal.[42] Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal (pronounced ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... IEA Logo Map of members The International Energy Agency (IEA, or AIE in Romance languages) is a Paris-based intergovernmental organization founded by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the oil crisis. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... // The Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. ...


Oil

See also: Oil reserves and Peak oil

It is estimated that there may be 57 ZJ of oil reserves on Earth (although estimates vary from a low of 8 ZJ,[1] consisting of currently proven and recoverable reserves, to a maximum of 110 ZJ[citation needed]) consisting of available, but not necessarily recoverable reserves, and including optimistic estimates for unconventional sources such as tar sands and oil shale. Current consensus among the 18 recognized estimates of supply profiles is that the peak of extraction will occur in 2020 at the rate of 93-million barrels per day (mbd). Current oil consumption is at the rate of 0.18 ZJ per year (31.1 billion barrels) or 85-mbd. For other uses, see Peak oil (disambiguation). ... Athabasca Oil Sands Tar sands is a common name of what are more properly called bituminous sands, but also commonly referred to as oil sands or (in Venezuela) extra-heavy oil. ... Oil shale Oil shale is a general term applied to a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing significant traces of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) that have not been buried for sufficient time to produce conventional fossil fuels. ...


There is growing consensus that peak oil production may be reached in the near future, resulting in severe oil price increases.[citation needed] A 2005 French Economics, Industry and Finance Ministry report suggested a worst-case scenario that could occur as early as 2013.[43] There are also theories that peak of the global oil production may occur in as little as 2-3 years. The ASPO predicts peak year to be in 2010. Some other theories present the view that it has already taken place in 2005. World oil production decreased from 84.65 mbd in 2005 to 84.60 mbd in 2006 but increased in 2007 to 84.81 mbd, and is projected to increase to 89.22 mbd in 2009. The 2005 figure has since been revised to 83.66 and 2006 to 84.76 mbd. 2009 projection has been revised to 88.48 mbd. One definition of peak is the inability to meet demand, which has already occurred.[44][45] The Hubbert peak theory posits that for any given geographical area, from an individual oil field to the planet as a whole, the rate of petroleum production tends to follow a bell-shaped curve. ... The new ministry building in Bercy, Paris The Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industry (Ministre de lEconomie, des Finances et de lIndustrie), or Minister of Finances for short, is one of the most prominent positions in the cabinet of France after the Prime Minister. ...


Sustainability

Political considerations over the security of supplies, environmental concerns related to global warming and sustainability will move the world's energy consumption away from fossil fuels. The concept of peak oil shows that we have used about half of the available petroleum resources, and predicts a decrease of production. Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. ... The Earth Day flag includes a NASA photo. ... For other uses, see Peak oil (disambiguation). ...


A government led move away from fossil fuels would most likely create economic pressure through carbon emissions trading and green taxation. Some countries are taking action as a result of the Kyoto Protocol, and further steps in this direction are proposed. For example, the European Commission has proposed that the energy policy of the European Union should set a binding target of increasing the level of renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020.[46] Emissions trading (or cap and trade) is an administrative approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. ... Ecotax, short for Ecological taxation, can refer to: (1) A fiscal policy that introduces taxes intended to promote ecologically sustainable activities via economic incentives. ... Kyoto Protocol Opened for signature December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan Entered into force February 16, 2005. ... Berlaymont, the Commissions seat The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. ... Although the European Union has legislated in the area of energy policy for many years, and evolved out of the European Coal and Steel Community, the concept of introducing a mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was only approved at the meeting of the European Council on October 27, 2005...


Nuclear power

See also: Nuclear power and Nuclear energy policy

This article is about applications of nuclear fission reactors as power sources. ... Nuclear energy policy is national and international policy concerning some or all aspects of nuclear energy, such as mining for nuclear fuel, generating electricity by nuclear power, enriching and storing spent nuclear fuel and nuclear fuel reprocessing. ...

Nuclear fission

See also: Nuclear fuel

The International Atomic Energy Agency estimates the remaining uranium resources to be equal to 2500 ZJ.[47] This assumes the use of Breeder reactors which are able to create more fissile material than they consume. IPCC estimated uranium deposits for once-through fuel cycles reactors to be only 17 ZJ but then they go on to say that exploration for uranium is still at its infancy.[48] Nuclear Fuel Process A graph comparing nucleon number against binding energy Nuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to derive nuclear energy, by analogy to chemical fuel that is burned to derive energy. ... The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ... A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that breeds fuel. ... This article or section should include material from Fissile material In nuclear engineering, a fissile material is one that is capable of sustaining a chain reaction of nuclear fission. ...


Resources and technology do not constrain the capacity of nuclear power to contribute to meeting the energy demand. However, political and environmental concerns about nuclear safety and radioactive waste started to limit the growth of this energy supply at the end of last century, particularly due to a number of nuclear accidents. Concerns about nuclear proliferation mean that the development of nuclear power by countries such as Iran is being actively discouraged by the international community. This diagram demonstrates the defense in depth quality of nuclear power plants. ... Radioactive wastes are waste types containing radioactive chemical elements that do not have a practical purpose. ... This article lists notable civilian accidents involving nuclear material. ... World map with nuclear weapons development status represented by color. ...


Nuclear fusion

Fusion power is the process driving our sun and other stars. It generates large quantities of heat by fusing the nuclei of hydrogen isotopes. The heat can theoretically be harnessed to generate electricity. The temperatures and pressures needed to sustain fusion make it a very difficult process to control and doing so is an unsolved technical challenge. The tantalizing potential of fusion is its theoretical ability to supply vast quantities of energy, with relatively little pollution.[49] Both the United States and the European Union are supporting a moderate level of fusion-based research, along with other countries. Internal view of the JET tokamak superimposed with an image of a plasma taken with a visible spectrum video camera. ... ITER is an international tokamak (magnetic confinement fusion) research/engineering project designed to prove the scientific and technological feasibility of a full-scale fusion power reactor. ...


Renewable resources

Main article: Renewable resource

Renewable resources are available each year, unlike non-renewable resources which are eventually depleted. A simple comparison is a coal mine and a forest. While the forest could be depleted, if it is managed properly it represents a continuous supply of energy, vs the coal mine which once it has been exhausted is gone. Most of earth's available energy resources are renewable resources. Renewable resources account for more than 93 percent of total U.S. energy reserves. Annual renewable resources were multiplied times thirty years for comparison with non-renewable resources. In other words, if all non-renewable resources were uniformly exhausted in 30 years, they would only account for 7 percent of available resources each year, if all available renewable resources were developed.[50] A natural resource qualifies as a renewable resource if it is replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable to its rate of consumption by humans or other users. ...


Solar energy

Main article: Solar energy

Renewable energy sources are even larger than the traditional fossil fuels and in theory can easily supply the world's energy needs. 89 PW[9] of solar power fall on the planet's surface. While it is not possible to capture all, or even most, of this energy, capturing less than 0.02% would be enough to meet the current energy needs. Barriers to further solar generation include the high price of silicon used to make solar cells, reliance on weather patterns to generate electricity and a lack of space for solar cells in areas of high demand, such as cities. Also, solar generation does not produce electricity at night, which is a particular problem in high northern and southern latitude countries; energy demand is highest in winter, while availability of solar energy is lowest. Globally, solar generation is the fastest growing source of energy, seeing an annual average growth of 35% over the past few years. Japan, Europe, China, U.S. and India are the major growing investors in solar energy. Advances in technology and economies of scale, along with demand for solutions to global warming, have led photovoltaics to become the most likely candidate to replace nuclear and fossil fuels.[51] Ultraviolet image of the Sun. ... Not to be confused with Silicone. ... A solar cell, a form of photovoltaic cell, is a device that uses the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from light, thus generating solar power (energy). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. ... This article is about applications of nuclear fission reactors as power sources. ... Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source fuels, this is, hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the earth’s crust. ...


Wind power

Main article: Wind power

The available wind energy estimates range from 300 TW to 370 TW.[9] Using the lower estimate, just 5% of the available wind energy would supply the current worldwide energy needs. Most of this wind energy is available over the open ocean. The oceans cover 71% of the planet and wind tends to blow stronger over open water because there are fewer obstructions. An example of a wind turbine. ... Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ...


Wave and tidal power

Main articles: Wave power and Tidal power

At the end of 2005, 0.3 GW of electricity was produced by tidal power.[3] Due to the tidal forces by the Moon (68%) and the Sun (32%), and the Earth's relative rotation with respect to Moon and Sun, there are fluctuating tides. These tidal fluctuations result in dissipation, at an average rate of about 3.7 TW[52]. As a result, the rotational speed of the Earth decreases, and the distance of the Moon to the Earth increases, on geological time scales. In several billions of years, the Earth will rotate at the same speed as the Moon is revolving around it. So, several TW of tidal energy can be produced without having a significant effect, from the point of view of celestial mechanics[citation needed]. Wave power refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work - including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs). ... Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that exploits the movement of water caused by tidal currents or the rise and fall in sea levels due to the tides. ... Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that exploits the movement of water caused by tidal currents or the rise and fall in sea levels due to the tides. ... The tidal force is a secondary effect of the force of gravity and is responsible for the tides. ... A wave that loses amplitude is said to dissipate. ... Rotational speed (sometimes called speed of revolution) indicates for example how fast the motor is running. ... The table and timeline of geologic periods presented here is in accordance with the dates and nomenclature proposed by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. ... Celestial mechanics is a division of astronomy dealing with the motions and gravitational effects of celestial objects. ...


Another physical limitation is the energy available in the tidal fluctuations of the oceans, which is about 0.6 EJ (exajoule)[53]. Note this is only a tiny fraction of the total rotational energy of the Earth. Without forcing, this energy would be dissipated (by a dissipation rate of 3.7 TW) in about four semi-diurnal tide periods. So, dissipation plays a significant role in the tidal dynamics of the oceans. Therefor, this limits the available tidal energy to around 0.8 TW (20% of the dissipation rate) in order to disturb the tidal dynamics not too much[citation needed]. In the X Window System, in the X.Org Server, EXA is a graphics acceleration architecture to make the XRender extension more usable, with only minor changes needed to adapt XFree86 video drivers written to use XAA (the XFree86 Acceleration Architecture). ... The joule (IPA: or ) (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy. ... The rotational energy or angular kinetic energy is the kinetic energy due to the rotation of an object and is part of its total kinetic energy. ... Look up Semi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Diurnal may mean: in biology, a diurnal animal is an animal that is active in the daytime. ...


Waves are derived from wind and wind is derived from solar energy, at each conversion there is approximately two orders drop in available energy. The energy flux of waves that wash against our shores add up to 3 TW.[54] flux in science and mathematics. ...


Geothermal

Main article: Geothermal power

Estimates of exploitable worldwide geothermal energy resources vary considerably. According to a 1999 study, it was thought that this might amount to between 65 and 138 GW of electrical generation capacity 'using enhanced technology'.[55] Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland Geothermal power (from the Greek words geo, meaning earth, and therme, meaning heat) is energy generated by heat stored beneath the Earths surface. ... Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland Geothermal power (from the Greek words geo, meaning earth, and therme, meaning heat) is energy generated by heat stored beneath the Earths surface. ... This article is about the year. ...


A 2006 report by MIT that took into account the use of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) concluded that it would be affordable to generate 100 GWe (gigawatts of electricity) or more by 2050, just in the United States, for a maximum investment of 1 billion US dollars in research and development over 15 years.[29] Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ... Hot-Dry-Rock (HDR) is a type of geothermal power production that utilises the very high temperatures that can be found in rocks just a few kilometres below ground. ... 2050 (MML) will be a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


The MIT report calculated the world's total EGS resources to be over 13 YJ, of which over 200 ZJ would be extractable, with the potential to increase this to over 2 YJ with technology improvements - sufficient to provide all the world's energy needs for several millennia.[29] A millennium (pl. ...


Biomass

Main articles: biomass and biofuel

Production of biomass and biofuels are growing industries as interest in sustainable fuel sources is growing. Utilizing waste products avoids a food vs fuel trade-off, and burning methane gas reduces global warming, because even though it releases carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide is 23 times less of a greenhouse gas than is methane. Biofuels represent a suststainable substitute for fossil fuels, but their net impact on greenhouse gas emissions depends on the agricultural practices used to grow the plants used as feedstock to create the fuels. While it is widely believed that biofuels can be carbon-neutral, there is evidence that biofuels produced by current farming methods are substantial net carbon emitters.[56][57][58] For the use of the term in ecology, see Biomass (ecology). ... For articles on specific fuels used in vehicles, see Biogas, Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biodiesel, and Straight vegetable oil. ... Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . ... Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ...


Hydropower

Main article: hydropower

Hydroelectric power now supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of world electricity (16% in 2003).[citation needed] Large dams are still being designed. Nevertheless, hydroelectric power is probably not a major option for the future of energy production in the developed nations because most major sites within these nations are either already being exploited or are unavailable for other reasons, such as environmental considerations. Undershot water wheels on the Orontes River in Hama, Syria Saint Anthony Falls Hydropower or hydraulic power is the force or energy of moving water. ... MWe and MWt are units for measuring the output of a power plant. ...


Alternative energy paths

Denmark and Germany have started to make investments in solar energy, despite their unfavorable geographic locations. Germany is now the largest consumer of photovoltaic cells in the world. Denmark and Germany have installed 3 GW and 17 GW of wind power respectively. In 2005, wind generated 18.5% of all the electricity in Denmark.[59] Brazil invests in ethanol production from sugar cane which is now a significant part of the transportation fuel in that country. Starting in 1965, France made large investments in nuclear power and to this date three quarters of its electricity comes from nuclear reactors.[60] Switzerland is planning to cut its energy consumption by more than half to become a 2000 Watt society by 2050 and the United Kingdom is working towards a zero energy building standard for all new housing by 2016. In 2005, the Swedish government announced the oil phase-out in Sweden with the intention to become the first country to break its dependence on fossil fuel by 2020. A photovoltaic cell is a device that turns light into electric energy. ... An example of a wind turbine. ... Information on pump, California. ... The 2000 Watt society is a vision, originated by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at the end of the 1998, in which each person in the developed world would cut their energy use to an average of no more than 2,000 Watts by the year 2050, without lowering... Similar or related terms: Near zero energy building, Zero energy house, Near zero energy house A zero energy building (ZEB) can be described as structure with a net energy consumption of zero over a typical year. ... Crude oil prices, 1994-2007 (not adjusted for inflation) In 2005 the government of Sweden announced their intention to make Sweden the first country to break its dependence on petroleum, natural gas and other ‘fossil raw materials’ by 2020. ... Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source fuels, this is, hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the earth’s crust. ...


In the twenty first century, some of these different energy paths might become more mainstream and start replacing the ubiquitous fossil fuels. It should be noted that between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, world grain production increased by 250%. The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and hydrocarbon fueled irrigation.[61] The peaking of world hydrocarbon production (Peak oil) may test Malthus critics.[62] The Green Revolution was the worldwide transformation of agriculture that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s. ... Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon-containing natural resources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. ... Fertilizers are chemicals given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied either via the soil or by foliar spraying. ... the plane is spreading pesticide. ... Look up Hydrocarbon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. ... For other uses, see Peak oil (disambiguation). ... The Rev. ...


See also

Energy Portal
Sustainable development Portal

Image File history File links Crystal_128_energy. ... Image File history File links Sustainable_development. ... This is a list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions. ... The Earth can be considered as a physical system with an energy budget that includes all gains of incoming energy and all losses of outgoing energy. ... Countries by electricity consumption This is a list of countries by electricity consumption mostly based on The World Factbook [1] accessed in March 2006. ... World-wide electricity production for 1980 to 2005. ... Higher electricity use per capita correlates with a higher score on the Human Development Index(1997). ... Energy policy is the manner a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address issues of energy development including energy production, distribution and consumption. ... For Government policy, see Energy policy of the United Kingdom Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom has been receiving increased attention over recent years. ... The United States is the worlds largest energy consumer in terms of total use, and ranks 7th on a per-capita basis. ... Crude oil prices, 1994-2007 (not adjusted for inflation) In 2005 the government of Sweden announced their intention to make Sweden the first country to break its dependence on petroleum, natural gas and other ‘fossil raw materials’ by 2020. ... Kardashev scale projections ranging from 1900 to 2100. ... For other uses, see Peak oil (disambiguation). ... This article is about a concept related to renewable energy, of which sustainable energy is a superset. ...

References

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    * Tester, et al, p. 303
    * OPEC 2005 Annual Statistical Bulletin (PDF). Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (2005). Retrieved on 2007-01-25.
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  10. ^ Data to produce this graphic was taken from a NASA publication.
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The Energy Information Administration (EIA), as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, collects and disseminates data on energy reserves, production, consumption, distribution, prices, technology, and related international, economic, and financial matters. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Energy Information Administration (EIA), as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, collects and disseminates data on energy reserves, production, consumption, distribution, prices, technology, and related international, economic, and financial matters. ... The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... IEA Logo Map of members The International Energy Agency (IEA, or AIE in Romance languages) is a Paris-based intergovernmental organization founded by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the oil crisis. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The World Coal Institute works on a global basis on behalf of the coal industry. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (common) era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (common) era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... February 29 is a day added into a leap year of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (common) era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... February 29 is a day added into a leap year of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

  • International Energy Agency. (2006) World Energy Outlook 2006. ISBN 92-64-10989-7
  • Smil, Vaclav. (2003) Energy at the crossroads MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19492-9
  • Tester, Jefferson W. et al. (2005) Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-20153-4
  • Yergin, Daniel (1993). The Prize. Simon & Schuster: New York. ISBN 0-671-79932-0

External links

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. ... The Energy Information Administration (EIA), as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, collects and disseminates data on energy reserves, production, consumption, distribution, prices, technology, and related international, economic, and financial matters. ...


 

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