Worldwar is a series of four alternate history science fiction novels by Harry Turtledove. Alternative history or alternate history can be: A History told from an alternative viewpoint, rather than from the view of imperialist, conqueror, or explorer. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Harry Norman Turtledove (born June 14, 1949) is an American historian and prolific novelist who has written historical fiction, fantasy, and science fiction works. ...

The premise of the series is an alien invasion of Earth in the middle of World War II. The military invasion begins on or around May 30, 1942, but the aliens, who call themselves the Race, reached Earth orbit in December of 1941. Presumably, six months were spent making preparations for the attack. A 1967 Soviet Union 16 kopeks stamp. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Race refers to the alien invaders of Harry Turtledoves Worldwar and Colonization book series. ...

Although the Race, a reptilian species, has the advantage of superior technology, their last information on humans was collected by a robotic probe during the 12th century. Their technology is only slightly ahead of what we have today: hydrogen based engines, holographic projectors, and cold sleep being among the technologies not in common use at the start of the 21st century. The "Lizards," as their human antagonists quickly dub them, are extremely surprised that mankind has progressed so far since their probe visited Earth. No species they have ever encountered has advanced so rapidly: they thought the toughest military force on the planet would still be Crusader knights on horses. ASIMO, a humanoid robot manufactured by Honda. ... Look up probe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... A holograph is a document written entirely in the handwriting of the person whose signature it bears. ... Projectors are used for displaying an image on a projection screen or similar surface for the view of an audience. ... This article refers to the process of hibernation in biology. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... The silver Anglia knight, commissioned as a trophy in 1850, intended to represent the Black Prince. ...

On finding the real situation, the commander of the alien fleet considers turning back and asking for fresh instructions but feels that he would lose face if he does. (Our own world might be considered the alternate timeline created by his decision to turn back, the alien fleet having passed completely unnoticed by the warring humans in 1942).

The narrative follows the intersecting fortunes of a large number of human and alien characters. Most notably the series depicts how the Axis and Allied powers must cooperate to fight the alien menace. A follow-up trilogy, Colonization, carries the story forward into a very different 1960s. The timeline ends with Homeward Bound. Colonization is a trilogy of books written by Harry Turtledove. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... For other uses, see Homeward Bound (disambiguation). ...

The volumes are:

• Worldwar: In the Balance (1994)
• Worldwar: Tilting the Balance (1995)
• Worldwar: Upsetting the Balance (1996)
• Worldwar: Striking the Balance (1996)

1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

List of characters

The following is a list of some major characters from the series.

Humans

Mordechai Anielewicz (historical): Anielewicz, together with other Polish Jews, is liberated from Nazi occupation by the Race, who subsequently capture and shut down Auschwitz. In the wake of salvation, Anielewicz and his fellow Jews are faced with the agonising dilemma between siding with the Race against Nazi Germany, which has postponed but not altogether forsaken the implementation of the Final Solution - and in effect becoming "traitors to humanity"; or fighting against the Race, an act which would make them Nazi allies. [[Image:aniel. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ...

Flight-Lieutenant George Bagnall: A flight engineer in the Royal Air Force serving aboard a Lancaster bomber. Bagnall is part of a 1,000 bomber flight returning from a run over Cologne in Germany when the invasion begins. The armada of bombers is under attack from German AA and fighters when the Race's killercraft descend upon the unsuspecting humans. The resulting battle leaves dozens of German and British planes destroyed with no significant damage inflicted upon the Race. The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air force branch of the British Armed Forces. ... The Avro Lancaster was a four-engined World War II bomber aircraft made initially by Avro for the Royal Air Force. ... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... AA, A∴A∴, Aa, Aa, aa and aA may refer to: // Aerolíneas Argentinas, an Argentine airline American Airlines, IATA airline code Air America was a CIA front that supplied covert operations during the Vietnam War Ann Arbor Railroad, a railroad connecting Ann Arbor, Michigan and Toledo, Ohio in...

David Goldfarb: A radar operator in the Royal Air Force. When the Race carries out air reconnaissance in the months before their attack, Goldfarb and his fellow radar specialists are confused by readings indicating aircraft much faster and high-flying than anything known to humans: the RAF men nickname those echoes as "pixies". No one believes aircraft can fly as fast or as high as the readings indicate. This long range radar antenna, known as ALTAIR, is used to detect and track space objects in conjunction with ABM testing at the Ronald Reagan Test Site on the Kwajalein atoll. ... Pixies are mythical creatures of English folklore, considered to be particularly concentrated in the areas around Devon and Cornwall. ...

Lieutenant Ludmilla Gorbunova: One of many female pilots in the Soviet Union's Red Air Force. Stationed at an airfield near Kharkov in the Ukraine when the invasion begins, Ludmilla witnesses the destruction of most human aircraft, both Soviet and German, at the hands of the alien invaders. She flies a Polikarpov Po-2, a small wooden biplane with a low ceiling. Its qualities render it practically invisible to radar, enabling her to survive the initial alien attack and give her the opportunity to make light ground attacks on unsuspecting Race encampments. She develops a relationship with Colonel Jäger after she finds him conversing with some farmers. While she is suspicious of this German officer at first, both of them come to realize that there are human beings on either side of the propaganda-heavy front. Nevertheless, she treads very carefully when developing their relationship, as his letters to her are monitored and recorded by the NKVD. The character is inspired by members of the historical all-women Soviet unit known as Night Witches, many of whom were decorated for their WWII service. Soviet Air Force, also known under the abbreviation VVS, transliterated from Russian: ВВС, Военно-воздушные силы (Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily), formed the official designation of the airforce of the Soviet Union. ... Kharkov (rus: Ха́рьков) or Kharkiv (ukr: Ха́рків) is the second largest city in Ukraine, a center of Kharkivska oblast. It is situated in the northeast of the country and has a population of two million. ... Airworthy Po-2 in Soviet markings at the Moscow MAKS air show The Polikarpov U-2 or Po-2 served as a general-purpose Soviet biplane, nicknamed Kukuruznik (Russian: , from Russian kukuruza (кукуруза) for maize)[1]. The reliable, uncomplicated and forgiving aircraft, powered by a 99 hp (74 kW) Shvetsov air... Hs123 biplane. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Night Witches (Nachthexen in German, Ночные Ведмы in Russian) was the nickname of the The World War II Soviet 588th Night Bomber Regiment, later called the 46th Taman Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment, a women-only combat regiment formed at the instigation of Marina Raskova and led by Major Yevdokia Bershanskaya. ...

Colonel Leslie Groves (historical): Head of America's atomic bomb development. His first task is to get a batch of captured alien Uranium from Boston, Massachusetts to Denver, Colorado where the Metallurgical Laboratory developing the atom bomb has been relocated. He is very well aware that the Soviet Union and Germany are also working fervently to develop the first human atomic weapons and he is eager to win the race. Leslie Groves Leslie Richard Groves (August 17, 1896 – July 13, 1970) was a United States Army officer who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and was the primary military leader in charge of the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb during World War II. Descended from French Huguenots who... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... General Name, Symbol, Number uranium, U, 92 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block n/a, 7, f Appearance silvery gray metallic; corrodes to a spalling black oxide coat in air Standard atomic weight 238. ... Nickname: Location in Massachusetts, USA Coordinates: , Country United States State Massachusetts County Suffolk County Settled 1630 Incorporated (city) 1822 Government  - Governor Deval Patrick (D) Area  - City  89. ... Nickname: Location of Denver in Colorado Location of Colorado in the United States Coordinates: Country United States State Colorado City-County Denver (coextensive) Founded [1] November 22, 1858 Incorporated November 7, 1861 Government  - Type Strong Mayor/Weak Council  - Mayor John Hickenlooper (D) Area [1]  - City & County  154. ... The Metallurgical Laboratory or Met Lab at the University of Chicago was part of the World War II–era Manhattan Project, created by the United States to develop an atomic bomb. ...

Colonel Heinrich Jäger: A tank commander in the German Sixth Army advancing on Stalingrad when the alien invasion begins. Jäger fought in the trenches of World War I as a teenager and saw firsthand the devastating effects of armored vehicles on infantry. After the Armistice he stayed in the army, serving in the Reichswehr of the Weimar Republic. When Hitler began rearming Germany in the 1930s, Jäger requested reassignment to the Panzer Corps. If he was going to see combat in another war, he wanted to fight from a tank cupola. The character has some similarities with Colonel Sabrino, a dragon-rider in Turtledove's Darkness series. The 6. ... Stalingrad is the former name of two cities: Volgograd, Russia Karviná-Nové Město, near Ostrava, Czech Republic Other uses: The Battle of Stalingrad (a major turning-point of World War II and arguably the bloodiest battle in human history) Stalingrad (German film set during the above battle) Stalingrad... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... A white flag is traditionally used to represent a truce. ... The Reichswehr (help· info) (literally National Defense or Imperial Defense) formed the military organization of Germany from 1919 until 1935, when the government rebranded it as the Wehrmacht (Defence Force). ... Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first)  - 1933 Adolf Hitler (last) Legislature Reichstag... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Panzerwaffe (German for Armored Force) refers to a command within the German Wehrmacht responsible for the affairs of panzer and motorized forces shortly before and during the Second World War. ... An American cover of Into the Darkness by Harry Turtledove. ...

Jens Larssen: A physicist at the University of Chicago. When the Race begins its attack on Earth, they detonate several atomic bombs just above the Earth's atmosphere hoping to disrupt human electronics with the resulting electromagnetic radiation. This attempt at subterfuge fails since electronics of the 1940s use vacuum tubes rather than integrated circuits, making the effect of EM radiation minimal. However, Larssen is among the handful of human scientists to realize that the attack proves nuclear fission is feasible. This is important since Larssen is working alongside several other scientists to develop an atom bomb. The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ...

Vyacheslav Molotov (historical): Head of the Soviet Union's Foreign Ministry, Molotov is given the unenviable task of negotiating with Fleetlord Atvar. Possessing an icy and taciturn demeanor, he proves adept at reading the intentions of his adversaries, both human and alien. The only time Molotov reveals any sign of emotion is around Stalin, who elicits a certain amount of fear in him. Along with Germany's Joachim von Ribbentrop, Molotov is among the first humans to orbit the Earth. For other uses, see Molotov (disambiguation). ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Joachim von Ribbentrop with his son. ...

Moishe Russie: A student in medicine in Poland when the Germans invaded in 1939. Since he is Jewish, Moishe and his family are forced by the German authorities to live in the Warsaw ghetto. It is revealed later that plans were underway to ship most of the Jews in the ghetto to a place called Auschwitz. When the alien invasion begins, Moishe advises his fellow Jews to greet the Race as liberators after one of their bombs inadvertently blows a hole in the ghetto wall, and they are treated as such even after the Race destroys Berlin with a nuclear device. (Despite objections by Anielewicz, Russie insisted on praying for the souls of the civilians killed in the blast.) The Jews of Poland are cruelly disillusioned as to the nature of their "liberators," especially Russie, when he is told by the new Race governor to make a radio propaganda broadcast praising the subsequent nuclear destruction of Washington, D.C.. The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... The Ghetto Heroes Memorial The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany in General Government during the Holocaust in World War II. In the three years of its existence, starvation, disease and deportations to concentration camps and extermination camps dropped the population of the... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... Location of Berlin within Germany / EU Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE3 City subdivisions 12 boroughs Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit (SPD) Governing parties SPD / Left. ... Nickname: Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: , Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack...

Otto Skorzeny (historical): SS Hauptsturmführer, Skorzeny is known for his "outside-the-box" thinking and his commando missons. He becomes a particularly feared human to the Race. He staged a major turnover for the Nazis in Croatia, and bargained for a Race landcruiser with a backpack full of ginger, which turns out to have narcotic and possibly hallucinogenic effects on members of the Race. After Operation Greif, Otto Skorzeny was labelled the most dangerous man in Europe Otto Skorzeny (June 12, 1908 - July 6[1] 1975) was an Obersturmbannführer in the German Waffen-SS during World War II. After fighting on the Eastern Front, he is known as the commando leader who rescued... SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop... Hauptsturmführer was a Nazi rank of the SS which was used between the years of 1934 and 1945. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Binomial name Zingiber officinale Roscoe Ginger is commonly used as a spice in cuisines throughout the world. ... Look up narcotic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hallucinogenic drugs or hallucinogens are drugs that can alter sensory perceptions, elicit alternate states of consciousness, or cause hallucinations. ...

Sam Yeager: A minor league ball player with the Decatur Commodores when the invasion takes place. Like many young men, he tried to enlist in the Army in the wake of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor at the end of 1941. However, he was rejected because he must wear a full plate of dentures after losing his teeth during the Influenza epidemic of 1918. His train was strafed south of Dixon, Illinois during the opening hours of the invasion. Not long afterward, he was drafted by a desperate US Army to defend Chicago from the invading Race. The Decatur Commodores were a professional minor league baseball team based in Decatur, Illinois. ... This article is about the harbor in Hawaii. ... Chart of deaths in major cities The 1918 flu pandemic, commonly referred to as the Spanish flu, was a category 5 influenza pandemic between 1918 and 1920 caused by an unusually severe and deadly Influenza A virus strain of subtype H1N1. ... Dixon is a city located in Lee County, Illinois, USA. It is the county seat of Lee CountyGR6. ... The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country United States State Illinois County Cook & DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ...

Liu Han: A Chinese housewife whose innocuous village was raided by the Race almost simultaneously with Japanese forces. Her family was killed when her house (and that of the local magistrate's) was immolated in a Japanese bomb attack. She is abducted by the Race along with apothecary Yi Min, and after a bit of interesting conversation between an initially scared Yi Min and some officers of the Race, she is subjected to what are literally sexual experiments devised by the Race to study the mating habits of the "Big Uglies." She is subsequently forced to have sex with several different males, eventually ending up going steady with Bobby Fiore, one of Yeager's teammates. Ironically, these experiments are not done for the reptilian humanoid Race's perverted enjoyment, rather it is a dramatic species reversal as humans often observe the mating habits of animals. She later becomes pregnant by Fiore, one of Yeager's teammates, and finds her impressions of foreign human "devils" are dispelled (albeit replaced by that of the "scaly devils.")

Yi Min: A Chinese apothecary abducted with Liu Han when the Race raided his village. Thanks to some negotiation, he finds his stay aboard the Race's ship rather entertaining as he is subjected to "experiments" which effectively give him a harem of women to "mate" with. Later on he is found back on Earth in a Race prison camp, dealing in ginger. It is implied that he is the one who introduced the Race to this highly addictive spice, and he is more than eager to trade it for rather technologically advanced Race items, though he intends to sell these items off for even more prestige. As a result, his dwelling in the camp is more lavish than the ones the other Chinese prisoners are forced to stay in. Interior of an apothecarys shop. ... Coming from the Arab tradition, the harîm حريم (compare haram) is the part of the household forbidden to male strangers. ... Binomial name Zingiber officinale Roscoe Ginger is commonly used as a spice in cuisines throughout the world. ...

The Race

Fleetlord Atvar: The commander of the Race's Conquest Fleet. He is apparently related to the Emperor and owes his position partly due to that fact. In the course of the series it is revealed that aptitude tests back on Home indicated Atvar would be either a proficient architect or military officer. He chose a military career believing it would be more exciting. At the beginning of the conflict he is faced with the decision to invade Earth or return home to ask for directions (the latter apparently having a humiliating and degrading connotation.) However he starts to grow discouraged as he is faced with a significantly more technologically advanced species than initial reports suggested; the most recent intelligence on Earth (Tosev-3 as labeled by the Race) dated back to the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

Flight Leader Teerts: A killercraft pilot from the Conquest Fleet. His is among the jet fighters that rapidly neutralize human air power in the opening days of the invasion. By the end of the first few weeks, the Race achieves air supremacy over most of the planet, forcing human pilots to engage in small limited attacks upon isolated targets or risk nearly certain death. However he is unfortunate enough to be shot down when Japanese bullets lodge themselves in the engines of his fighter plane, and is captured by the Japanese. While he is somewhat curious (and rather condescending) of Japanese imperial customs, he is even more afraid of their officers, who seem all too happy to want to extract as many Race secrets as they can from him, by cruel physical torture if need be. He is also unpleasantly surprised to find out firsthand that these "Nippon-ese" soldiers are also very proficient at martial arts.

Straha: Shiplord who vocally opposes Atvar's strategies. He will ask for a confidence vote which Atvar wins, forcing Straha to exile (in shame) among the humans. He lands in the United States, where he is kept as a prisoner of war, and intensely questioned on Race technology.

Ussmak: A driver for the crew of a landcruiser in the Conquest Fleet. Essentially, the Lizard "Everyman" viewpoint character. At first, Ussmak and his crewmates revel at the ease with which they manage to destroy Soviet T-34s and German Panzer-IV's, the most advanced armored fighting vehicles available to the Soviets and Germans, respectively. However, they soon grow disillusioned when the humans continue to resist the invasion despite their clear military inferiority, compounded by the weather conditions of the planet, which are more adapted to human than Race machinery. Ussmak eventually finds himself wondering if this is a fight worth waging.

Historical characters

Some historical characters also appear for brief cameos, to give a historical feel to the story: Martin Scorsese appears briefly in an uncredited role in this scene from his feature film Taxi Driver. ...

In the Balance

Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski: General, Polish Home Army Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski General Count Tadeusz Komorowski (June 1, 1895 - August 24, 1966), better known by the name Bór-Komorowski (Bór being one of his wartime code-names), Polish military leader, was born in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine). ...

Winston Churchill: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (Can) (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, soldier in the British Army, orator, and strategist, and is studied as part of the modern British and world history. ...

Enrico Fermi: Nuclear physicist, University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory Enrico Fermi (September 29, 1901 – November 28, 1954) was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, particle physics and statistical mechanics. ... This sculpture by Henry Moore marks the site at the University of Chicago where Metallurgical Laboratory scientists created the worlds first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. ...

Adolf Hitler: German Führer Hitler redirects here. ...

Cordell Hull: U.S. secretary of state Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871–July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the State of Tennessee. ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ...

George Marshall: U.S. Army Chief of Staff For other persons named George Marshall, see George Marshall (disambiguation). ... Categories: United States-related stubs | United States Army | Joint Chiefs of Staff ...

Vyacheslav Molotov: Soviet foreign minister For other uses, see Molotov (disambiguation). ...

George Patton: U.S. Army major general General George Smith Patton Jr. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ...

Joachim von Ribbentrop: German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop with his son. ...

Leo Szilard: Nuclear physicist, University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory Leó Szilárd (right) working with Albert Einstein. ... This sculpture by Henry Moore marks the site at the University of Chicago where Metallurgical Laboratory scientists created the worlds first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. ...

Hans Thomsen: German ambassador to the United States

Shigenori Togo: Japanese foreign minister Shigenori Togo Shigenori Togo (東郷茂徳 Tōgō Shigenori, 10 December 1882 - 23 July 1950) was Minister of Foreign Affairs for Japan at both the start and the end of World War II. He also served as Minister for Colonization in 1941, and assumed the same position, renamed the Minister for Greater...

Walt Zinn: Nuclear physicist, University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory Walter Henry Zinn (December 14, 1906, Kitchener, Ontario - February 14, 2000, Clearwater, Florida) was a nuclear physicist at the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory. ... This sculpture by Henry Moore marks the site at the University of Chicago where Metallurgical Laboratory scientists created the worlds first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. ...

Tilting the Balance

Mordechai Anielewicz: leader of Jewish fighters in Poland [[Image:aniel. ...

Eric Blair: BBC talks producer, Indian Section, London Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903[1][2] – 21 January 1950), better known by the pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

Kurt Chill: Wehrmacht general and interpreter in Pskov Wehrmacht   (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ...

Arthur Compton: Nuclear physicist with the Metallurgical Laboratory Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1927) for discovery of the Compton effect named in his honor. ...

Kurt Diebner: Nuclear physicist, Hechingen, Germany Prof. ... Burg Hohenzollern Hechingen is a town in the Zollernalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ...

Enrico Fermi: Nuclear physicist with the Metallurgical Laboratory Enrico Fermi (September 29, 1901 – November 28, 1954) was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, particle physics and statistical mechanics. ...

Laura Fermi: Enrico Fermi's wife Husband: Enrico Fermi. ...

Georgy Flyorov: Soviet nuclear physicist Georgy Flyorov Georgy Nikolayevich Flyorov (Russian: ) (March 2, 1913–November 19, 1990) was a prominent Soviet nuclear physicist. ...

Aleksandr German: Commander of Second Partisan Brigade in Pskov The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ...

Winston Churchill: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (Can) (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, soldier in the British Army, orator, and strategist, and is studied as part of the modern British and world history. ...

Werner Heisenberg: Nuclear physicist, Hechingen, Germany Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, and acknowledged to be one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. ... Burg Hohenzollern Hechingen is a town in the Zollernalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ...

Nieh Ho-T'ing: Chinese Communist guerrilla officer

Cordell Hull: U.S. secretary of state Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871–July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the State of Tennessee. ...

Ivan Koniev: Red Army general Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Koniev Ivan Stepanovich Koniev (Russian Иван Степанович Конев) (December 28, 1897 – May 21, 1973), Soviet military commander, was born into a peasant family near Podosinovsky in central... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ...

Igor Kurchatov: Soviet nuclear physicist Igor The Beard Kurchatov Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (И́горь Васи́льевич Курча́тов) (January 8, 1903 – February 7, 1960), Soviet/Russian physicist. ...

Edward R. Murrow: Radio news broadcaster April 8, 1956: CBS newsman Edward R. Murrow talking to reporters during a stop in Wiesbaden, Germany. ...

Yoshio Nishina: Japanese nuclear physicist Yoshio Nishina Yoshio Nishina (仁科芳雄) (1890–1951) was a Japanese physicist. ...

Joachim von Ribbentrop: German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop with his son. ...

Franklin D. Roosevelt: President of the United States FDR redirects here. ...

Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski: Eldest of the Jews in the Łódź ghetto Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski (1877 - 1944), Polish-Jewish industrialist and Zionist activist, functioned as the Nazi-nominated head of the Judenrat, or Jewish authorities in the Łódź Ghetto. ... Łódź ( ) is Polands second largest city (population 776,297 in 2004). ...

Iosef Stalin: General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union “Stalin” redirects here. ...

Leo Szilard: Nuclear physicist with the Metallurgical Laboratory Leó Szilárd (right) working with Albert Einstein. ...

Shigenori Togo: Japanese foreign minister Shigenori Togo Shigenori Togo (東郷茂徳 Tōgō Shigenori, 10 December 1882 - 23 July 1950) was Minister of Foreign Affairs for Japan at both the start and the end of World War II. He also served as Minister for Colonization in 1941, and assumed the same position, renamed the Minister for Greater...

Nikolai Vasiliev: Commander, First Partisan Brigade in Pskov The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ...

Georgi Zhukov: Marshal of the Soviet Union Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgi Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (Russian: Гео́ргий Константи́нович Жу́ков) (December 1, 1896 - June 18, 1974), Soviet military commander and...

Upsetting the Balance

Mordechai Anielewicz: Jewish partisan, eastern Poland [[Image:aniel. ...

Lord Beaverbrook: British Minister of Supply Sir William Maxwell Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook (May 25, 1879 - June 9, 1964) was a Canadian–British business tycoon and politician. ...

Kurt Chill: Wehrmacht Lieutenant General Wehrmacht   (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ...

Kurt Diebner: Nuclear physicist, Tübingen, Germany Prof. ... Tübingen, Neckar front Tübingen, a traditional university town of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, is situated 20 miles southwest of Stuttgart, on a ridge between the River Neckar and the Ammer. ...

Albert Einstein: Physicist, Couch, Missouri “Einstein” redirects here. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City Largest metro area St Louis Metro[1] Area  Ranked 21st  - Total 69,709 sq mi (180,693 km²)  - Width 240 miles (385 km)  - Length 300 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ...

Dwight Eisenhower: U.S. Army General, Couch, Missouri Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City Largest metro area St Louis Metro[1] Area  Ranked 21st  - Total 69,709 sq mi (180,693 km²)  - Width 240 miles (385 km)  - Length 300 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ...

Enrico Fermi: Nuclear physicist, Denver, Colorado Enrico Fermi (September 29, 1901 – November 28, 1954) was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, particle physics and statistical mechanics. ... This article refers to the state capital of Colorado. ... Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area  Ranked 8th  - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 km²)  - Width 280 miles (451 km)  - Length 380 miles (612 km)  - % water 0. ...

Aleksandr German: Partisan Brigadier, Pskov, USSR The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ...

Robert Goddard: Rocket expert, , Couch, Missouri Robert Goddard is the name of several notable individuals, including: Robert Goddard (scientist) (1882-1945), one of the pioneers of modern rocketry. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City Largest metro area St Louis Metro[1] Area  Ranked 21st  - Total 69,709 sq mi (180,693 km²)  - Width 240 miles (385 km)  - Length 300 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ...

Lord Halifax: British ambassador to the United States Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, known as Lord Irwin from 1926 until 1934, (1881-1959) was a British Conservative politician. ...

Cordell Hull: U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871–July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the State of Tennessee. ...

Nieh Ho-'Ting: People's Liberation Army officer, China

Benito Mussolini: Il Duce (Italian Dictator) Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ...

Joachim von Ribbentrop: German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop with his son. ...

Iosef Stalin: General Secretary, Communist Party of the USSR “Stalin” redirects here. ...

Leo Szilard: Nuclear physicist, Denver, Colorado Leó Szilárd (right) working with Albert Einstein. ... This article refers to the state capital of Colorado. ... Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area  Ranked 8th  - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 km²)  - Width 280 miles (451 km)  - Length 380 miles (612 km)  - % water 0. ...

Nikolai Vasiliev: Partisan brigadier, Pskov, USSR The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ...

Striking the Balance

Mordechai Anielewicz: Jewish fighting leader, Łódź, Poland [[Image:aniel. ... Łódź ( ) is Polands second largest city (population 776,297 in 2004). ...

Menachem Begin: Jewish guerrilla, Haifa, Palestine   (August 16, 1913 – March 9, 1992) (Hebrew: מְנַחֵם בְּגִין) was a Polish-Jewish head of the Zionist underground group the Irgun, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi...

Omar Bradley: U.S. Army lieutenant general, outside Denver Omar Nelson Bradley (February 12, 1893 – April 8, 1981) was one of the main U.S. Army field commanders in North Africa and Europe during World War II and a General of the Army of the United States Army. ... This article refers to the state capital of Colorado. ...

Walter von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt: Wehrmacht lieutenant general, Riga, Latvia Wehrmacht   (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ...

Kurt Chill: Wehrmacht lieutenant general, Pskov, USSR Wehrmacht   (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ...

William Joseph Donovan: U.S. Army major general, Hot Springs, Arkansas For other people with similar names, see Wild Bill Major General William Joseph Donovan, KBE United States Army (January 1, 1883 – February 8, 1959) was an American soldier, lawyer and intelligence officer, best remembered today as wartime head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). ... Green Dragon Spring at Norris Geyser A hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year, and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature (which is usually around 55~57°F or...

Anthony Eden: British foreign secretary Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 – 14 January 1977) was a British politician who was Foreign Secretary for three periods between 1935 and 1955, including World War II and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1955 to 1957. ...

Aleksandr German: Partisan brigadier, Pskov, USSR The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ...

Robert Goddard: Rocket scientist, Hot Springs, Arkansas Robert Goddard is the name of several notable individuals, including: Robert Goddard (scientist) (1882-1945), one of the pioneers of modern rocketry. ... Green Dragon Spring at Norris Geyser A hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year, and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature (which is usually around 55~57°F or... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,002 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ...

Cordell Hull: President of the United States Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871–July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the State of Tennessee. ... The presidential seal is a well-known symbol of the presidency. ...

Igor Kurchatov: Nuclear physicist, north of Moscow Igor The Beard Kurchatov Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (И́горь Васи́льевич Курча́тов) (January 8, 1903 – February 7, 1960), Soviet/Russian physicist. ... Position of Moscow in Europe Coordinates: , Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Government  - Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Area  - City 1,081 km²  (417. ...

Mao Tse-Tung: Communist Party leader, Peking Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893—September 9, 1976) was the chairman of the Communist Party of China from 1935 until his death. ...

George Marshall: U.S. Secretary of State For other persons named George Marshall, see George Marshall (disambiguation). ...

Joachim von Ribbentrop: German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop with his son. ...

Iosef Stalin: General Secretary, Communist Party, USSR “Stalin” redirects here. ...

Stern: Jewish guerrilla leader, Jerusalem (Note: identity uncertain, best possible match is Avraham Stern) Avraham Stern Avraham Stern (Hebrew: אברהם שטרן Avraham Shtern), alias Yair (Hebrew: יאיר) (December 23, 1907 - February 12, 1942) was the founder and leader of the Zionist underground organization later known as Lehi and also known as the Stern Gang. Stern was born in Suwalki, Poland, immigrated to Israel in 1925, and studied...

Shigenori Togo: Japanese foreign minister Shigenori Togo Shigenori Togo (東郷茂徳 Tōgō Shigenori, 10 December 1882 - 23 July 1950) was Minister of Foreign Affairs for Japan at both the start and the end of World War II. He also served as Minister for Colonization in 1941, and assumed the same position, renamed the Minister for Greater...

Nikolai Vasiliev: Partisan brigadier, Pskov, USSR The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ...