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X.400 is a suite of ITU-T Recommendations that define standards for Data Communication Networks for Message Handling Systems (MHS) — more commonly known as "E-mail". While X.400 never achieved the universal presence of Internet e-mail, it has seen use within organizations, and as part of proprietary e-mail products. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ...
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History
The first X.400 Recommendations were published in 1984 (Red Book), and a substantially revised version was published in 1988 (Blue Book). New features were added in 1992 (White Book) and subsequent updates. Although X.400 was originally designed to run over the OSI Transport service, an adaptation to allow operation over TCP/IP, RFC 1006, has become the most popular way to run X.400 The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet runs. ...
Developed in cooperation with the ISO, the X.400-series Recommendations specify OSI standard protocols for exchanging and addressing electronic messages. The companion F.400-series of Recommendations define Message Handling Services built on Message Handling Systems (MHS), as well as access to and from the MHS for public services. In the late 1990s the ITU-T consolidated Recommendations F.400 and X.400 and published the ITU-T F.400/X.400 (06/1999) Message handling system and service overview Recommendation. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ...
The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ...
The X.400-series Recommendations define the technical aspects of the MHS: ITU-T Rec. X.402 | ( ISO/IEC 10021-2) defines the overall system architecture of a MHS, ITU-T Rec. X.411 | ( ISO/IEC 10021-4) defines the Message Transfer Service (MTS) and its functional component the Message Transfer Agent (MTA), and ITU-T Rec. X.413 | ( ISO/IEC 10021-5) defines the Message Store. All ITU-T Recommendations provide specific terms for descriptions of system entities and procedures. For example, messages (email) exchanged among people is referred to as Interpersonal Messaging (IPM); electronically structured business documents (e.g., invoices, purchase orders, dispatch advice, etc.) exchanged among trading partners’ computers fall under the EDI protocols. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The initials IEC can stand for: Independent Electoral Commission Industrial Emergency Council Inertial electrostatic confinement (in fusion energy) Institut des Experts-comptables et des Conseils fiscaux Institut dEstudis Catalans, Catalan Studies Institute Interactive Evolutionary Computation International Education Centre International Electrical Congress International Electrotechnical Commission See also IEC connector for...
The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The initials IEC can stand for: Independent Electoral Commission Industrial Emergency Council Inertial electrostatic confinement (in fusion energy) Institut des Experts-comptables et des Conseils fiscaux Institut dEstudis Catalans, Catalan Studies Institute Interactive Evolutionary Computation International Education Centre International Electrical Congress International Electrotechnical Commission See also IEC connector for...
A mail transfer agent or MTA (also called a mail transport agent, mail server, or a mail exchanger in the context of the Domain Name System) is a computer program or software agent that transfers electronic mail messages from one computer to another. ...
The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The initials IEC can stand for: Independent Electoral Commission Industrial Emergency Council Inertial electrostatic confinement (in fusion energy) Institut des Experts-comptables et des Conseils fiscaux Institut dEstudis Catalans, Catalan Studies Institute Interactive Evolutionary Computation International Education Centre International Electrical Congress International Electrotechnical Commission See also IEC connector for...
The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ...
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a set of standards for structuring information that is to be electronically exchanged between and within businesses, organizations, government entities and other groups. ...
As with most ISO standards dealing with application-level networking, X.400 failed to compete successfully with SMTP, the Internet-based equivalent in North America. However, in Europe, South America, and Asia, X.400 is quite widely implemented, especially for EDI services. In North America X.400 is still used in some applications, such as the military, intelligence services and aviation, mainly because the X.400 functions for integrity and security were developed and deployed much earlier than their SMTP counterparts (S/MIME, PGP and SMTP-TLS). For similar reasons it is sometimes used for transmission of EDI messages between applications. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The application layer is the seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model. ...
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the de facto standard for email transmission across the Internet. ...
S/MIME (Secure / Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a standard for public key encryption and signing of e-mail encapsulated in MIME. // S/MIME was originally developed by RSA Data Security Inc. ...
PGP is a computer program which provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. ...
Message handling is a distributed information processing task that integrates two related subtasks: message transfer and message storage. The ITU-T Recommendations define specific protocols for a wide-range of communication tasks. For example, the P1 protocol is used explicitly for communication among MTAs, P3 between the user agent and a MTA, and P7 between the user agent and message store. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ...
A mail transfer agent or MTA (also called a mail transport agent, mail server, or a mail exchanger in the context of the Domain Name System) is a computer program or software agent that transfers electronic mail messages from one computer to another. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
In the 1994 version P7 was enhanced to provide folders in the message store, allow storage of submitted messages, and provide many automatic actions such as auto-foldering and correlation of replies, delivery reports and receipt notifications with submitted messages.
X.400 message content standards are defined for communication between user agents. These are modelled as conceptual protocols that treat P1 and P3/P7 as providing an underlying reliable transport of message contents. The message content standard for interpersonal messaging, IPM, defined in ITU-T Rec. X.420 | ISO/IEC 10021-7 was named P2 in the Red Book. The extended version of IPM in the Blue Book was given content-type 22 (for P2 version 2) and is often referred to informally as P22, although that term is not used in the standards. The message content standard for EDI is defined in ITU-T Rec. F.435 | ISO/IEC 10021-8 and ITU-T Rec. X.435 | ISO/IEC 10021-9, and informally referred to as P35. A voice messaging content type is defined in ITU-T Recs. F.440 and X.440. EDI may refer to: Electronic Data Interchange, a particular set of standards for computer-to-computer exchange of information Edinburgh Airport, an airport with IATA code EDI Entrepreneurship Development Institute, a non-profit organisation in India Economic Development Institute, a previous name of the World Bank Institute It may also...
Important features of X.400 include structured addressing, ASN.1 binary encoding enabling multimedia content (predating and more efficient than MIME), and integrated security capabilities. As X.400 inter-domain relay services were assumed by ITU to be run by PTTs, X.400 incorporated fields for the automated transfer of messages between X.400 and other PTT services, such as Telex, facsimile and physical postal mail. ISO later added open routing standards (ITU-T Rec. X.412 | ISO/IEC 10021-10 and ITU-T Rec. X.404 | ISO/IEC 10021-11), but the initial misconception that X.400 required PTT relay services, coupled with PTT volume-based charges for these, were factors that inhibited the widespread uptake of X.400. In telecommunications and computer networking abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1) is a standard, flexible method that describes data structures for representing, encoding, transmitting, and decoding data. ...
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet Standard that extends the format of e-mail to support: text in character sets other than US-ASCII; non-text attachments; multi-part message bodies; and header information in non-ASCII character sets. ...
Known as PTT, or 批踢踢 in Chinese, its full English name Professional Technology Temple is known by few. ...
Teletype machines in World War II A teleprinter (teletypewriter, teletype or TTY for TeleTYpe/TeleTYpewriter) is a now largely obsolete electro-mechanical typewriter which can be used to communicate typed messages from point to point through a simple electrical communications channel, often just a pair of wires. ...
A Samsung fax machine Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, make similar, i. ...
X.400 has been extended for use in military applications (see MMHS) and aviation (see AMHS.) MMHS (Military Message Handling System) is a profile and set of extensions to X.400 for messaging in military environments. ...
Aeronautical Message Handling System (AMHS) is a standard for aeronautical ground-ground communications (e. ...
Addressing An X.400 address consists of several elements, including: - C (Country name)
- ADMD (Administration Management Domain), usually a public mail service provider
- PRMD (Private Management Domain)
- O (Organization name)
- OU (Organizational Unit Names)
- G (Given name)
- I (Initials)
- S (Surname)
The standards themselves originally did not specify how these email addresses should be written (for instance on a business card); RFC 1685 specified one encoding, based on a 1993 draft of ITU-T Recommendation F.401 which looked like "G=Harald;S=Alvestrand;O=Uninett;P=Uninett;A=;C=no" - the unwieldiness of this addressing format is believed by many to be one factor in the lack of success of X.400. [1]
See also X.500 X.500 is the set of ITU-T computer networking standards covering electronic directory services such as white pages, Knowbot and whois. ...
Footnotes - ^ http://www.alvestrand.no/x400/debate/addressing.html
Reference
External links is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ...
X.400 Standards X.400 standards are available free from ITU-T
X.400 Products - Boldon James - Vendor of X.400 user agent software
- Clearswift - High assurance boundary protection guards, and Military Messaging clients and servers
- ISODE - X.400 MTA and P7 MS
- NET-TEL - X.400 clients (user agents) and servers (MTA and P7 MS)
Internal links See also: Standardization and Standards organization Standardization, in the context related to technologies and industries, is the process of establishing a technical standard among competing entities in a market, where this will bring benefits without hurting competition. ...
A standards organization, also sometimes referred to as a standards body, a standards development organization or SDO (depending on what is being referenced), is any entity whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise maintaining standards that address the interests of a wide base of...
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU; French: Union internationale des télécommunications, Spanish: Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones) is an international organization established to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications. ...
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international standards organization dealing with electrical, electronic and related technologies. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a set of standards for structuring information that is to be electronically exchanged between and within businesses, organizations, government entities and other groups. ...
Novells MHS (Message Handling Service) was an important early email protocol. ...
Further reading - Betanov, Cemil (1993). Introduction to X.400. Boston: Artech House. ISBN 0-89006-597-7.
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