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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. | (xeno- from the Greek meaning "foreign") is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another such as from pigs to humans (see Medical grafting). Such cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants. The term allotransplantation refers to a same-species transplant. Human xenotransplantation offers a potential treatment for end-stage organ failure, a significant health problem in parts of the industrialized world. It also raises many novel medical, legal and ethical issues. A continuing concern is that pigs have different lifespans than humans and their tissues age at a different rate. Disease transmission (xenozoonosis) and permanent alteration to the genetic code of animals are a cause for concern. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
An organ transplant is the transplantation of an organ (or part of one) from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. ...
Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the...
Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. ...
This article is about the biological unit. ...
For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...
In medicine, grafting is a surgical procedure to transplant tissue without a blood supply. ...
The transplantation of organs between members of the same species. ...
An infectious disease transmitted from animal to human by transplantation of an animal tissue or organ into human body. ...
Because there is a worldwide shortage of organs for clinical implantation, about 60% of patients awaiting replacement organs die on the waiting list. In many cases there is so little chance of a person actually receiving a transplant, doctors do not even add the person to the list, causing an underrepresentation of the shortage[citation needed]. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of transplant organ rejection have brought science to a stage where it is reasonable to consider that organs from other species, probably pigs, may soon be engineered to minimize the risk of serious rejection and used as an alternative to human tissues, possibly ending organ shortages.
Other procedures, some of which are being investigated in early clinical trials, aim to use cells or tissues from other species to treat life-threatening and debilitating illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, liver failure and Parkinson's disease. If vitrification can be perfected it could allow for long-term storage of xenogenic cells, tissues and organs so they would be more readily available for transplant. Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ...
This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ...
Liver failure is the final stage of liver disease. ...
A vitrification experiment for the study of nuclear waste disposal at Pacific Northwest National Labs Vitrification is a process of converting a material into a glass-like amorphous solid which is free of any crystalline structure, either by the quick removal or addition of heat, or by mixing with an...
This article is about the biological unit. ...
There are only a few published successful xenotransplant procedures. Some patients who were in need of liver transplants were able to use pig livers that were on a trolley by their bedside successfully until a proper donor liver was available[1]. Some recipients of pig neural cells with paralysis due to stroke (CVA) and Parkinson's disease have experienced dramatic improvements[citation needed]. For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ...
Problems
Immune rejection remains the biggest challenge for xenotransplantation. The problem exists even for human to human transplants (known as allotransplantation), but is more serious for transplants between different species. Nearly all mammalian cells have markers which enable the immune system to recognise them as being foreign. The more different the genetic code between the donor organ and recipient, the greater the difference between a "self" marker and a "foreign" marker. Some companies are currently developing transgenic animals such as pigs, that produce human markers to try and lessen the chance of rejection.. Rejection may mean: In psychology, rejection is an emotion felt by most humans (and possibly other higher animals) when another person denies a personal request, particularly if it is an emotional advance. ...
The transplantation of organs between members of the same species. ...
Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including milk producing sweat glands, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex...
Marker may refer to: A felt-tipped marker pen. ...
A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ...
A genetically modified organism is an organism whose genetic material has been deliberately altered. ...
Cross-species transplants are more likely to produce host-vs-graft or graft-vs-host reactions than same-species transplants, because of the lack of antigenic similarity. Organisms which have been genetically engineered to reduce this lack of similarity have been produced but are not yet used to any significant degree in medical care. An antigen is a molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies. ...
Kenyans examining insect-resistant transgenic Bt corn. ...
A worrisome element of xenotransplantation is the potential for infectious disease to spread from the donor animal, which is called xenozoonosis. One example is porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) which are viruses within pigs that pigs are immune to, but can infect humans. Some recipients of pig neural cell transplants have had to agree to never donate blood, take frequent blood tests and use safe sex methods for the rest of their lives due to the risk of spreading such viruses. However, the patients who have received these pig cell transplants have yet to show any PERV-type infection. The situation with other animals is currently unknown. An infectious disease transmitted from animal to human by transplantation of an animal tissue or organ into human body. ...
Genera Alpharetrovirus Betaretrovirus Gammaretrovirus Deltaretrovirus Epsilonretrovirus Lentivirus Spumavirus A retrovirus is any virus belonging to the viral family Retroviridae. ...
Acceptance Xenografts have been a controversial procedure since they were first attempted. Many, including animal rights groups, strongly oppose killing animals in order to harvest their organs for human use. Legitimate medical concerns exist about possible disease transfer between animals and humans, such as the porcine endogenous retrovirus found in pig tissues. Religious beliefs, such as the Jewish and Muslim prohibition against eating pork, may also present concerns for some. This article is about the medical term. ...
For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
In general, however, the use of pig and cow tissue in humans has been met with little resistance. The tissue is harvested from agricultural animals that were already being butchered, which is less offensive to most people than the idea of raising a primate (which due to its genetic similarity would produce more suitable organs for transplants to humans) solely as an organ donor. Similarly, while some individual Jews may not wish to receive a pig valve based on their personal beliefs, the rabbinical view is that the use of pig valves in humans is not a violation of kashruth law.[1] In fact, killing a pig in order to save a human life is a requirement in the Jewish faith, under the laws of pikuach nefesh. Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ...
Grays Fig. ...
The circled U indicates that this can of tuna is certified kosher by the Union of Orthodox Congregations. ...
The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination...
Self-sacrifice under Jewish law can be said in Hebrew in two ways: 1) Mesirat nefesh (מסירת × ×¤×©), the exact translation is: giving over the soul. [1] 2) Yehareg veal yaavor (יהרג ו×ל יעבור), the exact translation is: One should let be killed rather than violate. // Usage Mesirat nefesh is normally used when...
In 2005, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council declared a five-year moratorium on all animal-to-human transplantation, concluding that the risks of transmission of animal viruses to patients and the wider community have not yet been resolved. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) is Australias peak funding body for medical research, with a budget of nearly A$500M a year. ...
See also In medicine, grafting is a surgical procedure to transplant tissue without a blood supply. ...
An allograft is a transplanted organ or tissue from a genetically non-identical member of the same species. ...
Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs occurring between species. ...
References - ^ http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/596_xeno.html
- The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council's 2005 statement on xenotransplantation
External links Look up Xenotransplantation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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