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Headline text Link title Part of the Style and how-to series Shortcut: WP:HEP See also Help:Editing, m:Help:Editing, m:Help:Starting_a_new_page Wikipedia is a WikiWiki, which means that anyone can easily edit any unprotected article and have those changes posted immediately to that page. ...
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Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) was a flagship research division of the Xerox Corporation, based in Palo Alto, California, USA. It was founded in 1970, and spun out as a separate company (still wholly owned by Xerox) in 2002. It is best known for essentially creating the modern personal computer graphical user interface (GUI) paradigm. Areas of the Appalachian Region of the U.S., under the jurisdiction of the Appalachian Regional Commission The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a United States federal-state partnership that works with the people of Appalachia to create opportunities for self-sustaining economic development and improved quality of life. ...
Palo Alto Rowing Club is a non-cut, coed rowing club which takes students from various high schools in the Bay Area, including Palo Alto High School, Gunn High School, and Los Altos High School. ...
Research is often described as an active, diligent, and systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting and revising facts. ...
Xerox Corporation (NYSE: XRX) is the worlds largest supplier of toner-based (dry ink) photocopier machines and associated supplies. ...
Official website: http://www. ...
1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ...
For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...
A graphical user interface (or GUI, often pronounced gooey) is a method of interacting with a computer through a metaphor of direct manipulation of graphical images and widgets in addition to text. ...
History PARC's founding director, George Pake, was an outstanding physicist in the area of nuclear magnetic resonance. Dr. Pake had been serving as provost of Washington University in 1969 when he was courted by Jack Goldman, Chief Scientist at Xerox. If Jack Goldman was chiefly responsible for Xerox founding, and generously funding, a second research center, then George Pake was chiefly responsible for siting PARC in Palo Alto -- 3,000 miles away from Xerox headquarters. George Pake is a physicist and research executive primarily known for helping found Xerox PARC. Pake earned his bachelors and masters degrees from the Carnegie Institute of Technology and his doctorate in physics at Harvard University in 1948. ...
A physicist is a scientist trained in physics. ...
Pacific Northwest National Laboratorys high magnetic field (800 MHz, 18. ...
This article is about the higher education title of provost. ...
Washington University in St. ...
1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...
Jack Goldman was the Chief Scientist at Xerox. ...
In retrospect, this turned out to be a good idea, for around 1974, PARC was able to raid the nearby Augmentation Research Center (founded by Douglas Engelbart) for some of its most talented personnel. It also helped that Engelbart's funding from DARPA, NASA, and the U.S. Air Force was drying up around the same time. Stanford Research Institutes Augmentation Research Center (ARC) was founded by electrical engineer Douglas Engelbart to develop and experiment with new tools and techniques for collaboration and information processing. ...
Douglas Engelbart Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart (born January 30, 1925 in Oregon) is an American inventor of Norwegian descent. ...
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. ...
This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...
Seal of the Air Force. ...
Much of its success in the computer field was due to the inspired leadership of PARC's Computer Science Laboratory by Bob Taylor, as associate manager (1970-77), and then manager (1977-83), Robert Taylor was director of ARPAs Information Processing Techniques Office (1965-69), founder and associate manager of Xerox PARCs Computer Science Laboratory (CSL [[1]]) (1970-77), manager of Xerox PARC CSL (1977-83), founder and manager of Digital Equipment Corporations Systems Research Center (1983-96). ...
On January 4, 2002, PARC was incorporated as a subsidiary company of Xerox, called Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated, i.e., PARC. Following the spin-off, PARC remains a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Xerox Corporation. As of 2004, Xerox remained the company's largest customer, but PARC had also announced a multi-year relationship with Fujitsu and an entrance into biomedical sciences in partnership with the Scripps Research Institute of La Jolla, CA. January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...
The Scripps Research Institute, in La Jolla, California is home to notable chemists such as K. Barry Sharpless and P. G. Schultz, as well as neurobiologist Gerald Edelman, and Nobel Laureate Kurt Wurtrich. ...
Accomplishments Xerox PARC was the incubator of many elements of modern computing. Most were included in the first personal computer, the Alto, which included many aspects of now-standard personal computer usage model: the mouse1, computer generated color graphics, the WYSIWYG text editor, InterPress (a resolution-independent graphical page description language and the precursor to PostScript), Ethernet, and fully formed object-oriented programming in the Smalltalk programming language and integrated development environment. The laser printer was developed at the same time, as an integral part of the overall environment. A Xerox Alto Computer System The Xerox Alto, developed at Xerox PARC in 1973, was the first personal computer and the first computer to use the desktop metaphor and graphical user interface (GUI). ...
Operating a mechanical 1: Pulling the mouse turns the ball. ...
ÃWYSIWYG (pronounced //), is an acronym for What You See Is What You Get, used in computing to describe a system in which content during editing appears very similar to the final product. ...
Interpress is a page description language developed at Xerox PARC, based on the Forth programming language. ...
PostScript (PS) is a page description language and programming language used primarily in the electronic and desktop publishing areas. ...
Ethernet is a frame-based computer networking technology for local area networks (LANs). ...
In computer science, object-oriented programming, OOP for short, is a computer programming paradigm. ...
Smalltalk is a dynamically typed object oriented programming language designed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Ted Kaehler, Adele Goldberg, and others during the 1970s. ...
1993 Apple LaserWriter Pro 630 laser printer A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that reproduces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. ...
Among PARC's distinguished researchers were two Turing Award winners: Butler W. Lampson (1992) and Alan Kay (2003). The ACM Software System Award recognized the Alto system in 1984, Smalltalk in 1987, InterLisp in 1992, and Remote Procedure Call in 1994. Lampson, Kay, Bob Taylor, and Charles P. Thacker received the National Academy of Engineering's prestigious Charles Stark Draper Prize in 2004 for their work on the Alto system. The A.M. Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to a person selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. ...
Butler W. Lampson is a computer scientist, considered to be one of the most significant in the history of the field. ...
1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...
Alan Kay during an interview. ...
2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the worlds first scientific and educational computing society. ...
1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective, programming language designed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Ted Kaehler, Adele Goldberg, and others during the 1970s, influenced by Sketchpad and Simula. ...
1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Interlisp (also seen with a variety of capitalizations) was a version of the Lisp programming language originally developed in 1967 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ...
1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...
Remote procedure call (RPC) is a protocol that allows a computer program running on one computer to cause a subroutine on another computer to be executed without the programmer explicitly coding the details for this interaction. ...
1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...
Charles P. (Chuck) Thacker is a distinguished engineer and computer pioneer. ...
Founded in 1964, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in the United States provides engineering leadership in service to the nation. ...
The Charles Stark Draper Prize is awarded by the National Academy of Engineering for the advancement of engineering and the education of the public about engineering. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Xerox has been heavily criticized (particularly by business historians) for failing to properly commercialize and profitably exploit PARC's innovations. A favorite example is the GUI, initially developed at PARC for the Alto and then commercialized as the Xerox Star by the Xerox Systems Development Department. Although very significant in terms of its influence on future system design, it is deemed a failure because it only sold approximately 25,000 units. Xerox Star 8010 The Xerox Star workstation, officially known as the 8010 Star Information System was introduced by Xerox Corporation in 1981. ...
The first successful commercial GUI product was the Apple Macintosh, which was heavily inspired by PARC's work; Xerox was given Apple stock in exchange for engineer visits and an understanding that Apple would create a GUI product. (Much later, in the midst of the Apple v. Microsoft lawsuit in which Apple accused Microsoft of violating its copyright by appropriating the use of the "look and feel" of the Macintosh GUI, Xerox also sued Apple on the same grounds. The lawsuit was dismissed on a technicality -- Xerox had waited too long to file suit and the statute of limitations had expired. However, some dispute the degree to which the Apple interface was dervied from Xerox designs[1]. Apple Computer, Inc. ...
The first Macintosh computer, introduced in 1984, upgraded to a 512K Fat Mac. The Macintosh, or Mac, is a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured, and marketed by Apple Computer. ...
This article is about the look and feel copyright lawsuit between Apple Computer and Microsoft. ...
There is no denying the long-term impact of PARC's systems. It has taken two decades for much of their technology to be surpassed. The interfaces and technology that PARC pioneered became standards for much of the computing industry, once their merits were widely known.
It is legend that Xerox management consistently failed to see the potential of many of the PARC inventions. While there is some truth to this, it is also an over-simplification. They certainly understood the value of laser printing, and of advances coming from the non-computer-focused part of PARC. Most critics don't realize that computing research was a relatively small part of PARC; there were many researchers working in areas such as materials science at PARC, including pioneers in LCD and optical disc technologies. The Materials Science Tetrahedron, which often also includes Characterization at the center Materials science is the multidisciplinary field relating the performance and function of matter in any and all applications to its micro, nano, and atomic-structure, and vice versa. ...
It has been suggested that Color LCD be merged into this article or section. ...
In computing, sound reproduction, and video, an optical disc is flat, circular, usually polycarbonate disc whereon data is stored. ...
The work at PARC in the years since the early 1980s is often overlooked, but major work since then includes Ubiquitous computing aka Pervasive Computing, Aspect-oriented programming, and IPv6 to name but a few. MacGyver - 1980s hero The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ...
Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp, or sometimes ubiqcomp) integrates computation into the environment, rather than having computers which are distinct objects. ...
Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp, or sometimes ubiqcomp) integrates computation into the environment, rather than having computers which are distinct objects. ...
In software engineering, the programming paradigm of aspect-oriented programming (AOP), also called aspect-oriented software development (AOSD), attempts to aid programmers in the separation of concerns, or the breaking down of a program into distinct parts that overlap in functionality as little as possible. ...
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a network layer standard used by electronic devices to exchange data across a packet-switched internetwork. ...
Footnote Note 1: Xerox PARC was the first research group to widely adopt the mouse invented by Douglas Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) in Menlo Park, California. Douglas Engelbart Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart (born January 30, 1925 in Oregon) is an American inventor of Norwegian descent. ...
Stanford Research Institutes Augmentation Research Center (ARC) was founded by electrical engineer Douglas Engelbart to develop and experiment with new tools and techniques for collaboration and information processing. ...
SRI International is one of the worlds largest contract research institutions. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Cafe Borrone, adjacent to Keplers Books in the Menlo Center, is a popular lunch spot in downtown Menlo Park. ...
Further reading - Michael A. Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age (HarperCollins, New York, 1999) ISBN 0887309895
- Douglas K. Smith, Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer (William Morrow, New York, 1988) ISBN 1583482660
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal (Viking Penguin, New York, 2001) ISBN 0670899763
- Howard Rheingold, Tools For Thought (MIT Press, 2000) ISBN 0262681153
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