NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Xianfeng Emperor

The Xianfeng Emperor, born Yizhu, (July 17, 1831 - August 22, 1861) was the eighth Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 297 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (326 Ã— 657 pixel, file size: 578 KB, MIME type: image/png) http://xianfeng. ... Like the Mongols, the Manchus were simply called by given name but they had their own clan names (hala in Manchu). ... Aisin Gioro (Simplified Chinese: çˆ±æ–°è§‰ç½—; Traditional Chinese: æ„›æ–°è¦ºç¾…; Pinyin: Ã ixÄ«n juÃ©luÃ³; Manchu: ) was the clan name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty (as well as the later short-lived regime in Manchukuo). ... Manchu given names were used solely or with titles but not with clan names. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... A Chinese era name (traditional Chinese: 年號, simplified Chinese: 年号, pinyin nían hào) is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperors reign and naming certain Chinese rulers (see the conventions). ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Temple names (Traditional Chinese: å»Ÿè™Ÿ Simplified Chinese: åº™å· Pinyin: miÃ o hÃ o;), are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Vietnamese (such dynasties as Tran,Anterior LÃª and Nguyen Dynasty) and most Korean rulers of the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties. ... A posthumous name (Traditional Chinese: è«¡è™Ÿ/è¬šè™Ÿ Simplified Chinese: è°¥å·; Pinyin: shÃ¬ hÃ o; Romaji: shigÅ/tsuigÅ; Revised Romanization of Korean: siho) is a honorary name given to royalty in some cultures posthumously, that is, after the persons death. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... The Manchu language is a Tungusic language spoken by Manchus in Manchuria; it is the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 70 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For the volcano in Indonesia, see Emperor of China (volcano). ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: ÐœÐ°Ð½Ð¶) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister - 1911 Yikuang - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History - Establishment of the Late... For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Early years

Yizhu was born in 1831 at the Imperial Summer Palace Complex, 8 kilometers northwest of the walls of Beijing, and was the fourth son of the Daoguang Emperor. His mother was the Imperial Concubine Quan (全贵妃), of the (Manchu) Niuhuru clan, who was made Empress in 1834, and is known posthumously as Empress Xiao Quan Cheng (孝全成皇后). The Imperial Gardens as they once stood The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Clarity (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), and originally called the Imperial Gardens (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), was a complex of palaces and gardens 8 km (5 miles) northwest of the... Beijing (Chinese: åŒ—äº¬; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; Wade-Giles: Peiching or Pei-ching; IPA: ; literally Northern capital; ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... The Daoguang Emperor (September 16, 1782 â€“ February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850. ... Empress Xiao Quan Cheng, (åå…¨æˆçš‡åŽ)(1808 â€“ 1840), born Lady Niuhuru, was the third Empress Consort of the Daoguang emperor (1782 - 1850). ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: ÐœÐ°Ð½Ð¶) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... The Niohuru were a powerful Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty in China. ... Year 1834 (MDCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Empress Xiao Quan Cheng, (åå…¨æˆçš‡åŽ)(1808 â€“ 1840), born Lady Niuhuru, was the third Empress Consort of the Daoguang emperor (1782 - 1850). ...

Chosen as the Crown Prince in the later years of Dao Guang's reign, Yizhu had reputed ability in literature and administration which surpassed most of his brothers. He succeeded the throne in 1850, at age 19, and was a relatively young Emperor. He was left with a crumbling dynasty that faced challenges not only internally, but also from Europeans. The situation was not reflected at all by his reign title, Xianfeng (咸丰/咸豐), which means "Universal Prosperity." The Taiping Rebellion began in 1851, and spread to several provinces with amazing speed. Xianfeng dispatched several prominent mandarins, like Zeng Guofan, and Imperial relatives, like the Mongol general Senggelinqin, to crush the rebellion, with limited success. Several Muslim rebellions in the southwest began in 1855. For the game, see: 1850 (board game) 1850 (MDCCCL) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A Chinese era name (traditional Chinese: 年號, simplified Chinese: 年号, pinyin nían hào) is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperors reign and naming certain Chinese rulers (see the conventions). ... Combatants Qing Empire United Kingdom France (United Kingdom and France join the war later) Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Commanders Xianfeng Emperor Tongzhi Emperor Empress Dowager Cixi Charles George Gordon Frederick Townsend Ward Hong Xiuquan Yang Xiuqing Xiao Chaogui Feng Yunshan Wei Changhui Shi Dakai Li Xiucheng Strength 2,000,000-5... General Zeng Guofan Marquess ZÄ“ng GuÃ³fÃ¡n, (t. ... Sengge Rinchen also Senggelinqin (åƒ§æ ¼æž—æ², 1811-1865ï¼‰a Mongol nobleman and general during the Qing dynasty, who is mainly known for his role during the Second Opium War and the suppression of the Taiping and Nian rebellions. ...

Western Imperialism towards China

As western imperialism was cruising its way through Asia, China was not spared. The Europeans saw a crumbling regime as ripe for the enforcement of imperialistic policies on China. Western forces, led by France, after inciting a few battles on the coast near Tianjin, of which not all were decisive victories, attempted "negotiation" with the Qing Government. Xian Feng, under the influence of the Concubine Yi (懿貴妃, later the Empress Dowager Cixi), believed in Chinese superiority and would not agree to any western demands. He delegated Prince Gong for several negotiations that failed to solve any significant problems. On October 18, 1860, the western forces went on to loot and burn the Imperial Summer Palaces of Qīngyī Yuán (清漪园/清漪園) and Yuánmíng Yuán (圆明园/圓明園). (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of China. ... Empress Dowager Cixi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Tzu-Hsi Tai-hou) (November 29, 1835 â€“ November 15, 1908), popularly known in China as the West Empress Dowager (Chinese: è¥¿å¤ªåŽ), was from the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan. ... Prince Gong (Chinese: æäº²çŽ‹; Wade-Giles: Prince Kung) (January 11, 1833 - May 29, 1898), commonly known in his days as the Sixth Prince (å…çŽ‹çˆº), was born Yixin (Chinese: å¥•è¨¢; Wade-Giles: I-hsin), of the Aisin-Gioro clan (the Qing Manchu imperial family ruling over China). ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... The Summer Palace in Beijing. ... The Imperial Gardens as they once stood The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Clarity (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), and originally called the Imperial Gardens (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), was a complex of palaces and gardens 8 km (5 miles) northwest of the...

While negotiations are still ongoing with western governments, Emperor Xianfeng and his Imperial entourage fled to the northern travelling palace in Jehol. Becoming more ill physically, Xian Feng's ability to govern also deteriorated, leading to competing ideologies in court that eventually formed two distinct factions — those under the rich Manchu Sushun, Princes Yi and Zheng; and those under the Concubine Yi, supported by Gen. Ronglu and Yehenala Bannermen. Rehe (热河 or 熱河 pinyin: Rèhé, lit. ... Emperor Sushun (崇峻天皇) was the 32nd imperial ruler of Japan (587-592). ... Aisin-Gioro Zaiyuan, the Prince Yi, (Simplified Chinese:è½½åž£; --1861) plotted against Empress Dowager Cixi during a power struggle in the Qing Dynasty. ... Empress Dowager Cixi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Tzu-Hsi Tai-hou) (November 29, 1835 â€“ November 15, 1908), popularly known in China as the West Empress Dowager (Chinese: è¥¿å¤ªåŽ), was from the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan. ... Ronglu (è£ç¦„, April 6, 1836- April 11, 1903) was a Manchu statesman during the late Qing dynasty. ... The Eight Banners (In Manchu: jakÅ«n gÅ«sa, In Chinese: å…«æ—— baqÃ) were administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed. ...

Death

Xian Feng died on August 22, 1861, at the Jehol Travelling Palace (熱河行宮), 230 kilometers northeast of Beijing. Being succeeded by his one surviving son, Zaichun, who was barely 6 years old, Xianfeng had summoned Sushun and his group to his bedside a day before, giving them an Imperial Edict dictating the power structure during the young Emperor's minority. The edict appointed four members of the Imperial line, namely, Zaiyuan, the Prince Yi; Duanhua, the Prince Zheng; Duke Jingshou; and Sushun, and four Ministers, Muyin, Kuangyuan, Du Han, and Jiao Youying, as the eight members of a new regency council to aid the young Emperor. By tradition, after the death of an Emperor, the body was to be accompanied to the Capital by the regents. Concubine Yi and the Empress, who were now both given titles of Empress Dowager, traveled to Beijing ahead of time, and planned a coup that ousted Sushun from the regency. The Empress Dowager Cixi (Concubine Yi) would subsequently rule China for the next 47 years. is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Beijing (Chinese: åŒ—äº¬; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; Wade-Giles: Peiching or Pei-ching; IPA: ; literally Northern capital; ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... The Tong Zhi Emperor, born Zai Chun (April 27, 1856â€“January 12, 1875) was the tenth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1861 to 1875. ... Aisin-Gioro Zaiyuan, the Prince Yi, (Simplified Chinese:è½½åž£; --1861) plotted against Empress Dowager Cixi during a power struggle in the Qing Dynasty. ... Emperor Sushun (崇峻天皇) was the 32nd imperial ruler of Japan (587-592). ... Empress Dowager (Chinese, Korean and Japanese: 皇太后; Chinese pinyin Húang Tài Hòu, Korean pronunciation: Hwang Tae Hu, Japanese pronunciation: Kōtaigō) was title given to the mother of a Chinese emperor. ... Empress Dowager Cixi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Tzu-Hsi Tai-hou) (November 29, 1835 â€“ November 15, 1908), popularly known in China as the West Empress Dowager (Chinese: è¥¿å¤ªåŽ), was from the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan. ...

Emperor Xianfeng was interred in the Eastern Qing Tombs (清東陵), 125 kilometers/75 miles east of Beijing, in the Dingling (定陵 - meaning "Tomb of quietude") mausoleum complex. Beijing (Chinese: åŒ—äº¬; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; Wade-Giles: Peiching or Pei-ching; IPA: ; literally Northern capital; ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

Family & Personal

Xianfeng had a very big sexual appetite, and was a lover of opera, and loved alcohol, and often became violent with his servants. He also smoked opium. ^[1] The Daoguang Emperor (September 16, 1782 â€“ February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850. ... Empress Xiao Quan Cheng, (åå…¨æˆçš‡åŽ)(1808 â€“ 1840), born Lady Niuhuru, was the third Empress Consort of the Daoguang emperor (1782 - 1850). ... Empress Xiao Quan Cheng, (åå…¨æˆçš‡åŽ)(1808 â€“ 1840), born Lady Niuhuru, was the third Empress Consort of the Daoguang emperor (1782 - 1850). ... Empress Xiao De Xian (åå¾·æ˜¾çš‡åŽ) was the first Empress Consort of the Xian Feng Emperor. ... The Ci An Imperial Dowager Empress (Chinese: æ…ˆå®‰çš‡å¤ªåŽ) (1837 - April 8, 1881), popularly known in China as the East Dowager Empress (ä¸œå¤ªåŽ), before she was widowed known as Empress Zhen (è´žçš‡åŽ), and officially known posthumously as Empress Xiao Zhen Xian (åè´žæ˜¾çš‡åŽ), was the second Empress Consort of the Xian Feng Emperor (b. ... The Niohuru were a powerful Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty in China. ... Empress Dowager Cixi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Tzu-Hsi Tai-hou) (November 29, 1835 â€“ November 15, 1908), popularly known in China as the West Empress Dowager (Chinese: è¥¿å¤ªåŽ), was from the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan. ... Li Fei (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ) of the Tatala clan (ä»–ä»–æ‹‰æ°) (1837 - 1890). ... Li Fei (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ) of the Tatala clan (ä»–ä»–æ‹‰æ°) (1837 - 1890). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Tong Zhi Emperor, born Zai Chun (April 27, 1856â€“January 12, 1875) was the tenth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1861 to 1875. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not adequately cite its references. ...

Contents

Early years

Western Imperialism towards China

Death

Family & Personal

See also

References