General note: Names given in Chinese, then in Manchu (full posthumous name in Chinese only). ——— 1. Xian means "the Clear", or "the Illustrious". 2. The first 22 characters are the honorific names (徽號) given to him during his reign (on 11 occasions, 2 characters at a time), with possibly the 21st and 22nd characters, Zhuangjian (莊儉), given to him after his death only, according to some sources.
He was born at the Old Summer Palace, 8km./5 miles northwest of the walls of Beijing, and was given the name Yizhu (奕詝).
He was the fourth son of Emperor Daoguang. His mother was the concubine of the 2nd rank Quan (全貴妃), of the (Manchu) Niohuru clan, who was made empress in 1834, and is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoquan Cheng (孝全成皇后).
He died on August 22, 1861 at the Rehe Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km./140 miles northeast of Beijing, where the imperial court had fled in the wake of the Second Opium War. He was survived by his empress, who became Empress Dowager Ci'an (慈安太后), and by the concubine of the second rank Yi (懿貴妃), who became Empress Dowager Cixi (慈禧太后) and went on to rule China as its de facto leader for the next 47 years.
He was interred amidst the Eastern Qing Tombs (清東陵), 125 kilometers/75 miles east of Beijing, in the Dingling (定陵 - meaning "Tomb of quietude") mausoleum complex.
Yizhu was born in 1831 at the Old Summer Palace, eight kilometers northwest of the walls of Beijing, and was the fourth son of the DaoguangEmperor.
Xianfeng was interred amidst the Eastern Qing Tombs (清東陵), 125 kilometers/75 miles east of Beijing, in the Dingling (定陵 - meaning "Tomb of quietude") mausoleum complex.
The DaoguangEmperor (September 16, 1782 - February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the ManchuQing dynasty, and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850.
This novelty was introduced by his grandfather the Qianlong Emperor who thought it not proper to have a whole generation of people in the imperial family changing their names on an emperor's accession to the throne.
Technologically and militarily inferior to the European powers, China lost this war and was forced to surrender Hong Kong at the Treaty of Nanking.
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