A Chinese-Arabic-Xiaoerjing dictionary from the early days of the People's Republic of China.

Xiao'erjing or Xiao'erjin (Simplified Chinese: 小儿经/小儿锦, Traditional Chinese: 小兒經/小兒錦; pinyin: Xiǎo'érjīng/Xiǎo'érjǐn, Xiao'erjing: شِيَوْ عَر دٍ), shortened form: (Simplified Chinese: 小经/消经, Traditional Chinese: 小經/消經; pinyin: Xiǎojīng/Xiāojīng) is the practice of writing Sinitic languages such as Mandarin (especially the Lanyin, Zhongyuan and Northeastern dialects) or the Dungan language in the Arabic script. It is used on occasion by many ethnic minorities who adhere to the Islamic faith in China (mostly the Hui, but also the Dongxiang, and the Salar), and formerly by their Dungan descendants in Central Asia. Soviet writing reforms forced the Dungan to replace Xiao'erjing with a Roman orthography and later a Cyrillic one, which they continue to use up until today. The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiÇŽntǐzì; also Simplified Chinese: 简化字; Traditional Chinese: 簡化字; pinyin: jiÇŽnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets. ... Pinyin is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin, where pin means spell(ing) and yin means sound(s)). This article describes the most common variant called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音; Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音; pinyin: HànyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n), also known as scheme... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiÇŽntǐzì; also Simplified Chinese: 简化字; Traditional Chinese: 簡化字; pinyin: jiÇŽnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets. ... Pinyin is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin, where pin means spell(ing) and yin means sound(s)). This article describes the most common variant called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音; Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音; pinyin: HànyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n), also known as scheme... ... Mandarin, or Beifanghua (Chinese: 北方話; Pinyin: BÄ›ifānghuà; literally Northern Dialect(s)), or Guanhua (Traditional Chinese: 官話; Simplified Chinese: 官话; Pinyin: Guānhuà; literally official speech) is a category of related Chinese dialects spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. ... Northeastern Mandarin or Northeast Chinese Dialect is a variety of Mandarin Chinese, known collectively as Dongbeihua (Traditional Chinese: 東北話; Simplified Chinese: 东北话; pinyin: DōngbÄ›ihuà; literally Northeast Speech/Language). Northeastern dialect is very similar to the Beijing dialect, upon which Standard Mandarin Chinese (Putonghua) is based. ... The Dungan language (autonym: Хуэйзў йүян [HuÄ—yzÅ­ yüyan]; 东干语 [東干語] in Chinese) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the 50,000 Dungan or (Hui) of Central Asia. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing the Arabic language, which is the language of the Quran, the holy book of Islam. ... The Peoples Republic of China is a multi-ethnic unitary state and, as such, officially recognizes 55 ethnic minority groups within China together with the Han majority. ... The Great Mosque of Xian, Chinas largest mosque China is home to a large population of adherents of Islam. ... The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; Pinyin: ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ... The Dongxiang people (own name: Sarta or Santa (撒尔塔); Simplified Chinese: 东乡族 Traditional Chinese︰東鄉族; Pinyin: Dōngxiāngzú) are an ethnic group closely related to the Mongolians, who practice Islam. ... The Salar people are an ethnic group in eastern Qinghai and southwestern Gansu. ... The term Dungan (Chinese: 東干族; pinyin: ; Дунгане) was used by the authorities of the former Soviet Union to describe Muslim people of Chinese origin. ... Motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Russian: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital Moscow Largest city Moscow Official language(s) None; Russian de facto Government Federation of Soviet Republics Establishment October Revolution  - Declared 30 December 1922   - Recognized 1... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several Slavic languages; (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...

Xiao'erjing is written from right to left, as with other writing systems based on the Arabic alphabet. The Xiao'erjing writing system is similar to the present writing system of the Uyghur language in that all the vowels are explicitly marked at all times. This is in contrast to the practice of omitting the short vowels in the majority of the languages for which the Arabic script has been adopted (like Arabic, Persian, and Urdu). This is possibly due to the overarching importance of the vowel in a Chinese syllable. Although Chinese is a tonal language, Xiao'erjing does not have marks for the tones. The Uyghur alphabet is any of the following: A descendant of the Sogdian alphabet, used for texts of Buddhist, Manichæan and Christian contents for 700–800 years in East Turkestan. ... Uyghur (ئۇيغۇرچه UyurqÉ™, or ئۇيغۇر تىلى Uyur tili; Simplified Chinese: 维吾尔语; Traditional Chinese: 維吾爾語; Pinyin: WéiwúěryÇ”) is a Turkic language spoken by the Uyghur people in Xinjiang (also called East Turkestan or Uyghuristan), China. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Persian is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... The phrase Zaban-e Urdu-e Mualla written in () is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family that developed under mainlyPersian influence in Central and South Asia during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1200-1800). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Tone (linguistics). ...

Nomenclature

Xiao'erjing does not have a standard name to which it can be referred. In Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, eastern Shaanxi and also Beijing, Tianjin, and the Northeastern provinces, the script is referred to as "Xiǎo'érjīng", which when shortened becomes "Xiǎojīng" or "Xiāojīng" (the latter "Xiāo" has the meaning of "to review" in the aforementioned regions). In Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, western Shaanxi and the Northwestern provinces, the script is referred to as "Xiǎo'érjǐn". The Dongxiang people refer to it as the "Dongxiang script" or the "Huihui script"; The Salar refer to it as the "Salar script"; The Dungan of Central Asia used a variation of Xiao'erjing called the "Hui script", before abandoning the Arabic script for Latin and Cyrillic. Shanxi (Chinese: 山西; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hopeh) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Henan (Chinese: 河南; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ... (Simplified Chinese: 山东; Traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) is a coastal province of eastern Peoples Republic of China. ... Shaanxi (Simplified Chinese: 陕西; Traditional Chinese: 陝西; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shensi, pronounced like Shahn-shee) is a north-central province of the Peoples Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River as well as the Qinling... Beijing (Chinese: ; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; ; IPA: ), a city in northern China (formerly spelled in English as Peking or Peiking), is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... (Chinese: ; pinyin: TiānjÄ«n; Postal System Pinyin: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Approximate extent Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: 东北; Traditional Chinese: 東北; pinyin: Dōngběi; literally east-north), historically known as Manchuria, is the name of a region (ca. ... Ningxia (Simplified Chinese: 宁夏; Traditional Chinese: 寧夏; Pinyin: Níngxià; Wade-Giles: Ning-hsia; Postal Pinyin: Ningsia), full name Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Simplified Chinese: 宁夏回族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 寧夏回族自治區; Pinyin: Níngxià Huízú ZìzhìqÅ«), is a Hui autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China, located on the northwest Loess... Gansu (Simplified Chinese: 甘肃; Traditional Chinese: 甘肅; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, or Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ r Mongghul-un bertegen Jasaqu Orun; Chinese: 内蒙古自治区; Hanyu Pinyin: N... Qinghai (Chinese: 青海; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching-hai; Postal System Pinyin: Tsinghai; Tibetan: མཚོ་སྔོན་ mtsho-sngon; Mongolian: Köke Naγur; Manchu: Huhu Noor) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, named after the enormous Qinghai Lake. ... Shaanxi (Simplified Chinese: 陕西; Traditional Chinese: 陝西; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shensi, pronounced like Shahn-shee) is a north-central province of the Peoples Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River as well as the Qinling... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...

Origins

Since the arrival of Islam during the Tang Dynasty (beginning in the mid-7th century), many Arabic or Persian speaking people migrated into China. Centuries later, these peoples assimilated with the native Han Chinese, forming the Hui ethnicity of today. Many Chinese Muslims students attended madrasas to study Classical Arabic and the Qur'an. Because these students had a very basic understanding of Chinese characters but would have a better command of the spoken tongue once assimilated, they starting using the Arabic alphabet for Chinese. This was often done by writing notes in Chinese to aid in the memorisation of suras. This method was also used to write Chinese translations of Arabic vocabulary learnt in the madrasas. Thus, a system of writing the Chinese language with Arabic script gradually developed and standardised to some extent. Currently, the oldest known artefact showing signs of Xiao'erjing is a stone stele in the coutryard of Xigang Mosque in Xi'an University in the province of Shaanxi. The stele shows inscribed Qur'anic verses in Arabic as well as a short note of the names of the inscribers in Xiao'erjing. The stele was done in the year AH 740 in the Islamic calendar (between July 9th,1339 and June 26th,1340). For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Persian is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉族; Traditional Chinese: 漢族; Pinyin: hànzú) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world. ... Madrassa in the Gambia The word madrassa in the Arabic language (and other languages of the Islamic nations such as Persian, Turkish, Indonesian etc. ... 漢字 Chinese character in hànzì, hanja, kanji. ... Sura (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) is the Arabic term for chapter of the Quran. ... The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (Arabic: التقويم الهجري; also called the Hijri calendar) is the calendar used to date events in many predominantly Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days. ... July 9 is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 175 days remaining. ... Events Emperor Go-Murakami ascends to the throne of Japan Kashmir is conquered by the muslims Births July 23 - King Louis I of Naples (d. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... Events Europe has about 74 million inhabitants. ...

Usage

Xiao'erjing can be divided into two sets, the "Mosque system", and the "Daily system". The "Mosque system" is the system used by pupils and imams in mosques and madrasahs. It contains much Arabic and Persian religious lexicon, and no usage of Chinese characters. This system is relatively standardised, and could be considered a true writing system. The "Daily system" is the system used by the less educated for letters and correspondances on a personal level. Often simple Chinese characters are mixed in with the Arabic alphabet, mostly discussing non-religious matters, and therewith relatively little Arabic and Persian loans. This practice can differ drastically from person to person. The system would be devised by the writer himself, with one's own understanding of the Arabic and Persian alphabets, mapped accordingly to one's own dialectal pronunciation. Often, only the letter's sender and the letter's receiver can understand completely what is written, while being very difficult for others to read. Imam (Arabic: إمام ,Persian: امام ) is an Arabic word meaning Leader. The ruler of a country might be called the Imam, for example. ... The Badshahi Masjid in Lahore, Pakistan with an iwan at center, three domes, and five visible minarets A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... A Madrasah complex in Gambia Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, ca. ... Writing Systems of the World today A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...

Modern usage

In recent years, the usage of Xiao'erjing is nearing extinction due to the growing economy of the People's Republic of China and the improvement of the education of Chinese characters in rural areas of China. Chinese characters along with Hanyu Pinyin have since replaced Xiao'erjing. Since the mid 1980s, there have been much scholarly work done within and outside China concerning Xiao'erjing. On-location research has been conducted and the users of Xiao'erjing have been interviewed. Written and printed materials of Xiao'erjing were also collected by researchers, the ones at Nanjing University being the most comprehensive. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Nanjing University (南京大学, 南京大學, Pinyin: Nánjīng Dàxué; colloquially 南大, Pinyin Nándà) is one of the oldest higher learning institutions in the world, and became the first modern Chinese university in the early 1920s. ...

Alphabet

Xiao'erjing has 36 letters, 4 of which are used to represent vowel sounds. The 36 letters consists of 28 letters borrowed from Arabic, 4 letters borrowed from Persian along with 2 modified letters, and 4 extra letters unique to Xiao'erjing. Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Initials and consonants

Alphabet Final-Medial-Initial Standard Mandarin pronunciation Hanyu Pinyin Arabic pronunciation Persian pronunciation Example Notes 1 [ɑ], [a] a, a-, -a, -a- [ʔ], [a:], [æː] [ʔ], [ɔ], [æ] اَ(阿ā) vowel sound 2 [p]|[b]- b- [b] [b] بَا(爸bà) 3 [pʰ]- p- none [p] پﹾ(婆pó) borrowed from Persian 4 [tʰ]- t- [t] [t] تَا(塔tǎ) 5 [tɕʰ]-, [ɕ]- q-, x- [θ] [s] ثِئ(些xiē) sound change occurs when representing Chinese 6 [tɕʰ]- q- none none ﭤْﻮ(穷qióng) unique to Xiao'erjing 7 [ʈʂ]- zh- [dʒ] [dʒ] ﺟﹾ(这zhè) sound change occurs when representing Chinese 8 [ʈʂʰ]- ch- none [ʧ] ﭼﹾ(车ché) borrowed from Persian 9 [x]- h- [ħ] [h] ﺣﹾ(河hé) used before syllable with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -e, -ei, -en, -eng 10 [x]- h- [x] [x] ﺧﹸ(湖hú) used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -u, -ua, -uai, -uan, -uang, -ui, -un, -uo 11 [t]|[d]-, [tɕ]- d-, j- [d] [d] دٍْ(钉dīng) also used to represent a few syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initial j- 12 [ʦ]- z- [ð] [z] ذَىْ(在zài) 13 -[ɹ] -r [r] [r] لِر(粒儿lìr) represents the rhotic final -r sound 14 none none [z] [z] زَكَاة(zakat) only used with Arabic loans 15 [ʐ]|[ɻ]- r- none [ʒ] ژﹾ(热rè) borrowed from Persian 16 [s]-, [ɕ]- s-, x- [s] [s] سٍ(信xìn) also used to represent a few syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials s- and sh- 17 [s]- s- none none (思sī) unique to Xiao'erjing, only used for entering tone or formerly entering tone syllables 18 [ʂ]-, [ɕ]- sh-, x- [ʃ] [ʃ] شِ(是shì) also used to represent a few syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initial x- 19 [s]- s- [sˁ]|[sˠ] [s] صْ(色sè) 20 none none [dˁ]|[ðˠ] [z] الْضَّاد(the Arab World) only used with Arabic loans 21 [ʦʰ]- c- none none ڞْ(册cè) unique to Xiao'erjing 22 [ʦ]- z- [tˁ]|[tˠ] [t] طٌ(遵zūn) sound change occurs when representing Chinese 23 [ʦ]- z- [ðˁ]|[ðˠ] [z] ظْ(作zuò) sound change occurs when representing Chinese 24 [ə] e, e-, -e, -e- [ʕ] [ʔ] ﻋﹶ(恶è) a vowel when representing Chinese, but considered a consonant when representing Arabic and Persian loans 25 none none [ɣ]|[ʁ] [ɣ], [q], [ɢ], [x] غَبْن(criminal fraud) only used with arabic loans 26 [f]- f- [f] [f] فِ(废fèi) 27 [k]|[g]- g- [q] [q], [ɢ] قَ(个ge) sound change occurs when representing Chinese 28 none none [k] none كَلِمَة(proverb) only used with Arabic loans 28 [kʰ]- k- none [k] ﮎْ(可kě) borrowed from Persian 29 none none none [g] گنج(treasure) borrowed from Persian and only used with Persian loans 30 [ŋ]-, [ɲ]- ng-, gn- none none ﮜْﺎ(仰ngǎng) relatively rare, used to represent either the [ŋ]- initial of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia or the [ɲ]- initial of Gansu and Qinghai 31 [l]- l- [l]|[lˁ] [l] لِ(里lǐ) 32 [m]|[n]- m-, n- [m] [m] مِ(秘mì) 33 [n]- n- [n] [n] نِ(你nǐ) 34 [x]- h- [h] [h], [ɛ], [æ] هَا(哈hā) mostly used with Arabic loans, used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -a, -ai, -an, -ang, -ao 35 [u], [ʊ] wu, u-, -u, -u- [w], [u:], [y] [v], [u], [o], [ow] ءُ(无wú) vowel sound 36 none none [j], [i:] none يَوْم(Judgement Day) only used with arabic loans and a vowel sound 36 [i], [ɪ] yi, i-, -i, -i- none [j], [i], [e] يَا(呀ya) borrowed from Persian and a vowel sound

In phonetics and phonology, a syllable onset is the part of a syllable that precedes the syllable nucleus. ... A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ... Standard Mandarin is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Singapore. ... Pinyin is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin, where pin means spell(ing) and yin means sound(s)). This article describes the most common variant called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音; Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音; pinyin: Hànyǔ Pīnyīn), also known as scheme... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Persian is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... Zakât (or Zakaat or Zakah) (English:tax, alms, tithe) (Arabic: زكاة, Old (Quran) Arabic: زكوة) is the third of the Five Pillars of Islam in Sunni Islam and one of the Branches of Religion in Shia Islam. ... Entering tone (Simplified Chinese: 入声; Traditional Chinese: 入聲; pinyin: rùshēng) is one of four tones in the phonology in Middle Chinese. ... The Arab world ( العالم العربي Al-Alam Al-Arabi) consists of twenty-two countries stretching from Mauritania in the west to Oman in the east. ... A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ... Yawm al-Qīyāmah (Arabic: ‎ literally: Day of the Resurrection) is the Arabic name for the Last Judgement. ...

Finals and vowels

In the study of phonology in linguistics, the rime or rhyme of a syllable consists of a nucleus and an optional coda. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Chinese

Script Standard Mandarin pronunciation Hanyu Pinyin Example Notes 1 or [ɑ] a اَ(阿ā) 2 -[ɑ] -a دَا(大dà) 3 [iɑ] ya يَا(呀ya) 4 -[iɑ] -ia كِا(家jiā) limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l- 5 [uɑ] wa وَ(娃wá) 6 -[uɑ] -ua قُوَ(刮guā) 7 none [o] o none rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing 8 none [uo]|[uɔ] wo none rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing 9 [ə]|[ɤ] e ﻋﹶ(恶è) 10 or -[ə]|[ɤ] -e دْ(德dé) 11 [uə] wo وْ(我wǒ) 12 -[uə] -uo قُوَع(国guó) 13 [ɑɻ] er عَر(儿ér) 14 -[ɻ] -r لِر(粒儿lìr) represents the rhotic final -r sound 15 none [ɛ] ê none rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing 16 [iɛ] ye اِئ(耶yē) 17 -[iɛ] -ie كِئ(解jiě) 18 [yɛ] yue يُؤ(约yuē) 19 -[yɛ] -üe, -ue كُؤ(决jué) limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l-, n- 20 or [i] yi ءِ(意yì) 21 -[i] -i ﭼﹺ(其qí) 22 -[] -i ذِ(子zǐ) limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials z-, c-, s- 23 -[ʐ̩] -i ﺟﹺ(知zhī) limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials zh-, ch-, sh-, r- 24 [aɪ] ai اَىْ(爱ài) 25 -[aɪ] -ai كَىْ(凯kǎi) 26 none [eɪ] ei none rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing 27 or -[eɪ] -ei دِؤ(得děi) 28 [uaɪ] wai وَىْ(歪wāi) 29 -[uaɪ] -uai كُوَىْ(块kuài) 30 [ueɪ] wei وِ(为wèi) 31 -[ueɪ] -ui حُوِ(回huí) 32 or [u] wu ءُ(无wú) 33 or -[u] -u كُو(苦kǔ) 34 [aʊ] ao اَوْ(奥ào) 35 -[aʊ] -ao قَوْ(高gāo) 36 [əʊ]|[ɤʊ] ou عِوْ(偶ǒu) 37 -[əʊ]|[ɤʊ] -ou كِوْ(口kǒu) 38 [iaʊ] yao يَوْ(要yào) 39 -[iaʊ] -iao كِيَوْ(教jiào) 40 [iəʊ]|[iɤʊ] you يِوْ(有yǒu) 41 -[iəʊ]|[iɤʊ] -iu نِيِوْ(牛niú) 42 [y] yu ىُ(与yǔ) 43 and -[y] -ü, -u نُوُ(女nǚ) limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l-, n- 44 [an] an ءًا(安ān) 45 -[an] -an دًا(但dàn) 46 oror [ən] en ءٌ(恩ēn) 47 or -[ən] -en قٍ(根gēn) 48 or [in] yin ءٍ(因yīn) 49 -[in] -in ٿٍ(勤qín) 50 [yn] yun ىٌ(孕yùn) 51 -[yn] -un کﹲ(均jūn) limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- 52 [iɛn] yan يًا(严yán) 53 -[iɛn] -ian لِيًا(练liàn) 54 [uan]|[wan] wan وًا(万wàn) 55 -[uan] -uan كُوًا(宽kuān) 56 [yɛn] yuan يُوًا(源yuán) 57 -[yɛn] -uan كُوًا(捐juān) limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- 58 [uən]|[wən] wen وٌ(问wèn) 59 -[uən] -un کﹲ(困kùn) 60 [ɑŋ] ang ءْا(昂áng) 61 -[ɑŋ] -ang قْا(刚gāng) 62 none [əŋ] eng none rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing 63 or -[ɤŋ] -eng قْع(更gèng) 64 [iŋ] ying ىٍْ(应yīng) 65 -[iŋ] -ing لٍْ(另lìng) 66 -[ʊŋ] -ong خْو(宏hóng) 67 or [yʊŋ] yong يْو(用yòng) 68 or -[yʊŋ] -iong ﭤْﻮ(穷qióng) limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- 69 [iɑŋ] yang يْا(羊yáng) 70 -[iɑŋ] -iang لِيْا(良liáng) 71 [uɑŋ]|[wɑŋ] wang وْا(忘wàng) 72 -[uɑŋ] -uang كُوْا(况kuàng) 73 [uɤŋ]|[wɤŋ] weng وْع(翁wēng)

Vowels in Arabic and Persian loans follow their respective orthographies, namely, only the long vowels are represented and the short vowels are omitted. Although the sukuun () can be omitted when representing Arabic and Persian loans, it cannot be omitted when representing Chinese. The exception being that of oft-used monosyllabic words which can have the sukuun omitted from writing. For example, when emphasised, "的" and "和" are written as "دِ" and " ﺣَ"; when unemphasised, they can be written with the sukuuns as "دْ" and " ﺣْ", or without the sukuuns as "د" and " ﺣ". Similarly, the sukuun can also represent the Chinese -[ŋ] final. This is sometimes replaced by the fatHatan (), the kasratan (), or the dammatan (). In polysyllabic words, the final 'alif ( ﺎ) that represents the long vowel -ā can be omitted and replaced by a fatHah () representing the short vowel -ă. Xiao'erjing is similar to Hanyu Pinyin in the respect that words are written as one, while a space is inserted between words. When representing Chinese words, the shaddah sign represents a doubling of the entire syllable on which it rests. It has the same function as the Chinese character "々". Arabic punctuation marks can be used with Xiao'erjing as can Chinese punctuation marks, they can also be mixed (Chinese pauses and periods with Arabic commas and quotation marks). Standard Mandarin is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Singapore. ... Pinyin is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin, where pin means spell(ing) and yin means sound(s)). This article describes the most common variant called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音; Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音; pinyin: HànyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n), also known as scheme...

Example

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Xiao'erjing, simplified and traditional Chinese characters, Hanyu Pinyin and English: Wikisource has original text related to this article: Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (also UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/217, December 10, 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris), outlining the organizations view on the human...

• Xiao'erjing:
• Chinese characters (simplified):“人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心，并应以兄弟关系的精神互相对待。”
• Chinese characters (traditional):「人人生而自由，在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心，並應以兄弟關係的精神互相對待。」
• Hanyu Pinyin: "Rénrén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yílǜ píngděng. Tāmen fù yǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdiguānxì de jīngshén hùxiāng duìdài."
• English: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also Simplified Chinese: 简化字; Traditional Chinese: 簡化字; pinyin: jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets. ... Pinyin is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin, where pin means spell(ing) and yin means sound(s)). This article describes the most common variant called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: 汉语拼音; Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音; pinyin: Hànyǔ Pīnyīn), also known as scheme... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

See also

• Aljamiado — the practise of writing Romance languages using Hebrew or Arabic script
• Islam in China

A text in a Romance language is said to be aljamiado if it is written using the Arabic or Hebrew alphabets, as texts written in the Mozarabic or Ladino languages are. ... The Great Mosque of Xian, Chinas largest mosque China is home to a large population of adherents of Islam. ...

References

• Xiaojing Qur'an Dongxiang County, Lingxia autonomous prefecture, Gansu, PRC
• Huijiao Bizun 154 pp, photocopied edition.
• Muhammad Musah Abdulihakh. Islamic faith Q&A 2nd ed. Beiguan Street Mosque, Xining, Qinghai, PRC, appendix contains a Xiao'erjing-Hanyu Pinyin-Arabic alphabet comparison chart.
• Feng Zenglie. Beginning Dissertation on Xiao'erjing: Introducing a phonetic writing system of the Arabic script adopted for Chinese in The Arab World Issue #1. 1982.
• Chen Yuanlong. The Xiaojing writing system of the Dongxiang ethnicity in China's Dongxiang ethnicity. People's Publishing House of Gansu. 1999.

External links

• Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Xiao-Er-Jin Corpus Collection and Digitization Project