Yam, Yamm, or Yaw (jaʊ) is the name of the Levantine god of chaos and mass-destruction, and in some myths he is one of the 'ilhm (Els) or sons of El. Despite linguistic overlap, theologically this god is not a part of the subregional monotheistic theology, but rather is part of a broader and archaic Levantine polytheism. Yaw is the deity's original proper name but many poems use only Yamm, an ordinary word meaning "sea." Image File history File links Yaw. ... Iaoue is an English transliteration of the Greek name ιαουε. The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906 states that ιαουε was used in the writings of the Church Fathers to represent the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, יהוה. Under the Article Heading, Church Fathers and Magic Papyri, it says: It was in connection with... The Levant Levant is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... In the Western Semitic pantheon, the Elohim are the sons of El assembled on the divine holy place, Mt. ... Ä’l is a northwest Semitic word and name translated into English as either god or God or left untranslated as El, depending on the context. ... Polytheism stevenis gay, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. ...

Yaw represents the devastating power of the sea untamed and raging; he is seen as ruling tempests and the disasters they wreak. Yaw shares many characteristics with Greco-Roman Ophion, the serpentine titan of the sea whom Kronos cast out of the heavenly Mt. Olympus. Likewise, the gods cast out Yaw from the heavenly mountain Sappan (modern Jebel Aqra; "Sappan" is cognate to Tsephon (Tsion)). The seven-headed dragon Lotan is associated closely with him and the serpent is frequently used to describe him. In Greek mythology, Ophion (serpent), also called Ophioneus ruled the world with Eurynome before the two of them were cast down by Cronus and Rhea, according to some sources. ... This page is about the moon of Saturn. ... Chronos is the personification of time in Greek mythology There is also Cronus, the similarly named Greek mythological Titan, father of Zeus. ... This article refers to a mountain in Greece. ... Sapan is derived from Hinduism and comes from the word Sapna. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article deals with the historical and biblical Zion of Israel. ... Chinese dragon, colour engraving on wood, Japanese Chinese school, 19th Century A dragon is a mythological creature, typically depicted as a large and powerful serpent or other reptile, with magical or spiritual qualities. ... This page is about the biblical creature; for other uses, see Leviathan (disambiguation). ... Serpent can be any of the following: The reptile commonly called snake. ...

Of all the gods, Yaw holds special enmity with Hadad, THE LORD over the divine assembly. Yaw is a deity of the sea and his palace is in the abyss associated with the depths of the oceans. (This is not to be confused with the abode of Mot, the ruler of the netherworlds.) In Ugaritic texts, Yaw's special enemy Hadad is also known as the "king of heaven" and the "first born son" of El, whom ancient Greeks identified with their god Kronos. Yaw wished to become the Lord god in his place. In turns the two beings kill each other, yet Hadad is resurrected and Yaw also returns. Haddad - בעל הדד - حداد (in Ugaritic Haddu) was a very important northwest Semitic storm god and rain god, cognate in name and origin with the Akkadian god Adad. ... Baal is a Semitic title and honorific meaning lord that is used for various gods, spirits and demons particularly of the Levant. ... In Greek mythology, Tartarus, or Tartaros, is both a deity and a place in the underworld — even lower than Hades. ... In Ugaritic Mot Death (spelled mt) is personified as a god of death. ... Entrance to the Palace of Ugarit Ugarit (modern site Ras Shamra رأس شمرة; in Arabic) 35°35´ N; 35°45´E) was an ancient cosmopolitan port city, sited on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria a few kilometers north of the modern city of Latakia. ... Ēl is a northwest Semitic word and name translated into English as either god or God or left untranslated as El, depending on the context. ... Chronos is the personification of time in Greek mythology There is also Cronus, the similarly named Greek mythological Titan, father of Zeus. ...

Since Yaw/Yam wishes to raise himself to the lofty heights of the gods whom he hates, and since he is the lord of chaos and destruction, the nearest equivalent in modern thought to Yaw is Satan. Moreover, a comparison with the evil Jörmungandr (Norse world-serpent and deity of the sea) is accurate to his job description, and like Yaw and Hadad, he and Thor slay each other at the end of the world (Ragnarök or Twilight of the Gods). A further comparison to the Christian book of Revelation yields: "And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world." (12.9) Gustave Dores depiction of Satan from John Miltons Paradise Lost Satan (שָׂטָן Standard Hebrew Satan, Greek and Latin Sátanas (Σατανάς), Tiberian Hebrew Śāṭān; Aramaic שִׂטְנָא Åšaá¹­anâ; Arabic شيطان Shaitan: both words mean Adversary; accuser; derived from the Semitic root Å¡á¹­n, which carries the semantics of opposing, obstructing, and of being... Thor goes fishing for the Midgard Serpent in this picture from an 18th century Icelandic manuscript. ... Norsemen (the Norse) is the indigenous or ancient name for the people of Scandinavia, including (but not limited to) the Vikings. ... Sunset at sea Look up Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Look up maritime in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Thor carries his hammer and wears his belt of strength in this illustration from an 18th century Icelandic manuscript. ... Look up Ragnarok in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... As a noun, Christian is an appellation and moniker deriving from the appellation Christ, which many people associate exclusively with Jesus of Nazareth. ... Visions John the Evangelist, as depicted in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ... The Devil is the name given to a supernatural entity, who, in most Western religions, is the central embodiment of evil. ...

In the Epic of Ba'al

In the Epic of Ba'al (Hadad the Most High), El the Ancient of Days adopts Yaw, the deity of the primordial chaos, and changes his name to Yam. KTU 1.2 iv reads: Haddad - בעל הדד - حداد (in Ugaritic Haddu) was a very important northwest Semitic storm god and rain god, cognate in name and origin with the Akkadian god Adad. ... Ēl is a northwest Semitic word and name translated into English as either god or God or left untranslated as El, depending on the context. ... In Greek mythology, Chaos or Khaos is the primeval state of existence from which the first gods appeared. ...

`El appoints as deputy his son.

The Bull proclaims as Master Yawu.

And Kindly `El the Beneficent speaks:

"I do not call my son by the name of Yawu, O goddess `Elat,

but Yahm shall be his name!"

And he pronounces the name Yahm...

"I, myself, Kindly `El the Beneficent, have taken you upon my hands.

I proclaim your name.

Yahm is your name,

Your name is Beloved of `El, Yahm."

El then urges Yam, to fight Hadad the king of heaven: For the small research submarine, see Asherah (submarine). ...

"[Go against] the hand of the Mighty Lord Most High (´Aliyan Ba´al ) —

Because he spoke ill to me —

[And] drive him from the throne of his kingship,

From the resting place,

the cushion on the seat of his dominion.

But if then you do not drive him from his throne of kingship,

from the seat of his dominion,

He will beat you like...

He slaughters oxen and sheep.

He fells bulls and fatted rams, yearling calves,

sheep by the flock, he sacrifices kids."

Ba'al Hadad warns Yam that the gods will not allow him to usurp the the throne of heaven. In KTU 1.2 iii, the Lord warns: Elyon: The name or epithet or word ‘Elyôn (Masoretic pronunciation of Hebrew עליון), is traditionally rendered in Samaritan Hebrew as illiyyon, and means something like higher, upper. It derives from the Hebrew root ‘lh, Semitic root ‘ly go up, ascend. ‘Elyôn when is means God or is applied to God... Baal is a Semitic title and honorific meaning lord that is used for various gods, spirits and demons particularly of the Levant. ...

"From your throne of kingship you shall be driven,

from the seat of your dominion cast out!

On your head be Ayamari (Driver) O Yahm,

Between your shoulders Yagarish (Chaser), O Judge Nahar (River, a byname for Yaw).

May Horon split open, O Yahm,

may Horon smash your head,

´Athtart-Name-of-the-Lord thy skull!

After a great war in heaven involving many of the gods, Yam is roundly defeated:

And the weapon springs from the hand of the Lord,

Like a raptor from between his fingers.

It strikes the skull of Prince Yahm,

between the eyes of Judge Nahar.

Yahm collapses, he falls to the earth;

His joints quiver, and his spine shakes.

Thereupon the Lord drags out Yahm and would rend him to pieces;

he would make an end of Judge Nahar.

However, Athtart pleads for Yahm, who acknowledges the Lord as king of heaven:

Then up speaks Yahm: "Lo, I am as good as dead! Surely, the Lord now reigns as king!"

Hadad holds a great feast, but not long afterwards he battles Mot (death) and through his mouth he descends to his realm below the earth. Yet like Yaw, Death too is defeated and in h. I AB iii the Lord arises from the dead: In Ugaritic Mot Death (spelled mt) is personified as a god of death. ... Hades (Greek: - Hadēs or - Háidēs) (unseen) means both the ancient Greek abode of the dead and the god of that underworld. ...

For alive is the Mighty Lord,

Revived is the Prince, Master of Earth."

'El calls to the Virgin Anat:

"Hearken, O maiden Anat!"^[1]

Anat, also ‘Anat (in ASCII spelling `Anat and often simplified to Anat), Hebrew or Phoenician ענת (‘Anāt), Ugaritic ‘nt, Greek Αναθ (transliterated Anath), in Egyptian rendered as Antit, Anit, Anti (not to be confused with Anti) , or Anant, is a major northwest Semitic goddess. ...

Yaw and the rise of Yahweh

Research in comparative mythology shows a linguistic correlation between Levantine Yaw and monotheistic Yahweh, suggesting that the god may in some manner be the predecessor in the sense of an evolving religion of Yahweh. The research involves identifying Yaw as an etymological cognate to Yahweh.^[2] Religious scholars such as Johannes De Moor have established that Yaw and Yahweh are in fact derivatives of the same Semitic appellation.^[3] The relationship also helps identify the goals of textual redaction of the Masoretic Old Testament, such as the differences between the E narrative and the J text);^[4] The identification is gaining majority support. Comparative mythology, related to comparative religion, is a field of study which is technically part of anthropology but more usually regarded as part of the subject of ancient history. ... The Tetragrammaton in Phoenician (1100 BC to 300 CE), Aramaic (10th Century BC to 0) and modern Hebrew scripts. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh, but not Old Testament, because it does not recognize the concept of a New Testament. ...

Findings in documents and archaeological sites illustrate the research; "Texts from the Persian period mention Baal and link Yehouah with Asherah and a letter from Elephantine in Egypt refers to him. Surprisingly, for a hidden, faceless and ineffable god, coins of the Persian period were minted with the image of Yehouah and his symbols. A god, Yeho, was worshipped in the eastern Mediterranean at least until the end of the Hellenistic period."^[5] Further, Porphyry writes about Sanchuniathon learning about the Jews from "Hierombalus the priest of Yeuō (Ιευω)", and this may refer to some Jerubbaal, priest of YHWH (quoted by Eusebius in Preparation for the Gospel, Book 1, Chapter IX). For other meanings of Porphyry, see Porphyry Porphyry (c. ... Sanchuniathon or Sanchoniathon or Sanchoniatho is the purported Phoenician author of three works in Phoenician, surviving only in partial paraphrase and summary of a Greek translation by Philo of Byblos. ... Gideon (גִּדְעוֹן, Standard Hebrew Gidʿon, Tiberian Hebrew Giḏʿôn) is a character who appears in the Bibles Book of Judges. ... The Tetragrammaton in Phoenician (1100 BC to 300 CE), Aramaic (10th Century BC to 0) and modern Hebrew scripts. ... Eusebius is the name of several significant historical people: Pope Eusebius - Pope in AD 309 - 310. ... Praeparatio evangelica (Preparation for the Gospel), commonly known by its Latin title, was a work by Eusebius which attempts to prove the excellence of Christianity over every pagan religion and philosophy. ...

Although the theological differences between the polytheism of the larger Levantine culture and the evolving monotheism of the Old Testament are noteworthy, the concept of Yaw helps explain some obscure passages. For example, a fragment in Deuteronomy 32.8-9 as it reads in the Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls,^[6] provides a special status to the cognate deity Yahweh.^[7] Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh, but not Old Testament, because it does not recognize the concept of a New Testament. ... The Septuagint (LXX) is the name commonly given in the West to the Koine Greek Alexandrine text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament) produced some time between the third to first century BC. The Septuagint Bible includes additional books of the old Jewish canon beyond those contained in the... Fragments of the scrolls on display at the Archeological Museum, Amman The Dead Sea Scrolls comprise roughly 600 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1956 in eleven caves in and around the Wadi Qumran (near the ruins of the ancient settlement of Khirbet Qumran, on...

When the Most High (`Elyon) allotted peoples for inheritance,

When He divided up the sons of man,

He fixed the boundaries for peoples,

According to the number of the sons of El^[8]

But Yahweh’s portion is his people,

Jacob His own inheritance.^[9]

The newer Masoretic manuscripts read "sons of Israel" in place of "sons of El," to conform to later Judaic theology. These manuscripts predate the oldest Masoretic texts by about 700 years.^[10] The older reading implicates an original polytheist context at the birth of Judaism. Within this framework, humanity was divided into seventy peoples, each with its own patron god.^[11] Yahweh takes Jacob as his, shedding additional light on the textual meaning of the chosen people. This older text of the passage is now used in the most current Biblical translations, including those based on the textual project led by Bruce Metzger. Elyon: The name or epithet or word ‘Elyôn (Masoretic pronunciation of Hebrew עליון), is traditionally rendered in Samaritan Hebrew as illiyyon, and means something like higher, upper. It derives from the Hebrew root ‘lh, Semitic root ‘ly go up, ascend. ‘Elyôn when is means God or is applied to God... The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ... The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. ... The Septuagint (LXX) is the name commonly given to the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) made in the first centuries BC. The Septuagint bible includes additional books beyond those used in todays Jewish Tanakh. ... Bruce Metzger pictured on the cover of his autobiography Reminiscences of an Octogenarian Bruce Manning Metzger (born 1914) is a professor emeritus at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who serves on the board of the American Bible Society. ...

The passage as it reads here and in the Septuagint clearly indicates that Yahweh was one deity among many and was lower in status than El the Most High, suggesting that his rise to supremacy was a later innovation. This is similarly suggested by the theophory in the story of Deborah (Judges 4.4-5.15), in which Jael kills Jabin's commander (Sisera) — Jael (usually translated as Yahweh is God) can be translated as Yahweh the god whereas Jabin (usually translated as son of Yahweh) can be translated as Yahweh the son. Thus the fight between Jael and Jabin's commander may represent a war between one faction that regarded Yahweh and El as different deities and another faction that worshipped Yahweh who has assumed the attributions of El. Similarly, if the story of Samuel superseding Eli is a theistic allegory, then Eli may represent El, (to whom Hannah prayed and so forth), and Samuel, which by tradition is translated name of God, representing Yahweh, since one of his sons is named Abiah, meaning Yahweh is my father. Moreover, Gnostic commentary likewise identifies Samuel with Yahweh but defines the name as the blind god. Theophory is a reference to the naming practice of adding a gods name (or the local equivalent of the generic term for god) to an individuals proper name. ... Deborah or Dvora (דְּבוֹרָה Bee, Standard Hebrew DÉ™vora, Tiberian Hebrew Dəḇôrāh) was a prophetess and the fourth Judge and only female Judge of pre-monarchic Israel in the Old Testament (Tanakh). ... Book of Judges (Hebrew: ספר שופטים) is a book of the Bible originally written in Hebrew. ... Jael [Category: Jael facts and bio] Jael (Hebrew (Hebrew: The ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel) Yael), is mentioned in the Book of Judges (Book of Judges: A book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel... Sisera (Egypt. ... This article is about the Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. ... Eli may refer to: Eli (אלי) (IPA: ) is a variant on the name of God (see El (god)) as spoken in Hebrew and Aramaic. ...

Another passage, Psalm 82, confirms Yahweh's status as exceptional within a pantheon as an accuser of the divine brethren. In LXX, v. 1 reads: "God stands in the assembly of gods; and in the midst of them will judge gods;" the NRSV also reflects this older reading. Mark S. Smith of New York University writes, "Psalm 82 also presents the god El presiding in a divine assembly at which Yahweh stands up and makes his accusation against the other gods. Here the text shows the older religious worldview which the passage is denouncing."^[12] Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... The New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) of the Bible, released in 1989, is an update of the Revised Standard Version (RSV). ... New York University (NYU) is a major research university in New York City. ...

Other hard data support the linguistic identification of Yahweh with Yaw, the ophidian deity of the sea. Jewish archaeologist Richard Freund notes that a Judean patera (liturgical incense shovel) discovered by Yigal Yadin in the Cave of Letters depicts the Greek goddess Thetis (Levantine Asherah, Yaw's consort), the mother of the oceanic nereids, as does the seven-headed Menorah that is depicted on the Arch of Titus in Rome.^[13] On the arch, the Menorah's base has six panels, one displays two cherubim with eagle's wings facing each other over the cover (arc) of the covenant, and others display each a sea-dragon, sea-horses or fish (minus the spines which cause the dragon to choke).^[14] From the Greek word λειτουργια, which can be transliterated as leitourgia, meaning the work of the people, a liturgy comprises a prescribed religious ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular religion; it may refer to, or include, an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), a daily activity such... Yigael Yadin (March 20, 1917 - June 28, 1984) was an Israeli archeologist, politician, and the second Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). ... This article is about the Greek sea nymph. ... For the small research submarine, see Asherah (submarine). ... In Greek mythology, the Nereids (NEER-ee-eds) are blue-haired sea nymphs, the fifty daughters of Nereus and Doris. ... Yarmulke and Menorah from the Harry S Truman collection The menorah, one of Judaisms oldest symbols, is a seven-branched candelabrum or oil lamp. ... Detail from the Arch of Titus showing spoils from the Sack of Jerusalem The Arch of Titus is a triumphal arch with a single arched opening, located on the Summa Sacra Via to the west of the Forum in Rome. ...

Thus, Ugaritic texts, linguistics and archaeology are useful in understanding of the origins of Biblical monotheism, particularly for their treatment of the god Yaw. Some scholars see the changing religious view as originating in the monotheism of Zoroastrianism in the Persian Empire which conquered the Levant and colonized it with Mede, Persian and Babylonian settlers.^[15] As Persia conquered, she exalted local deities to the status of supreme deity as local equivalents to the one Ahura Mazda. Thus, each district in the empire would worship the imperial high god of the Persian Empire while retaining some local religious traditions.^[16] Others, however, believe local monotheism to be a more independent development. Faravahar (or Ferohar), the depiction of the human soul before birth and after death. ... The Persian Empire refers to lands ruled by a number of Persian dynasties. ... The Medes were an Iranian people of Aryan origin who lived in the western and north-western portion of present-day Iran. ... Persian may refer to more than one article: the Western name for Iranian (see Iran/Persia naming controversy) Persian, an Iranian language the Persians, an ethnic group a Persian, a breed of cat Persian, a Pokémon character Etymology English Persian < Old English, < Latin *Persianus, < Latin Persia, < ancient Greek Persis... Babylonia was an ancient state in Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Faravahar (or Ferohar), the depiction of the human soul before birth and after death. ...

The problem of evil

In the philosophy of religion and theology, the problem of evil is the problem of reconciling the existence of evil or suffering in the world with the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent god. This is an issue that has troubled many religions. In the philosophy of religion, “the problem of evil” is the problem of reconciling the existence of evil or suffering in the world with the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent god. ...

In the pantheon of Ugarit and Ebla, enmity to the benevolent gods is represented by the deities Mot and Yaw. Mot, the god of death, was defeated definitively, but Yaw lived on. Since in some texts they are both sons of El, they are therefore brothers of Hadad, the lord of Heaven. This is much like Zoroastrian belief that the Evil Spirit (Angra Mainyu) was something of a brother of God the creator (Ahura Mazda). Ugaritic Yaw may also help explain Gnostic denouncements of Yahweh. Entrance to the Palace of Ugarit Ugarit (modern site Ras Shamra رأس شمرة; in Arabic) 35°35´ N; 35°45´E) was an ancient cosmopolitan port city, sited on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria a few kilometers north of the modern city of Latakia. ... Ebla was an ancient city located in northern Syria, about 55 km southwest of Aleppo. ... In Ugaritic Mot Death (spelled mt) is personified as a god of death. ... Faravahar (or Ferohar), the depiction of the human soul before birth and after death. ... For the Warhammer 40,000 character of Ahriman, go to Ahriman (Warhammer 40,000) For the Final Fantasy monsters of Ahriman, go to Ahriman (Final Fantasy) Angra Mainyu or Ahriman is the Evil Spirit of the one, true god Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism. ... Faravahar (or Ferohar), the depiction of the human soul before birth and after death. ... Gnosticism is a historical term for various mystical initiatory religions, sects and knowledge schools which were most active in the first few centuries of the common era, around the Mediterranean and extending into central Asia. ...

Moreover, Christian imagery depicts the sea as the bed of evil spirits. In the Gospels after healing the centurion's palsied servant at Capernaum, Christ and his Disciples are beset by a violent tempest on the sea and when making land, Christ casts out the devils which possessed two men into a herd of swine, which immediately runs down into the sea, apparently the devils' home. Revelation further develops this theme. Chapter 13 begins: For the genre of Christian-themed music, see gospel music. ... This page is about the title, for the Christian figure, see Jesus Christ is the English representation of the Greek word Χριστός The Christian religion takes its name from Christ, as a title given to Jesus of Nazareth, always capitalized as a singularly descriptive title meaning literally The Anointed One. ... This article is about the figure known by both Jesus of Nazareth and Jesus Christ. For other usages, see Jesus (disambiguation). ...

And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy. And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority. (13.1-2)

This imagery makes an unmistakable allusion to the dragon (also called "the serpent" in 12.15), Yaw, and to his seven-headed beast, Lotan (also "Leviathan"). This suggests that Christianity retained much of the symbolism of evil common to the Levant and that mythology surrounding Yaw is relevant to contemporary culture of the West. Since mythology of both Europe and the ancient Persian Empire describe the cosmological earth surrounded by a cosmic sea, the image of the sea as a bed of evil suggests that evil is alien to the world of mankind, but surrounds and besets it with tempests and spirits. This page is about the biblical creature; for other uses, see Leviathan (disambiguation). ... Destruction of Leviathan. 1865 engraving by Gustave Doré. This page is about the biblical creature; for other uses, see Leviathan (disambiguation). ...

Resources

Notes

1. ^ Lilinah biti-´Anat, The Myth of Baal, "Baal Battles Yahm" (1997). (Accessed 2006.2.15)
2. ^ The Septuagint, written in Greek, does not contain the Tetragrammaton. Since the original Hebrew texts from which it was translated have long since disappeared, it is not known in which passages YHWH may have been written.
3. ^ Johannes C. De Moor, The Rise of Yahwism: The Roots of Israelite Monotheism, (Peeters Publishers, 2001).
4. ^ Gerald A. Larue, Old Testament Life and Literature (1968). (Accessed 2005.12.4)
5. ^ Mike Magee, "The Truth about the Jewish Scriptures I". (Accessed 2005.12.26)
6. ^ Michael S. Heiser, Deuteronomy 32:8 and the Sons of God. (Accessed 2005.12.4)
7. ^ Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts. (Accessed 2005.12.4)
8. ^ "Sons of El" is from the Qumran text, LXX has "angels of God".
9. ^ Jim Linford, Monotheism, (July 17, 2005). (Accessed 2005.12.4)
10. ^ Joel Kalvemaski, The Septuagint Online, (October 15, 2005). (Accessed 2006.2.15)
11. ^ Bryan T. Huie, The Heavenly Divine Council, (September 28, 2002). (Accessed 2005.12.4)
12. ^ Smith.
13. ^ Richard Freund, interviewed by Gary Hochman and Matthew Collins, NOVA. "Ancient Refuge in the Holy Land". (Accessed 2005.12.26)
14. ^ Alan Fuller, "Re: A question about the introducing beasts", Fri, 25 Oct 2002 16:02:20 -0000 (Accessed 2005.12.26), and Jean Philippe Fontanille, Menorah Coin Project "H426", (bottom of page). (Accessed 2005.12.26)
15. ^ Mike Magee, "The Truth about the Jewish Scriptures II". (Accessed 2005.12.26)
16. ^ _____, "Jewish Mythology; How Persia Created Judaism". (Accessed 2006.1.16)

The Tetragrammaton in Phoenician (1100 BC to AD 300), Aramaic (10th century BC to 1 BC) and modern Hebrew scripts. ... Qumran (Khirbet Qumran) is located on a dry plateau on the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea in Israel. ... The Septuagint (LXX) is the name commonly given in the West to the Koine Greek Alexandrine text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament) produced some time between the third to first century BC. The Septuagint Bible includes additional books of the old Jewish canon beyond those contained in the...

Bibliography

• Cassuto, U., trans. by Israel Abrahams. The Goddess Anath, (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1951).
• Coogan, Michael D., trans. & ed., Stories from Ancient Canaan, (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978), 86-89.
• De Moor, Johannes, The Seasonal Pattern in the Myth of Ba' lu according to the version of Ilimilku, (1971).
• Driver, G.R., trans., J. C. L. Gibson, ed., Canaanite Myths and Legends, (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark Ltd., 1977).
• _____, The Rise of Yahwism: The Roots of Israelite Monotheism, (Peeters Publishers, 2001).
• Gaster, Theodor, trans., Thespis: Ritual, Myth & Drama in the Ancient Near East (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), 114-244.
• Ginsberg, H. L., trans., in The Ancient Near East, An Anthology of Tests and Pictures, James B. Pritchard, Ed., (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958), 92-118.
• Smith, Mark S., The Ugaritic Ba'al Cycle; Vol. I: Introduction with Text, Translation & Commentary of KTU 1.1-1.2, (New York: E. J. Brill, 1994).
• Thompson, Thomas L., The Mythic Past; Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel, (New York: Basic Books, 1999).

See also

• Ebla
• Ugaritic religion
• Demiurge
• YHWH

Ebla was an ancient city located in northern Syria, about 55 km southwest of Aleppo. ... Entrance to the Palace of Ugarit Ugarit (modern site Ras Shamra رأس شمرة; in Arabic) 35°35´ N; 35°45´E) was an ancient cosmopolitan port city, sited on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria a few kilometers north of the modern city of Latakia. ... The term Demiurge (or Yaldabaoth, Yao or Iao, Ialdabaoth and several other variants, such as Ptahil used in Mandaeanism) refers in some belief systems to a deity responsible for the creation of the physical universe and the physical aspect of humanity. ... The Tetragrammaton in Phoenician (1100 BC to 300 CE), Aramaic (10th Century BC to 0) and modern Hebrew scripts. ...

External links

• The Epic of Ba'al - online text
• The Historical Evolution of the Hebrew God
• "Putting God on Trial: The Biblical Book of Job" - a Biblical reworking of the combat motif between Yaw and Baal
• "Baalism in Canaanite Religion and Its Relation to Selected Old Testament Texts" - an overview of primary sources with a list of secondary sources