NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Yehuda Bauer

Yehuda Bauer (born 1926) is an historian and scholar of the Holocaust. He is a Professor of Holocaust Studies at the Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Image File history File links Yehuda_Bauer. ... Image File history File links Yehuda_Bauer. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים) is one of Israels biggest and most important institutes of higher learning and research. ... Hebrew ×™Ö°×¨×•Ö¼×©Ö¸××œÖ·×™Ö´× (Yerushalayim) (Standard) Yerushalayim or Yerushalaim Arabic commonly Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ù€ÙØ¯Ù’Ø³ (Al-Quds); officially in Israel Ø£ÙˆØ±Ø´Ù„ÙŠÙ… Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø¯Ø³ (Urshalim-Al-Quds) Name Meaning Hebrew: (see below), Arabic: The Holiness Government City District Jerusalem Population 724,000 (2006) Jurisdiction 123,000 dunams (123 kmÂ²) Jerusalem (Hebrew: , YerushalÃ¡yim or Yerushalaim; Arabic: , al-Quds, the Holiness)[2...

Biography

Born and raised in Prague, Czechoslovakia, Bauer was fluent at an early age in the Czech, Slovak and German languages, later learning Hebrew, Yiddish, English, French and Polish. His father had strong Zionist convictions and during the 1930s tried to raise money to get his family to the British Mandate of Palestine. On March 15, 1939, the family migrated to Palestine. Nickname: City of a Hundred Spires Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century - Mayor Pavel BÃ©m Area - City 496 kmÂ² (191. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Zionism is a political movement that supports a homeland for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel, where Jewish nationhood is thought to have evolved somewhere between 1200 BCE and late Second Temple times,[1][2] and where Jewish kingdoms existed up to the 2nd century CE. Zionism is... The 1930s (years from 1930â€“1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Aliyah (Hebrew: ×¢×œ×™×™×”, ascent or going up) is a term widely used to mean Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel). ...

Bauer attended high school in Haifa and at sixteen, inspired by his history teacher, Rachel Krulik, decided to dedicate himself to studying history. Upon completing high school, he joined the Palmach. He attended Cardiff University, Wales on a British scholarship, interrupting his studies to fight in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, after which he completed his degree. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Palmach (Hebrew: ×¤×œ×ž×—, an acronym for Plugot Mahatz (Hebrew: ×¤×œ×•×’×•×ª ×ž×—×¥), Strike Companies) was the regular fighting force of the Haganah, the unofficial army of the Yishuv (Jewish community) during the British Mandate of Palestine. ... The main building of Cardiff University Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cardiff University Cardiff University (Welsh: Prifysgol Caerdydd) is a leading university located in the civic centre of Cardiff, Wales. ... This article is about the country. ... Combatants Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon Saudi Arabia Iraq Holy War Army Arab Liberation Army Israel Commanders Glubb Pasha Abd al-Qadir al-Husayniâ€ Hasan Salamaâ€ Fawzi al-Qawuqji Yaakov Dori Yigael Yadin Strength Egypt: 10,000 initially rising to 20,000 Iraq: 5,000 initially rising to 15,000â€“18...

Bauer returned to Israel to join Kibbutz Shoval and began his graduate work in history at Hebrew University. He received his doctorate in 1960 for a thesis on the British Mandate of Palestine. The following year, he began teaching at the Institute for Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University. Kibbutz Dan, near Qiryat Shemona, in the Upper Galilee, 1990s A kibbutz (Hebrew: â€Ž; plural: kibbutzim: ×§×™×‘×•×¦×™×; gathering or together) is an Israeli collective intentional community. ... The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים) is one of Israels biggest and most important institutes of higher learning and research. ... Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...

He served on the central committee of Mapam, then the junior partner party of Israel's ruling Mapai (Israel Labour Party), and was a visiting professor at Brandeis University, Yale University, Richard Stockton College, and Clark University. He was the founding editor of the Journal for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, and served on the editorial board of the Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust, published by Yad Vashem in 1990. Mapam - United Workers Party (in Hebrew: מפם - מפלגת פועלים מאוחדת Mifleget Poalim Meuhedet) was initially a Marxist-Zionist party. ... Labour (העבודה HaAvoda) is an Israeli political party. ... Brandeis University is a private university in Waltham, Massachusetts, United States. ... â€œYaleâ€ redirects here. ... Richard Stockton College of New Jersey is a liberal arts College seated on 1600 acres (6 km²) of land in the middle of the Pine Barrens in Southern New Jersey, USA. The College is located just minutes from Atlantic City, and short distances from Philadelphia and New York. ... Clark University, in Worcester, Massachusetts, in the United States, is a private teaching and research institution founded in 1887 by the industrialist Jonas Clark. ... The Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990, in tandem Hebrew and English editions, by Yad Vashem, the Israeli Holocaust Memorial Authority. ... An exterior view of the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial museum in Jerusalem. ... MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ...

In recent years, Bauer has received recognition for his work in the field of Holocaust studies and the prevention of genocide. In 1998, he was the recipient of the Israel Prize, the highest civilian award in Israel. In 2001, he was elected a Member of the Israeli Academy of Science. Currently, he serves as academic adviser to Yad Vashem, academic adviser to the International Task Force for Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research, and senior adviser to the Swedish Government on the International Forum on Genocide Prevention. Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... The Israel Prize is the most prestigious award handed out by the State of Israel. ... Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a representative democracy based on a parliamentary system. ...

Views

^{[original research?]} Bauer is a respected authority on the subjects of the Holocaust, antisemitism — a word he insists be written unhyphenated [1] — and the Jewish resistance movement during the Holocaust, and has argued for a wider definition of the term. In Bauer's view, resistance to the Nazis comprised not only physical opposition, but any activity that gave the Jewish people dignity and humanity in the most humiliating and inhumane conditions. Furthermore, Bauer has disputed the popular view that most Jews went to their deaths passively. He argues that, given the conditions in which the Jews of Eastern Europe had to live under and endure, what is surprising is not how little resistance there was, but rather how much. The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... A hyphen ( - ) is a punctuation mark. ... A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ... Regions of Europe as delineated by the United Nations (UN definition of Eastern Europe marked salmon): Northern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Southern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium...

With regard to the Functionalism versus intentionalism question, Bauer started out as an Intentionist, but is now the leading proponent of a synthesis of the two schools. Bauer argues that on the basis of Heinrich Himmler's memorandum of May 25, 1940 to Adolf Hitler regarding the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" — in which Himmler states his rejection of "the Bolshevik method of physical annihilation of a people out of inner conviction as un-German and impossible," and goes on to recommend the Madagascar Plan as the desired "territorial solution" of the "Jewish Question" — proves that there was no master plan for genocide going back to the days when Hitler wrote Mein Kampf. However, Bauer takes issue with Functionalist historians, such as Hans Mommsen, who argue that the lead in the Holocaust was taken entirely by lower level officials with little involvement by the leadership in Berlin. Functionalism versus intentionalism is a historiographical debate about the origins of the Holocaust as well as most aspects of the Third Reich, such as foreign policy. ... (October 7, 1900 â€“ May 23, 1945) was the commander of the German Schutzstaffel (SS) and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Hitler redirects here. ... The Final Solution (German Endlösung) refers to the German Nazis plan to address the Jewish problem through systematic relocation and later extermination through genocide during World War II. The term was coined by Adolf Eichmann, a top Nazi official who supervised the genocidal campaign. ... The Madagascar Plan was a policy of the Third Reich government of Nazi Germany to forcibly relocate the entire Jewish population of Europe to the French island colony of Madagascar, off the coast of Africa. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... Mein Kampf (English translation: My Struggle or My Fight) is the signature work of Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitlers political ideology of Nazism. ... Hans Mommsen (November 5, 1930-) is a left-wing German historian and twin brother of Wolfgang Mommsen. ... Berlin is the capital city and one of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany. ...

Bauer believes that Hitler was the key figure in causing the Holocaust, and that at some point in the later half of 1941, he gave a series of orders for the genocide of the entire Jewish people. Bauer has pointed to the discovery of an entry in Himmler’s notebook from December 18, 1941 where Himmler wrote down the question "What to do with the Jews of Russia?". According to the same notebook, Hitler’s response to the question was "Exterminate them as partisans." In Bauer’s view, this as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler ordering the Holocaust. Bauer believes that, at about the same time, Hitler gave further verbal orders for the Holocaust, but that unfortunately for historians, nobody bothered to write them down. This article is becoming very long. ... In the Gregorian Calendar, December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years), at which point there will be 13 days remaining to the end of the year. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ...

Bauer has often criticized what he considers to be deleterious trends in writing about the Holocaust. He has often taken exception to those who argue that the Holocaust was just another genocide. Though he agrees that there have been other genocides in history that have targeted groups other than Jews, he argues that the Holocaust was the worst single case of genocide in history, in which every member of a nation was selected for annihilation, and that it therefore holds a special place in human history. This views have caused clashes between Bauer and the American historian Henry Friedlander who argues that Roma and the disabled were just as much victims of the Holocaust as Jews were. Henry Friedlander (1930-) is a American historian of the Holocaust noted for his arguments in favor of broadening the scope of victims of the Holocaust. ... Tzigane redirects here; for the composition by Maurice Ravel, see Tzigane (Ravel). ...

Another trend Bauer has denounced is those who represent the Holocaust as a mystical experience outside the normal range of human understanding. He has argued against the work of some Orthodox rabbis and theologians who say that the Holocaust was the work of God and part of a mysterious master plan for the Jewish people. In Bauer’s view, those who seek to promote this line of thinking argue that God is just and good, while simultaneously bringing down the Holocaust on the Jewish people. Bauer has argued that a God who inflicts the Shoah on his Chosen People is neither good nor just. Moreover, Bauer has argued that this line of reasoning robs Adolf Hitler of his evil: if Hitler was just fulfilling God’s will regarding the Jews, then he was merely an instrument of divine wrath and did not choose to be evil.^{[citation needed]} Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized in the Talmudic texts (The Oral Law) and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. ... kobe is the best NOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! yesssssssssss not because KG is. ... Hitler redirects here. ... In religion and ethics, Irish evil refers to the morally objectionable aspects of the behaviour and reasoning of human beings â€” those which are deliberately void of conscience, and show a wanton penchant for destruction. ...

Bauer has criticized the work of the American political scientist Daniel Goldhagen, who writes that the Holocaust was the result of the allegedly unique “eliminationist” anti-Semitic culture of the Germans. He has accused Goldhagen of Germanophobic racism, and of selecting only evidence favorable to his thesis. For example, Bauer has written that, according to the 1931 German census, about 50,000 German Jews were living in mixed marriages with Christians, giving Germany one of the highest rates of mixed marriages in the world at the time. In Bauer’s opinion, if the average German was full of murderous “eliminationist" anti-Semitism, as Goldhagen argues, there would have been fewer mixed marriages.^{[citation needed]} Goldhagen in his turn has accused Bauer of not understanding his arguments properly and of being jealous of what Goldhagen considers to be his discovery of the “key” that explains the entire Holocaust.^{[citation needed]} Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (born 1959) is an American political scientist. ...

Bauer is an endorser of the Genocide Intervention Network. The Genocide Intervention Network (or GI-Net) is a non-profit organization that envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocidal violence. ...

Professor Bauer is one of those who paints a positive picture of people like Sally Mayer, whom others consider to have been a major obstructor of rescue^[1]. Unlike many historians, for example Professor David Wyman and Dr. Rafael Medoff, Professor Bauer believes Hillel Kook (Peter Bergson) and his rescue group saved no one^[2]. In contrast, others credit Kook with being perhaps the most effective activist on behalf of Jews, and that over 200,000 people were rescued as a result of his consistent pressure on the Roosevelt administration in spite of equally persistent and intense obstruction of his rescue efforts by Jewish leaders^[3]. Professor Bauer also exclaims in one of his books that it is very surprising that an ultra-orthodox Jew like Rabbi Michael Ber Weissmandl could think of a practical rescue step such as request to bomb the railway to Auschwitz^[4]. Professor Bauer also believes that people must go to Yad Vashem to learn the right way of understanding the Holocaust.^[5]. Many others believe that complex phenomena such as the Holocaust require a marketplace of ideas rather than a centrally controlled view, however well intentioned and enlightened it may be.^[6] Hillel Kook (1915-2001), also known as Peter Bergson, was a Revisionist Zionist activist, politician, and prominent member of the Irgun. ... Hillel Kook (1915-2001), also known as Peter Bergson, was a Revisionist Zionist activist, politician, and prominent member of the Irgun. ... Order: 32nd President Vice President: John N. Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman Term of office: March 4, 1933 â€“ April 12, 1945 Preceded by: Herbert Hoover Succeeded by: Harry S. Truman Date of birth: January 30, 1882 Place of birth: Hyde Park, New York Date of death: April 12... Rabbi Chaim Michael Dov Weissmandl (1903-1957) became famous for his tireless efforts to the save the Jews of Slovakia from extermination at Nazi hands during the European Holocaust. ... An exterior view of the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial museum in Jerusalem. ...

External links

The Anti-Defamation League (or ADL) is an advocacy group founded by Bnai Brith in the United States whose stated aim is to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience and, if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. ... Portable Document Format (PDF), sometimes mistaken for Printable Document Format, is an open file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 and is now being prepared for submission as an ISO standard[1]. It is used for representing two-dimensional documents in a device independent and resolution independent fixed-layout...

References

Michael Robert Marrus (born February 3, 1941) is a Canadian historian of France, the Holocaust and Jewish history. ... Ron Rosenbaum (born on November 27, 1946, New York, New York) is an American journalist and author. ...

Notes

Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American lawyer and law professor. ...

Bibliography

Categories: Articles which may contain original research | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | 1926 births | Living people | Czech Jews | Jewish historians | Israeli historians | Israel Prize recipients | Historians of the Holocaust | People from Prague | Alumni of Cardiff University | Scholars of antisemitism In a February 26, 1942, letter to German diplomat Martin Luther, Reinhard Heydrich follows up on the Wannsee Conference by asking Luther for administrative assistance in the implementation of the EndlÃ¶sung der Judenfrage (Final Solution of the Jewish Question). ... An exterior view of the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial museum in Jerusalem. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Anti-Zionism is a term used to describe opposition to Zionism. ... Joel Brand Joel Brand (1907 â€“ 1964) was a Hungarian Jew who played a prominent role in trying to save the Hungarian Jewish community from deportation to the German death camp at Auschwitz during the Holocaust. ... Chaim Vivian Herzog (Hebrew: )â€Ž (September 17, 1918 - April 17, 1997) served as the sixth President of Israel (1983 - 1993), following a distinguished career in both the British Army and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). ... American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) is a United States Jewish Jews, but also gentiles in more than 85 countries worldwide. ... Judenrats, German for Jewish council, were administrative bodies that the Germans required Jews to form in each ghetto in General Government (the Nazi-occupied teritory of Poland) and later in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. ... Yishuv is a Hebrew word meaning settlement. ... American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) is a United States Jewish Jews, but also gentiles in more than 85 countries worldwide. ... Vilnius Old Town Vilnius (sometimes Vilna; Polish Wilno, Belarusian Вільня, Russian Вильнюс, see also Cities alternative names) is the capital city of Lithuania. ...

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