Yongzheng Emperor
Clan name:	Aixin-Jueluo (愛新覺羅) Aisin-Gioro
Given name:	Yinzhen (胤禛) In Jen
Dates of reign:	27 December 1722–8 October 1735
Era name:	Yongzheng (雍正 ; Yung-cheng) Hūwaliyasun Tob
Era dates:	5 February 1723–11 February 1736
Temple name:	Shizong (世宗) Šidzung
Posthumous name: (short)	Emperor Xian (憲皇帝) Temgetulehe hūwangdi
Posthumous name: (full)	Emperor Jingtian Changyun Jianzhong Biaozheng Wenwu Yingming Kuanren Xinyi Ruisheng Daxiao Zhicheng Xian 敬天昌運建中表正文武英明寬仁信毅睿聖大孝至誠憲皇帝
General note: Names given in Chinese, then in Manchu (full posthumous name in Chinese only). ——— Dates given here are in the Gregorian calendar.

The Yongzheng Emperor (born Yinzhen 胤禛 December 13, 1678 - October 8, 1735) was the fourth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1722 to 1735. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (700x1170, 202 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Yongzheng Emperor ... Like the Mongols, the Manchus were simply called by given name but they had their own clan names (hala in Manchu). ... Aisin Gioro (Simplified Chinese: 爱新觉罗; Traditional Chinese: 愛新覺羅; Pinyin: àixÄ«n juéluó; Manchu: ) was the clan name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty (as well as the later short-lived regime in Manchukuo). ... Manchu given names were used solely or with titles but not with clan names. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (362nd in leap years). ... // Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (282nd in leap years). ... Events April 16 - The London premiere of Alcina by George Frideric Handel, his first the first Italian opera for the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. ... A Chinese era name (traditional Chinese: 年號, simplified Chinese: 年号, pinyin nían hào) is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperors reign and naming certain Chinese rulers (see the conventions). ... February 5 is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events February 16 - Louis XV of France attains his majority Births February 24 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. ... February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 26 - Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne. ... Temple names (Traditional Chinese: 廟號 Simplified Chinese: 庙号 Pinyin: miào hào;), are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Vietnamese (such dynasties as Tran,Anterior Lê and Nguyen Dynasty) and most Korean rulers of the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties. ... A posthumous name (Traditional Chinese: 諡號/謚號 Simplified Chinese: 谥号; Pinyin: shì hào; Romaji: shigō/tsuigō; Revised Romanization of Korean: siho) is a honorary name given to royalty in some cultures posthumously, that is, after the persons death. ... The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages of Altaic family; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. ... The Gregorian calendar is the calendar that is used nearly everywhere in the world. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events August 10 - Treaty of Nijmegen ends the Dutch War. ... October 8 is the 281st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (282nd in leap years). ... Events April 16 - The London premiere of Alcina by George Frideric Handel, his first the first Italian opera for the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. ... The emperor or huángdì (皇帝) of China was the head of government and head of state of China from the Qin dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911. ... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: MÇŽnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeast China). ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; Pinyin: QÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, is a Chinese term for the Empire of the Great Qing (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: dàqÄ«ngguó), founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what... // Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... Events April 16 - The London premiere of Alcina by George Frideric Handel, his first the first Italian opera for the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. ...

A tough and hard-working ruler, Yongzheng was bent on effective government at minimum expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng used military force to preserve the dynasty's position. Suspected by historians to have usurped the throne, his reign was often called despotic, but efficient, and vigorous, albeit much shorter than the famous reigns of both his father the Kangxi Emperor and his son the Qianlong Emperor, his sudden death was probably brought about by his constant workload. Yongzheng continued an era of continued peace and prosperity as he cracked down on corruption and waste, and reformed financial administration. The Kangxi Emperor (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Kāngxī; Wade-Giles: Kang-hsi; May 4, 1654 – December 20, 1722) was the fourth Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over all of China, from 1661 to 1722. ... The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ...

The Prince Yong

Yongzheng was the fourth son of Kangxi to survive into adulthood, and the eldest son by Empress Xiaogong (孝恭皇后), a lady of the Manchu Uya clan. Kangxi knew it would be a mistake to raise his children inside the deep palaces alone, and therefore exposed his sons, including Yongzheng, to the outside world, and gave a strict system of education for them. Yongzheng went with Kangxi on several inspection trips around the Beijing area, as well as one trip further south. He was the honorary leader of the Plain Red Banner during Kangxi's second battle against Mongol Khan Gordhun. Yinzhen was made a beile (貝勒, "lord") in 1698 and then successively raised to the position of third-class prince in 1689. In 1704, the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers saw an unprecedented rush of flooding. The economy and livelihood of people around these areas were severely harmed. Yongzheng was sent out as an envoy of the Emperor with the 13th Imperial Prince Yinxiang to deal with relief efforts in southern China. The Imperial Treasury, having been drained by unrepaid loans to her many officials and nobles, did not have sufficient funds to deal with the flooding; Yongzheng had the added responsibility of securing relief funds from the wealthy southern tycoons. These efforts ensured that funds were distributed properly and people would not starve. He was given the peerage title of a first-class Prince, the Prince Yong (雍親王) in 1709. // Wang (King) and Huangdi (Emperor) The King or Wang (Chinese: 王 or 國王; wáng) was the title of the Chinese head of state until the Qin dynasty. ... Events Building of the Students Monument in Aiud, Romania. ... Afternoon light on the jagged grey mountains rising from the Yangtze River gorge The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world after the Nile in Africa and the Amazon in South America. ... For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River (disambiguation). ... YinXiang (胤祥; pinyin yin4 xiang2) was born in 1686 to the Qing Emperor Kangxi and his concubine, Min-Fei of the Janggiya clan. ... // Events January 12 - Two-month freezing period begins in France - The coast of the Atlantic and Seine River freeze, crops fail and at least 24. ...

Disputed Succession to the throne

Please refer to the article on the Kangxi Emperor for background details. The Kangxi Emperor (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Kāngxī; Wade-Giles: Kang-hsi; May 4, 1654 – December 20, 1722) was the fourth Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over all of China, from 1661 to 1722. ...

In 1712 the Kangxi Emperor removed his second son, Yinreng, as successor to the throne and did not designate another one. This led to further division in Court, which was long split among supporters of Yinzhi, Yinzhen, Yinsi, and Yinti, the 3rd, 4th, 8th and 14th Imperial Princes, respectively. Of the princes, Yinsi had the most support from the mandarins, though often for unaltruistic reasons. Prior to this, Yinzhen was a supporter of the Crown prince. By the time of the old Emperor's death in December 1722, the field of contenders had been reduced down to three Princes after Yinsi pledged his support to the 14th prince Yinti (Yinzhen's brother by the same mother), Yinzhi, Yinti, and Yinzhen. Yinreng (胤礽, born June 16, 1674; died January 27, 1725) was a Heir Apparent to the imperial throne of China. ... Aisin-Gioro Yinzhi (胤祉) was the third son of the Kangxi Emperor of China. ... Yinsi Aisin-gioro (爱新觉罗·胤禩) was born to Emperor Kangxi and his concubine, Liang Fei of the Wei family, in 1681, and was the Eighth Imperial Prince. ... YinTi (胤禵) (1688-1767) was Kang Xis fourteenth son who was said to be the favourite to succeed him. ... // Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... Aisin-Gioro Yinzhi (胤祉) was the third son of the Kangxi Emperor of China. ... YinTi (胤禵) (1688-1767) was Kang Xis fourteenth son who was said to be the favourite to succeed him. ...

At the time of the Kangxi Emperor's death, Yinti, as Border Pacification General-in-chief (撫遠大將軍), was away on the warfront in the northwest. Some historians say this was to train the next Emperor in military affairs; others maintain that it was to ensure a peaceful succession for Yinzhen. It was Yongzheng who had nominated Yinti for the post, and not Yinsi, whom Yinti was closely affiliated with. This post was seen as an indication of Kangxi's choice of successor, as the position of Crown Prince had been vacant for 7 years.

The official record states that on December 20, 1722, the ailing Kangxi Emperor called to his bedside seven of his sons and the General Commandant of the Peking Gendarmerie, Longkodo, who read out the will and declared that Yongzheng succeed him on the imperial throne. Some evidence have suggested that Yongzheng had made contact with Longkodo months before the will was read in preparation for succession by military means, though in their official capacities, frequent encounters were only to be expected. Folklore has it that Yongzheng changed Kangxi's will by adding strokes and modifying characters. The most famous one said Yongzheng changed fourteen (十四) to "to four" (于四), others say it was fourteen to fourth (第四). Whilst this folklore had been widely circulated, there was little evidence to support the view, especially considering that the character "于" wasn't widely used during the Qing Dynasty, i.e. on official documents, "於" is used. Secondly, Qing tradition insists that the will be done in both Manchu and Chinese, and Manchu writing is much harder, and in this case impossible to modify. Much doubt, however, still arises when the Manchu version of the will was lost somewhere along the way, and the existing will in Chinese that is preserved in the Chinese Historical Museum was only issued two days after Kangxi' death. Some historians gave the theory that Yongzheng did not change the will, but rather forged a new one. December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... Longkodo (Chinese:隆科多) (died 1728) was an eminent Chinese official at court from the Tonggiya Clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner, during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). ...

As the first official act as Emperor, Yongzheng released his long-time ally, the 13th prince Yinxiang, who had been imprisoned by the Kangxi Emperor at the same time as the Crown Prince. Some sources indicate that Yinxiang, the most military of the princes, then assembled a group of special task Beijing soldiers from the Fengtai command to seize immediate control of the Forbidden City and surrounding areas, to prevent any usurpation by Yinsi's cronies. Yongzheng's personal account stated that he was emotionally unstable and deeply saddened over his father's death, and knew it would be a burden "much too heavy" for himself if he were to succeed the throne. In addition, after the will was read, Yinzhen wrote that the officials (premier Zhang Tingyu, Longkedo and Yinzhi) and the Prince Cheng led the other Princes in the ceremonial Three-kneels and Nine-Salutes to the Emperor. On the next day, Yongzheng gave out an edict summoning Yinti back from Qinghai, bestowing upon their mother the title of Holy Mother Empress Dowager the day Yinti arrived at the funeral. YinXiang (胤祥; pinyin yin4 xiang2) was born in 1686 to the Qing Emperor Kangxi and his concubine, Min-Fei of the Janggiya clan. ... Overview of the Forbidden City The Forbidden City or Forbidden Palace (Chinese: ; pinyin: Zǐjinchéng; literally Purple Forbidden City; Manchu: DabkÅ«ri dorgi hoton, literally Layered Inner City), located at the exact centre of the ancient city of Beijing, China was the imperial palace during the mid-Ming and... Aisin-Gioro Yinzhi (胤祉) was the third son of the Kangxi Emperor of China. ... Qinghai (Chinese: 青海; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching-hai; Postal System Pinyin: Tsinghai; Tibetan: མཚོ་སྔོན་ mtsho-sngon; Mongolian: Köke Naγur; Manchu: Huhu Noor) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, named after the enormous Qinghai Lake. ... Empress Dowager (Chinese, Korean and Japanese: 皇太后; Chinese pinyin Húang Tài Hòu, Korean pronunciation: Hwang Tae Hu, Japanese pronunciation: Kōtaigō) was title given to the mother of a Chinese emperor. ...

In the first major comprehensive biography of the Yongzheng Emperor by Feng Erkang, the author put the Yongzheng succession in perspective. Feng wrote that there were some suspicious signs from the lost wills and the dates released, but the majority of evidence points to Yinzhen succeeding the throne legitimately, albeit with some political and military manoeuvering deemed necessary by the situation. The 8th prince Yinsi had throughout his life been amassing support of the officials by bribery, and his influence had penetrated the Fengtai command. Furthermore, Feng suggested "although we are not yet altogether certain on what happened with the succession, and which side is correct, it is reasonable to think that Yongzheng's political enemies manipulated all suspicion behind the will in an attempt to put a dark image on Yongzheng; Imperial Chinese tradition had led certain schools of thought in believing that Yongzheng's whole reign can be discredited simply because his succession of the throne did not come as a will of his father, the Emperor and ultimate decision maker in China." He further suggested that Kangxi had made a grave mistake by letting his sons become major players in politics, especially under the condition that the position of Crown Prince was empty, and that a bloody battle of succession, including a possible usurpation, is the inevitable result of the Imperial Chinese institution and history. Therefore it would be an even bigger mistake to judge a ruler solely on the way he came to power. Certainly, the Yongzheng emperor made sure that his successor would have a smooth succession when his turn came.

Reign Over China

In December 1722, after succeeding to the throne, Yinzhen took the era name of Yongzheng (雍正), effective 1723, from his peerage title Yong, meaning "harmonious"; and zheng, a term for "just" or "correct". I.e. the era of Harmonious Justice. Immediately after succeeding the throne, Yongzheng chose his new governing council. It consisted of the 8th prince Yinsi, the 13th prince Yinxiang, Zhang Tingyu, Ma Qi, and Longkodo. Yinsi was given the title of Prince Lian, and Yinxiang was given the title of Prince Yi, both holding the highest positions in the land. See also: ERA (disambiguation page). ... Yinsi Aisin-gioro (爱新觉罗·胤禩) was born to Emperor Kangxi and his concubine, Liang Fei of the Wei family, in 1681, and was the Eighth Imperial Prince. ... YinXiang (胤祥; pinyin yin4 xiang2) was born in 1686 to the Qing Emperor Kangxi and his concubine, Min-Fei of the Janggiya clan. ... Longkodo (Chinese:隆科多) (died 1728) was an eminent Chinese official at court from the Tonggiya Clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner, during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). ... YinXiang (胤祥; pinyin yin4 xiang2) was born in 1686 to the Qing Emperor Kangxi and his concubine, Min-Fei of the Janggiya clan. ... The Prince Yi of the Blood (怡亲王) was the title of peerage first given to Yinxiang, then subsequently inherited by his descendants, the 13th son of the Kangxi Emperor of China. ...

Continued battle against Princes

As the nature of his succession is deeply clouded, Yongzheng saw a challenge in all his surviving brothers. Yinzhi, the eldest, continued in house arrest. Yinreng, the former Crown Prince, died two years into his reign - though they were imprisoned not by Yonzheng, but by Kangxi himself. The biggest challenge was to separate Yinsi's party (consisting of Yinsi and the 9th and 10th princes, and their minions), and isolate Yinti to cut their dominance. Yinsi, who had on the surface held the position of President of the Feudatory Affairs Office, and the title Prince Lian, was held under close watch by Yongzheng. Yintang was sent to Qinghai under the pretext of military requirement, but in reality fell within Yongzheng's trusted protoge Nian Gengyao's territory. Yin'e, the 10th Prince, was rid of all his titles in May 1724, and sent north to the Shunyi area. The 14th Prince Yinti, his brother born to the same mother, was placed under house arrest at the Imperial Tombs, under the pretext of watching over their parents' tombs. Qinghai (Chinese: 青海; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching-hai; Postal System Pinyin: Tsinghai; Tibetan: མཚོ་སྔོན་ mtsho-sngon; Mongolian: Köke Naγur; Manchu: Huhu Noor) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, named after the enormous Qinghai Lake. ... Nian Gengyao (年羹尧 Courtesy Lianggong 亮功; d. ... Events January 14 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne February 20 - The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London June 23 - Treaty of Constantinople signed. ... YinTi (胤禵) (1688-1767) was Kang Xis fourteenth son who was said to be the favourite to succeed him. ...

The first few years of Yongzheng's reign saw an increase in partisan politics. Yinsi had wanted to use his position to manipulate Yongzheng into making wrong decisions, while appearing supportive. Yinsi and Yintang, both supporters of Yinti for the throne, had all of their titles rid, languished in prison and died in 1727. Yinsi Aisin-gioro (爱新觉罗·胤禩) was born to Emperor Kangxi and his concubine, Liang Fei of the Wei family, in 1681, and was the Eighth Imperial Prince. ... YinTi (胤禵) (1688-1767) was Kang Xis fourteenth son who was said to be the favourite to succeed him. ...

The case of Nian and Long

Nian Gengyao was a supporter of Yongzheng long before he succeeded the throne. In 1722, when he was summoning back his brother Yinti from the northeast, he appointed Nian to fill in the position. The situation in Xinjiang at the time was still very much precarious, and a strong general was needed in the area. After several military conquests, however, Nian Gengyao's greed for power grew. Nian reputedly wanted to be level to Yongzheng himself. Seeing the situation unfold, Yongzheng issued an Imperial Edict demoting Nian to the general of the Hangzhou Commandery. Continuing to be unrelenting of his outlook, Nian was given an ultimatum, after which he committed suicide by poison in 1726. Longkodo was commander of Beijing's armies at the time of Yongzheng's succession. He fell to disgrace in 1728 and died while under house arrest. Nian Gengyao (年羹尧 Courtesy Lianggong 亮功; d. ... YinTi (胤禵) (1688-1767) was Kang Xis fourteenth son who was said to be the favourite to succeed him. ... Events George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject. ... Longkodo (Chinese:隆科多) (died 1728) was an eminent Chinese official at court from the Tonggiya Clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner, during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). ...

After he became Emperor, Yongzheng censored the record of his accession and also suppressed other writings he deemed inimical to his regime, particularly those with an anti-Manchu bias. Foremost among these was the case of Zeng Jing, a failed degree candidate heavily influenced by the seventeenth-century scholar Lü Liuliang. In October 1728, he attempted to incite Yue Zhongqi, Governor-general of Shaanxi-Sichuan, to rebellion. He gave a long list of accusations against Yongzheng, including the murder of the Kangxi Emperor and the killing of his brothers. Highly concerned with the implications of the case, Yongzheng had Zeng Jing brought to Beijing for trial.

Yongzheng is also known for establishing strict autocratic rule in the time period. He disliked corruption and punished officials severely when they were found guilty of the offence. In 1729, he gave an edict prohibiting the smoking of madak, a blend of tobacco and opium. During Yongzheng's reign, the Manchu Empire became a great power and a peaceful country, and he furthered strengthened the Kangqian Period of Harmony (康乾盛世). He created a sophisticated procedure for selecting successor in response to his father's tragedy. Madak was a blend of opium and tobacco used as a recreational intoxicant smoking mixture in 17th and 18th century China. ...

Yongzheng was known for his trust in Mandarin Chinese officials. Li Wei and Tian Wenjing were both used to govern China's southern areas. Ertai also served Yongzheng's in governing the southern areas.

He was also known for removing the power of the princes over the other five banners and uniting the eight banners under a central authority - himself, through the "Act of the Union of the Eight Princes" or "八王依正".

Military expansion in the northwest

Like his father, Yongzheng used military force to preserve the dynasty's position in Outer Mongolia, and when Tibet was torn by civil war during 1717-28, he intervened militarily, leaving a Qing resident backed up by a military garrison to pursue the dynasty's interests. It is however important to note that Yongzheng revamped the tax system at the time so as to not favour only the rich and imposed new land taxes on actual land owners. His private life was a sad one. He had fourteen children but only 5 survived. One of them was Prince Hong Li.

The Yongzheng Emperor ruled the Qing Empire for only thirteen years. He died suddenly at the age of 58 in 1735. Legends hold that he was actually assassinated by Lu Siniang, daughter of Lü Liuliang whose entire family was believed to have been executed for literacy crimes against the Manchu Regime. More realistically, he might have died due to an overdose of medication he was consuming at the time due to his ardent belief that it would prolong his life. To prevent the succession crises faced by himself thirteen years ago, he ordered his third son, Hongshi, who had been an ally of Yinsi, to commit suicide. He was succeeded by his son, Hongli, the Prince Bao, who became the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty under the era name of Qianlong. Events April 16 - The London premiere of Alcina by George Frideric Handel, his first the first Italian opera for the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. ... Yinsi Aisin-gioro (爱新觉罗·胤禩) was born to Emperor Kangxi and his concubine, Liang Fei of the Wei family, in 1681, and was the Eighth Imperial Prince. ... The Qianlong Emperor (September 25, 1711–February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ...

He was interred in the Western Qing Tombs (清西陵), 120 kilometers/75 miles southwest of Beijing, in the Tailing (泰陵) mausoleum complex (known in Manchu as the Elhe Munggan). Beijing [English Pronunciation] (Chinese: 北京 [Chinese Pronunciation]; Pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ), a city in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages of Altaic family; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. ...

Family

• Father: The Kangxi Emperor (of whom he was the 4th son)
• Mother: concubine from the (Manchu) Uya clan (1660-1723), who was made Empress Dowager Renshou (仁壽皇太后) when her son became emperor, and is known posthumously as Empress Xiaogong Ren (Chinese: 孝恭仁皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Gungnecuke Gosin Hūwanghu)

The Kangxi Emperor (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Kāngxī; Wade-Giles: Kang-hsi; May 4, 1654 – December 20, 1722) was the fourth Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over all of China, from 1661 to 1722. ... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Mǎnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeast China). ... The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages of Altaic family; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. ...

Consorts

1. Empress Xiao Jing Xian (? -1731) of the Nala Clan (Chinese: 孝敬憲皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Ginggun Temgetulehe Hūwanghu)
2. Empress Xiao Sheng Xian (1692-1777) of the Niohuru Clan (Chinese: 孝聖憲皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Enduringge Temgetulehe Hūwanghu), mother of Hongli (Emperor Qianlong)
3. Nian Guifei (年贵妃), sister of Nian Gengyao, bore three sons and a daughter, none of which survived.
4. Qi Fei (齐妃) of Li, mother of Hongshi
5. Yi Guifei (懿贵妃) of Geng, mother of Hongzhou
6. Qian Fei (谦妃) of Liu, bore Yongzheng's youngest son
7. The Lady Song, bore three daughters
8. The Lady Wu

Empress Xiao Jing Xian (Chinese: 孝敬宪皇后乌喇纳拉氏) ? - 1731 was of the Manchu Ulanala clan. ... Empress Xiao Sheng Xian (Chinese: 孝圣宪皇后钮祜禄氏; Manchu: HiyooÅ¡ungga Enduringge Temgetulehe HÅ«wanghu), 1692 - 1777, was a daughter of Ling Chu, the First Prince Liang Rong of the Manchu yellow banner corps, and granddaughter of Prince Eidu of the Niuhuru Clan. ... The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711–February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ... Nian Gengyao (年羹尧 Courtesy Lianggong 亮功; d. ...

Children

1. (弘暉)，端親王
2.  ?
3. Hongshi(弘時)
4. Hongli(弘曆)
5. Hongzhou(弘晝), Prince He和恭親王
6. (福惠)，懷親王
7. (弘瞻)，果恭郡王
8. (弘昀), died young
9. (弘昐), died young
10. (福宜), died young
11. (福沛), died young

• 4 daughters (1 survived)

Hongshi (Chinese: 1704—c. ... The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ... Aisin-Gioro Hongzhou, the Prince He (弘昼; pinyin: Hong2 Zhou4; 和亲王) was born to the Qing Yongzheng Emperor as his fifth son. ... Aisin-Gioro Hongzhou, the Prince He (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: Hong2 Zhou4) was born to the Qing Yongzheng Emperor as his fifth son. ...

Legacy of the Era

Although his name is seldom included in reference, Yongzheng was an inseperable part of the era known as the Kangqian Period of Harmony, where China saw continued development. China's CCTV-1 broadcasted one of the best-rated TV Series in Chinese history on Yongzheng in 1997, focusing on his positive image, and his tough stance on corruption, a contemporary issue.

References

• Feng, Erkang. "Yongzheng Biography" (《雍正传》), China Publishing Group, People's Publishing House. Beijing: 2004. ISBN 7-01-004192-X

External links

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Yongzheng Emperor