Public demonstration in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, 1908

The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional Era. A landmark in the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the Revolution arose from an unlikely union of reform-minded pluralists, Turkish nationalists, Western-oriented secularists, and indeed anyone who accorded the Sultan political blame for the harried state of the Empire. Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-1920 were court martials of the Ottoman Empire after the armistice of Mudros during the aftermath the World War One, which the leadership of the Committee of Union and Progress and selected former officials had court-martial with/including the charges of subversion of the... Operation Nemesis is the Armenian Revolutionary Federation code-name for the covert operation in the 1920s to assassinate the Turkish masterminds of the Armenian Genocide. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire is direct consequence of the World War I with the Ottomans involvement in the Middle Eastern theatre. ... Denial of the Armenian Genocide is the assertion that the events following April 24, 1915 and the Tehcir Law of May 1915 were not part of a state organized genocide, that an Armenian Genocide did not occur. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Ottoman Empire, 1299]] Sultans  - 1281–1326... Abdülhamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی , Turkish: Ä°kinci Abdülhamid) (September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. ... Public Demonstration The Second Constitutional Era in the Ottoman Empire began with the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, shortly after which Sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the 1876 Constitution suspended since 1878. ... This article describes the process of dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, in particular its final years in the early part of the 20th century. ... Pluralism is used, often in different ways, across a wide range of topics: In science, the concept often describes the view that several methods, theories or points of view are legitimate or plausible, see Scientific pluralism. ... Turkic peoples listed geographically. ... George Jacob Holyoake (1817-1906), British writer who coined the term secularism. ...

The Revolution restored the parliament, which had been suspended by the Sultan in 1878. However, the process of supplanting the monarchic institutions with constitutional institutions and electoral policies was neither as simple nor as bloodless as the regime change itself, and the periphery of the Empire continued to splinter under the pressures of local revolutions.

The Young Turks (Turkish Jön Türkler (plural), from French Jeunes Turcs, Arabic: تركيا الفتاة) was a coalition of various reform groups in favor of reforming the administration of the Ottoman Empire. The movement was initiated among military students in 1889, and extended to other sections. With the official establishment of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) in 1906, most of the Young Turks became members of this party. The Young Turk movement built a rich tradition of dissent that shaped the intellectual, political and artistic life of the late Ottoman period (decline, dissolution).

The Three Pashas of the Young Turks ruled the Ottoman Empire from the Coup of 1913 until the end of World War I. According to most historians, the Young Turks were responsible for orchestrating the Armenian Genocide.[1] This is disputed by most Turkish historians, along with a minority of Western historians.

Background

Main articles: Committee of Union and Progress and Young Turks

Young Turk exiles were Murad Bey, Ahmed Riza, Damad Mahmud Pasha and Prince Sabaheddin, the latter two of whom were defectors from within Sultan Abdul Hamid's own family.^[1] Foundation: 1894 Dissolved: 1918, Court Martialed Head: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: ), initially a secret society established as the Committee of Ottoman Union (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti in 1889 by the medical students İbrahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti and Hüseyinzade Ali, became was a political... The Young Turks (Turkish Jön Türkler (plural), from French Jeunes Turcs, Arabic: تركيا الفتاة) was a coalition of various reform groups in favor of reforming the administration of the Ottoman Empire. ... Sheikh Ahmad Reda Sheikh Ahmad Reda (1872-1953) (Arabic: الشيخ أحمد رضا) was one of the foremost scholars of Arab literature and linguistics. ...

The goal was to unite all parties, including Young Turks, to advance the Revolution. Some differences, however, such as those in regards to nationalism, proved irreconcilable, and no lasting alliance was formed.^{[citation needed]} The Young Turks (Turkish Jön Türkler (plural), from French Jeunes Turcs, Arabic: تركيا الفتاة) was a coalition of various reform groups in favor of reforming the administration of the Ottoman Empire. ...

Congress of the Ottoman opposition

Two congresses of opposition to the Ottoman regime were held, one in 1902 and the other in 1907. The second occurred in Paris, France. The leadership included Ahmed Riza, Sabahheddin Bey, Khachatur Maloumian. The goal was to unite all parties, including Young Turks, to advance the revolution. However, some differences, such as about nationalism, were great enough to prevent formation of a true alliance. 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Sheikh Ahmad Reda Sheikh Ahmad Reda (1872-1953) (Arabic: الشيخ أحمد رضا) was one of the foremost scholars of Arab literature and linguistics. ... Behaeddin Shakir (d. ... Khachatur Maloumian (1865) was a Dashnak; editor of Mushak and Droshak. ... The Young Turks (Turkish Jön Türkler (plural), from French Jeunes Turcs, Arabic: تركيا الفتاة) was a coalition of various reform groups in favor of reforming the administration of the Ottoman Empire. ...

Two of the most important revolutionary groups trying to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II had been the ARF and the Committee of Union and Progress.^[2] In a general assembly meeting in 1907, the ARF realized that both the Armenian and Turkish revolutionaries shared the same goals. The ARF decided to cooperate with the Committee of Union and Progress. The "Second congress of the Ottoman opposition" took place in Paris, France in 1907. Opposition leaders including Ahmed Riza (liberal), Sabahheddin Bey, and Khachatur Maloumian of the ARF were in attendance. During the meeting, an alliance between the two parties was officially declared.^[2][3] The ARF decided to cooperate with the Committee of Union and Progress, hoping that if the Young Turks came to power, autonomy would be granted to the Armenians. Foundation: 1894 Dissolved: 1918, Court Martialed Head: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: ), initially a secret society established as the Committee of Ottoman Union (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti in 1889 by the medical students İbrahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti and Hüseyinzade Ali, became was a political... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Sheikh Ahmad Reda Sheikh Ahmad Reda (1872-1953) (Arabic: الشيخ أحمد رضا) was one of the foremost scholars of Arab literature and linguistics. ... Behaeddin Shakir (d. ... Khachatur Maloumian (1865) was a Dashnak; editor of Mushak and Droshak. ...

The Revolution

Revolt

Discontent within the 3rd Army Corps in Macedonia was the main reason for the revolt.^{[verification needed]} Major Ahmed Niyazi, fearing discovery of his political moves by an investigatory committee sent from the capital, decamped from Resen on July 3, 1908 with 200 followers demanding restoration of the constitution. The sultan's attempt to suppress this uprising failed due to the popularity of the movement among the troops themselves. Rebellion spread rapidly. On July 24, Abdül Hamid announced restoration of the constitution. Resen was, according to Genesis 10, a town founded by Nimrod. ...

Reconvene of the Parliament

Main article: Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)

The alliances of the Young Turks and expatriate organizations of various ethnic groups, such as the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, began to fracture, and indeed the Young Turks struggled to find consensus even among themselves. Public Demonstration The Second Constitutional Era in the Ottoman Empire began with the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, shortly after which Sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the 1876 Constitution suspended since 1878. ... The Young Turks (Turkish Jön Türkler (plural), from French Jeunes Turcs, Arabic: تركيا الفتاة) was a coalition of various reform groups in favor of reforming the administration of the Ottoman Empire. ... Foundation: 1890 Founders: Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, Simon Zavarian Head: Hrant Markarian Ideology: Socialism,[1] Nationalism,[2] United Armenia International alignment: Socialist International[1] Colours: Red Seats: Armenia – 16 seats out of 131 Nagorno-Karabakh – 3 seats out of 33 Lebanon – 2 seats out of 128 Website: Partys Official...

The Committee of Union and Progress's adoption of an aggressive form of Ottomanism failed, its opponents regarding it as tantamount to Turkification, further straining relations among ethnic minorities and their fledgling government. Foundation: 1894 Dissolved: 1918, Court Martialed Head: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: ), initially a secret society established as the Committee of Ottoman Union (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti in 1889 by the medical students İbrahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti and Hüseyinzade Ali, became was a political... Ottomanism - Belief in an empire founded on comfortable footrests. ... Turkification is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something or someone non-Turkish is made to become Turkish. ...

Results

A significant result of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution was 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

• The gradual creation of a new governing elite.
• Opening a path for consolidation over the Ottoman civil and military administration, Coup of 1913.
• Young Turks, small organizations, consolidated under the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).
• Committee of Union and Progress became the new power center in Ottoman politics.
• Armenian Revolutionary Federation replaced the pre-1908 Armenian elite, which had been composed of merchants, artisans, and clerics who had seen their future in obtaining more privileges within the boundaries of the state's version of Ottomanism.^{[citation needed]}
• The Muslim Albanian elite, who had greatly benefited from the Hamidian regime in return for their fidelity to the sultan, was also replaced by an intellectual-nationalist elite. With members such as Bajram Curri, Nexhib Draga, and Myfit Libohova, the revolution aimed at uniting Albanians of three different faiths under the flag of Skenderbeu and called for reforms for the benefit of all Albanians.
• In some communities, such as the Jewish (cf. Jews in Islamic Europe and North Africa and History of the Jews in Turkey), reformist groups emulating the Young Turks ousted the conservative ruling elite and replaced them with a new reformist one.

Coup of January 1913 in the Ottoman Empire replaced Kiamil Pasha. ... The Young Turks (Turkish Jön Türkler (plural), from French Jeunes Turcs, Arabic: تركيا الفتاة) was a coalition of various reform groups in favor of reforming the administration of the Ottoman Empire. ... Foundation: 1894 Dissolved: 1918, Court Martialed Head: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: ), initially a secret society established as the Committee of Ottoman Union (Ä°ttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti in 1889 by the medical students Ä°brahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet, Ä°shak Sükuti and Hüseyinzade Ali, became was a political... Foundation: 1894 Dissolved: 1918, Court Martialed Head: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: ), initially a secret society established as the Committee of Ottoman Union (Ä°ttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti in 1889 by the medical students Ä°brahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet, Ä°shak Sükuti and Hüseyinzade Ali, became was a political... Foundation: 1890 Founders: Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, Simon Zavarian Head: Hrant Markarian Ideology: Socialism,[1] Nationalism,[2] United Armenia International alignment: Socialist International[1] Colours: Red Seats: Armenia – 16 seats out of 131 Nagorno-Karabakh – 3 seats out of 33 Lebanon – 2 seats out of 128 Website: Partys Official... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Ottomanism - Belief in an empire founded on comfortable footrests. ... Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... Bajram Curri (1862 – March 29, 1925) was an Albanian national hero from Kosovo. ... Mufid Libohova or Mufid Bej Libohova (1876-1927), was Prime Minister of Albania 1913 - 1914. ... Scanderbeg and the people, sculpture by Janaq Paço and Genc Hajdari in the National Museum, Kruje, Albania Gjergj Kastrioti (George Kastrioti) (1405, Kruja - January 17, 1468, Lezha), better known as Skanderbeg, is the most prominent figure in the history of Albania. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Jews have lived in the geographic area of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) for more than 2,400 years. ...

References

Additional resources

• M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908, Oxford University Press 2001, ISBN 0-19-513463-X
• Esther Benbassa, Un grand rabbin sepharde en politique, 1892-1923 (Paris, 1990), page 27-28

Şükrü Hanioğlu He received his B.A. in Political Science and Economics and his Ph. ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ...

See also

• Young Turks
• Committee of Union and Progress