Yusuf ibn Ali Karamanli (r. 1795 - 1832) was a pasha of Tripoli, noted for being the first head of state to declare war on the newly independent United States. 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... This article discusses the rank/title used in the Ottoman Empire. ... This page refers to Tripoli, the capital of Libya. ...

Assumption of the throne

Yusuf, a member of the Karamanli dynasty, saw his brother Hamet deposed in 1793, by Turkish officer Ali Benghul; Benghul proceeded to restore Ottoman rule over Tripoli. In 1795, however, Yusuf returned to Tripoli, and with the aid of the bey of Tunis, seized the throne, exiling Hamet and restoring Karamanli rule. The Karamanli dynasty was a series of pashas who ruled Tripoli from 1711 to 1835. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Bursa (1335-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40... Bey is the Turkish word for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. ...

Barbary Wars

See main article: Barbary Wars The Barbary Wars were two wars between the United States of America and piratical city-states in North Africa. ...

In 1801, Yusuf demanded a tribute of $225,000 from United States President Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson, confident in the ability of the new United States Navy to protect American shipping, refused the Pasha's demands, leading the Pasha to unofficially declare war in May 1801 by chopping down the flagpole before the American consulate. Jefferson responded by ordering the US Navy into the Mediterranean, successfully blockading Tripoli's harbors in 1803. After some initial military successes, most notably the capture of the USS Philadelphia, the pasha soon found himself threatened with invasion by American ground forces following the Battle of Derna and the reinstatement of his deposed brother, Hamet Karamanli, recruited by the American army officer William Eaton. He signed a treaty ending the war on June 10, 1805. The presidential seal was first used by president Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii The President of the United States of America (often abbreviated to POTUS) is the head of state of the United States. ... Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 N.S. – July 4, 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founders of the United States. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... The second USS Philadelphia of the United States Navy was a 28 gun sailing frigate. ... Combatants United States Ottoman vilayet of Tripoli Commanders William Eaton Hassan Bey Strength 10 US Marines & Soldiers 70 Christian mercenaries 400 Arab mercenaries 4,000 Casualties Americans 2 killed, 3 wounded Christian Mercenaries: 9 killed and wounded Arab Mercenaries: unknown Unknown {{{notes}}} The Battle of Derna was a decisive victory... William Eaton (23 February 1764 - 1 June 1811) was an American Army officer, involved with the First Barbary War. ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (162nd in leap years), with 204 days remaining. ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Decline of the Karamanli dynasty

By 1819, the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up piracy almost entirely, and Tripoli's economy began to crumble. ^[1] Yusuf attempted to compensate for lost revenue by encouraging the slave trade across the Sahara, but with abolitionist sentiment on the rise in Europe and to a lesser degree the United States, this failed to salvage Tripoli's economy. As Yusuf weakened, factions sprung up around his three sons; though Yusuf abdicated in 1832 in favor of his son Ali II, civil war soon resulted. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, but instead deposed and exiled Ali II, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripoli. ^[2] The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule over France. ... Slave transport in Africa, from a 19th century engraving The African slavery trade dates back thousands of years and reportedly continues today in some isolated parts of Africa. ... This article is about the abolition of slavery. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Sultan Mahmud II Animation showing the structure of the Tughra of Mahmud II Mahmud II (in Arabic محمودالثانى ) (July 20, 1785–July 1, 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death. ...

Notes

1. ^  Hume 311.
2. ^  US Country Studies

References

• Hume, L. J. "Preparations for Civil War in Tripoli in the 1820s: Ali Karamanli, Hassuna D'Ghies and Jeremy Bentham." The Journal of African History 21.3 (1980): 311-322.
• McLachlan, K. S. "Tripoli and Tripolitania: Conflict and Cohesion during the Period of the Barbary Corsairs (1551-1850)." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 3.3 (1978): 285-294.

External links

• US Country Studies: Libya