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Zahumlje, also known as the Land of Hum and Chelm, was a medieval South Slavic principality located in today's Herzegovina (modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina), and southern Dalmatia (modern day Republic of Croatia). Image File history File links Principalities02. ...
Image File history File links Principalities02. ...
De Administrando Imperio is the commonly used title of a scholarly work from ca. ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ...
Herzegovina (natively Hercegovina/Херцеговина) is a historical region in the Dinaric Alps that composes the southern part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...
Map of Croatia with Dalmatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija Serbian: Далмација) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ...
Zahumlje bordered the lands of Pagania (Paganoi) to the west and southwest, Travunia (Terbounia) to the east and southeast, Croatia to the west-northwest and Serbia to the north. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Travunia in the 9th century, according to De administrando imperio Travunia (Travunija, Travunja; Latin: Terbounia) was a medieval Slavic realm centered at Trebinje in todays eastern Herzegovina (modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro), and southern Dalmatia (modern day Republic of Croatia). ...
Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878...
Earliest written mentions
The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja mentions Zahumlje as a part of Red Croatia and states a source from 753, De Regno Sclavorum. The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja (Presbyter Diocleas), also known as Slavonic Kingdom (Sclavorum Regnum), is a medieval chronicle originally written by a Catholic priest from Dioclea (modern Bar) around 1172-1196. ...
The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ...
Events Synod of Constantinople called by Emperor Constantine V. Samarkand conquered by Arabs. ...
De Administrando Imperio, a work from the mid-10th century of Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, states: "From Ragusa begins the domain of the Zachlumi and stretches along as far as the river Orontius; and on the side of the coast it is neighbour to the Pagani, but on the side of the mountain country it is neighbour to the Croats on the north and to Serbs at the front." "The land of the Zahumljani comprise the following cities: Ston (το Σταγνον), Mokriskik (το Μοκρισκικ), Josli (το Ιοσλε), Galumainik (το Γαλυμαενικ), Dobriskik (το Δοβρισκικ)" This is a list of Byzantine Emperors. ...
Constantine and his mother Zoë. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos (the Purple-born) (905 – November 9, 959) was the son of Byzantine emperor Leo VI and nephew of Alexander III famous for his two descriptive books, De Administrando Imperio and De Ceremoniis. ...
Name, Geography and People Zachlumia (native: Zahumlje) got its name from the mountain of Hum (Za+Hum => bellow the Hum), above Bona, at the mouth of Buna. The Archonty of Hum had two major cities: Bona and Hum. The main settlements in Zachlumia were Ston, Ošlje, Dobar, the towns of Mokriski and Glumainik. The Principality sprang from Dalmatia (Croatia) to the northwest and Pagania to the west; to the mountain of Kalinovik and the Field of Gatak, where it bordered Travunia. The most eastern border of Zahumlje went along the line Popovo-Ljubinje-Dabar and met with the Travunian border at the City of Ragusa, which had to pay the annual tax mogorish of 36 pieces of gold to the Zachlumian rulers and at times accept their rule. Zachlumia was split on 9 Zhupanates: that of Ston, that of Popovo, Dubrava's, Luka, Dabar, Žapska, goričku and Večenik around Neretva. Zahumlje had access to the Adriatic Sea with the Peninsular of Rat and faced Serbia northwards. In the later stages, Zahumlje was split into two Duchies: Upper Zahumlje at the west and Lower Zahumlje at the east. A hum is a sound with a particular timbre (or sound quality), usually a monotone or with slightly varying tones, often produced by machinery in operation or by insects in flight. ...
Buna refers to: Bunna Lawrie, an Aboriginal musician in Australia HMAS Buna (L-132), a Landing craft of the Balikpapan class in the Royal Australian Navy from 1973 to 1974, then given to Papua New Guinea A village on the north coast of Papua-New Guinea, where the Battle of...
Ston is a small town in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county of Croatia, located at the south of isthmus of the Pelješac (Sabioncello) peninsula. ...
Mokro is a village near Å iroki Brijeg. ...
Map of Croatia with Dalmatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija Serbian: Далмација) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Travunia in the 9th century, according to De administrando imperio Travunia (Travunija, Travunja; Latin: Terbounia) was a medieval Slavic realm centered at Trebinje in todays eastern Herzegovina (modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro), and southern Dalmatia (modern day Republic of Croatia). ...
Popovo (Попово, from поп, pop priest and the placename suffix -ovo, literally the priests village) is a town in eastern Bulgaria, part of Targovishte Province. ...
Ljubinje (Љубиње) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...
Dabar (Hebrew: used in the Hebrew Bible in referece to the Divine Word. Ha-Dabar Elohim The Word of God is used in the Christian sense as refering to Christ. ...
County Dubrovnik–Neretva Area 14 335 km² Location Population 43,770 Mayor Dubravka Å uica Stradun, Dubrovniks main street Republic of Ragusa before 1808 The walled city of Dubrovnik Dubrovnik (Croatian with tone marks: DùbrÅvnik, stress on first syllable, IPA [ˈdÇ”.broÌžËÊ‹.nik], Dalmatian, Latin, Italian, and former...
Ston is a small town in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county of Croatia, located at the south of isthmus of the Pelješac (Sabioncello) peninsula. ...
Popovo (Попово, from поп, pop priest and the placename suffix -ovo, literally the priests village) is a town in eastern Bulgaria, part of Targovishte Province. ...
Dubrava could mean any of the following: Dubrava is one of the largest neighbourhoods of Zagreb, Croatia. ...
Luka is a Prague Metro station on Line B. Category: ...
Dabar (Hebrew: used in the Hebrew Bible in referece to the Divine Word. Ha-Dabar Elohim The Word of God is used in the Christian sense as refering to Christ. ...
River Neretva in Mostar, 2004 Neretva is a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. ...
Pelješac (Italian Sabioncello) is a peninsula in southern Croatia, in the Dubrovnik-Neretva county. ...
Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878...
The people were Slavic migrants who colonized migrated to the regions since as early as the 6th century and mixed with the local Romanized populace. Zachlumia's hereditery dynasty, the House of Višević, is a tribe from the Slavic tribes populating the upper streams of Visla in White Croatia. The Vistula (Polish: WisÅ‚a) is the longest river in Poland. ...
White Croatia is the area of modern-day Poland, Bohemia (Czech Republic) and Slovakia from which the White Croats migrated in the 7th century into Dalmatia, Croatia. ...
History The Great Principality (Archonty) of Zachlumia was founded in the 630s, when it was given by Eastern Roman Emperor Flavius Augustus Heraclius to some Slavs under the Unknown Archont that were unsatisifed with their previous homeland in the Theme of Thessalonica, after they complained to their friendly strategos of Singidunum on their way back across the Danube. This is a list of Byzantine Emperors. ...
The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ...
The Unknown Archont The House of Vlastimirovic is named for Knez Vlastimir who was the great great grandson of the Unknown Archont who led the Serbs to the Balkans from White Serbia (modern day Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine) during the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius somewhere between 610 - 641. ...
In 869 Byzantine Empero Basil I's (of the Macedonian dynasty) Imperial Admiral Nikita Orifas in his missions to ally with the Slavs in the Ragusan hinterland and the Croats convinced the Zachlumians to join them and the Travunians (and Konavlians) in an allience against the Saracens. The Republic of Dubrovnik, also known as the Republic of Ragusa, was a maritime city-state that was based in the city of Dubrovnik from the 14th century until 1808. ...
Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. ...
For the rugby club Saracens see Saracens (rugby club) The term Saracen comes from Greek sarakenoi. ...
Rascian Grand Prince Petar Gonjikovic of the House of Vlastimirović started to expand his reign at the expense of Zachlumia at the end of the 9th century, calling upon his old Grand Princely right of Zachlumia being historicly only a Serbian fief. He pressed greatly the Zachlumian native hereditary Great Prince Mihailo Višević, who was pushed from the land and fell back to the islands. Grand Prince Petar was negotiating in Pagania with the Byzantines regarding an allience against the Bulgarians at the beginning of the 10th century, and Prince Mihailo reported this to the Bulgar Khan Simeon. In 912 Mihailo kidnapped the Venetian Doge's son Peter Badoari that was returning to Venice from Constantinople and sent him to Czar Simeon as a sign of loyalty; he generally maintained a pro-Bulgarian foreign policy hoping that that will hep him to restore power in his realm. After the Bulgarians under Pavle Branović deposed Petar, Great Prince Mihailo was able to restore the majority of control. In the following several years Mihailo Višević reigned peacefully and carefully watched the throne turbolence in the neighbouring Rascia. In 925 Prince Mihailo attended the Ecclesiastical Council in Split, together with Tomislav of Croatia. Zahumlje fell under Croatian infuence; it became subjected to the Archbishopric of Split and Mihailo recognized Croatian-Dalmatian Duke Tomislav's authority upon his crowning as King of Croatia. After the Italian city of Siponte was heavily jeoperdized by the raiding Arabs and Langobards, Mihailo ousted a magnificent military victory by taking the city upon the recommendations from Constantinople and orders from his liege, King Tomislav Trpimirović, but didn't keep it permanently. Mihailo Višević later loossened his relations with Bulgaria went into closer relations with the Byzantine Empire and gained the title patrikios and hypatos, a. k. a. viceroy, officially recognizing him as the ruler of his land in Byzantine name. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Split (Italian: Spalato, Latin: Spalatum, Greek: Aspalathos) is the largest and most important city in Dalmatia, the administrative center of Croatias Split-Dalmatia County. ...
A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ...
Serbian Prince Desa took over Zahumlje in the 12th century and it was subsequently incorporated into the Serbian state. It became the spiritual center of the Serbs and the Serbian Orthodox Church and gave numerous medieval Serbian dynasties. The realm was lost to the Bosnian conquest in 1322-1326, and in the 15th century it became part of the Duchy of Herzegovina. First Serbian state was founded in 800s by House of Vlastimirović under the name of Raška; it has evolved into Serbian Kingdom and Empire under House of Nemanjić. In modern era it was an autonomous principality (1817–1878), independent principality and kingdom (1878–1918), part of the Kingdom of...
The History of Herzegovina ranges from the first Slavic migrations to the region to the most recent Bosnian War. ...
List of rulers The native House of Višević from Upper Visla ruled Zachlumia throughout the Early Middle Ages: -
- Toljen, son of Miroslav 1192 - 1198
- Petar, son of Miroslav, Duke of Zahumlje 1198-1227 and a count of the city of Split 1222-1225. He married a daughter of Duke Berthold von Meran, Margrave of Istria
- Toljen II, son of Toljen, Duke of Upper Zahumlje up to 1239
- Nikola, Prince of Zahumlje. He married Katarina Kotromanić in 1238
- Andrija, son of Miroslav, Prince of the Seaside and Duke of southern Zahumlje up to 1250
- Bogdan, son of Andrija, Prince of Zahumlje up to 1249, died 1252
- Radoslav, son of Andrija, Prince of Zahumlje in 1249 - 1255
- Bogdan II 1285 - 1312
The recorded rulers of Zahumlje in the 14th century include: Kniaz’ or knyaz (Russian and Ukrainian: ; Serbian: knez; Romanian: cneaz; in fem. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
Župa or Żupa (Cyrillic Жупа) is a Slavic term originally denoting various territorial and other subunits, usually a small administrative division, especially a gathering of several villages. ...
Duklja according to De administrando imperio. ...
Zeta was one of the first Montenegrin states in the Middle Ages. ...
Travunia in the 9th century, according to De administrando imperio Travunia (Travunija, Travunja; Latin: Terbounia) was a medieval Slavic realm centered at Trebinje in todays eastern Herzegovina (modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro), and southern Dalmatia (modern day Republic of Croatia). ...
Events Ghazni is burned by the princes of Ghur Geoffrey of Anjou dies, and succeeded by his son Henry, aged 18. ...
Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878...
Events Frederick I Barbarossa crowned Holy Roman Emperor. ...
Events June 3 - Thomas Becket consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury. ...
Events June 3 - Thomas Becket consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury. ...
Events March 16 - Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150-500 Jews in Cliffords Tower June 10 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem. ...
Image:Simeon. ...
First written document attributed to Kulin, 1189. ...
Approximate borders between Bosnia (marked light) and Herzegovina (marked dark) Historically and geographically, the region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna/БоÑна) comprises the northern part of the present-day country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...
// Events Marko III succeeds Yoannis V as patriarch of Alexandria. ...
Duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy, principe is...
Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878...
Raška (Raschka, Rascia, Rassa) was the central and most successful medieval Serbian state (or župa, area ruled by a župan) that unified neighboring Serbian tribes into the main medieval Serbian state in Balkans. ...
Image:Simeon. ...
Saint Sava Saint Sava (1175 or 1176 - January 12, 1235 or 1236), originally the prince Rastko Nemanjić (son of the Serbian ruler and founder of the Serbian medieval state Stefan Nemanja and brother of Stefan PrvovenÄani, first Serbian king), is the first Serb archbishop (1219-1233), the most important...
Nemanjić dynasty insignia Nemanjić (Serbian Ðемањић; in English formerly Nemanjid) was a medieval Serbian ruling dynasty. ...
Events March 16 - Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150-500 Jews in Cliffords Tower June 10 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem. ...
// Events The Third Crusade ends in disaster. ...
Image:Simeon. ...
// Events The Third Crusade ends in disaster. ...
Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Toba of Japan Emperor Tsuchimikado ascends to the throne of Japan January 8 - Pope Innocent III ascends Papal Throne Frederick II, infant son of German King Henry VI, crowned King of Sicily Births August 24 - Alexander II of Scotland (d. ...
Duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy, principe is...
Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Toba of Japan Emperor Tsuchimikado ascends to the throne of Japan January 8 - Pope Innocent III ascends Papal Throne Frederick II, infant son of German King Henry VI, crowned King of Sicily Births August 24 - Alexander II of Scotland (d. ...
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Look up Count in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Countess redirects here. ...
Split (Italian: Spalato, Latin: Spalatum, Greek: Aspalathos) is the largest and most important city in Dalmatia, the administrative center of Croatias Split-Dalmatia County. ...
Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s - 1220s - 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s Years: 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 See also: 1222 state leaders Events Foundation of the University of Padua Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca...
Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ...
Duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy, principe is...
Margrave is the English and French form (recorded since 1551) of the German title Markgraf (from Mark march and Graf count) and certain equivalent nobiliary (princely) titles in other languages. ...
Coat of arms Istria (Istra, pronounced in Croatian and Slovenian; Istria, pronounced in Italian, Istrien, pronounced in German) is the biggest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ...
Duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy, principe is...
// Events Births June 17 - King Edward I of England (died 1307) December 17 - Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (died 1256) Peter III of Aragon (died 1285) John II, Duke of Brittany (died 1305) Ippen, Japanese monk (died 1289) Deaths March 3 - Vladimir III Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (born 1187) March...
Župa or Żupa (Cyrillic Жупа) is a Slavic term originally denoting various territorial and other subunits, usually a small administrative division, especially a gathering of several villages. ...
Kotromanić dynasty ruled in Bosnia and Herzegovina from late 13th century until mid 15th century. ...
Events In the Iberian peninsula, James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia September 28 from the Moors; the Moors retreat to Granada. ...
The term prince (the female form is princess), from the Latin root princeps, when used for a member of the highest aristocracy, has several fundamentally different meanings - one generic, and several types of titles. ...
Duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy, principe is...
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The term prince (the female form is princess), from the Latin root princeps, when used for a member of the highest aristocracy, has several fundamentally different meanings - one generic, and several types of titles. ...
Events University, the first College at Oxford founded Births Emperor Kameyama of Japan Pope John XXII Frederick I, Margrave of Baden Deaths July 6 - Alexander II of Scotland (b. ...
For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ...
The term prince (the female form is princess), from the Latin root princeps, when used for a member of the highest aristocracy, has several fundamentally different meanings - one generic, and several types of titles. ...
Events University, the first College at Oxford founded Births Emperor Kameyama of Japan Pope John XXII Frederick I, Margrave of Baden Deaths July 6 - Alexander II of Scotland (b. ...
Events Königsberg was founded Births Emperor Albert I of Germany, in July Deaths Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Categories: 1255 ...
For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ...
Events June 15 : Battle near Rozgoni Battle near Thebes Siege of Rostock begins Births November 13 - King Edward III of England Deaths June 19 - Piers Gaveston, favourite of Edward II of England September 7 - King Ferdinand IV of Castile Categories: 1312 ...
This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ...
- Stefan Konstantin, Prince of Zahumlje, pretender to the Serbian throne in 1323.
- Jovan Uglješa, a descendant of the Serbian House of Mrnjavčević governed Zahumlje from approx. 1370 until his death in 1404.
- Sandalj Hranić Kosača, knez of Zahumlje and one of the Dukes of Saint Sava, rose to become became Grand Vojvoda of Bosnia until his death in 1435
- Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, Grand Vojvoda of Bosnia, a Knez of Zahumlje and Primorje until his death in 1466
Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic - President Boris Tadić - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica Formation and independence - Formation of Serbia 814 - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345 - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878...
Events Canonization of Saint Thomas Aquinas Lithuania: Vilnius becomes capital August 12 - The Treaty of Nöteborg between Sweden and Novgorod (Russia) is signed, regulating the border for the first time Pharos of Alexandira Lighthouse (one of the Seven Wonders of the world) is destroyed by a series of earthquakes...
The House of MrnjavÄević was a Serbian dynasty ruling from Prilep in the region of Macedonia from 1366 to 1395, having ceded from the crumbling Serbian Empire after Stefan DuÅ¡ans death. ...
Events Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ...
Events June 14 - Owain Glyndwr of Wales allies with the French against the English and the Henry of Lancaster. ...
Saint Sava Saint Sava (1175 or 1176 - January 12, 1235 or 1236), originally the prince Rastko Nemanjić (son of the Serbian ruler and founder of the Serbian medieval state Stefan Nemanja and brother of Stefan PrvovenÄani, first Serbian king), is the first Serb archbishop (1219-1233), the most important...
For the heavy metal music band see Voivod (band). ...
Approximate borders between Bosnia (marked light) and Herzegovina (marked dark) Historically and geographically, the region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna/БоÑна) comprises the northern part of the present-day country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...
For other uses, see number 1435. ...
Events Chimú Empire conquered by troops of the Inca End of term for Regent of Sweden Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna. ...
See also First Serbian state was founded in 800s by House of Vlastimirović under the name of Raška; it has evolved into Serbian Kingdom and Empire under House of Nemanjić. In modern era it was an autonomous principality (1817–1878), independent principality and kingdom (1878–1918), part of the Kingdom of...
Travunia in the 9th century, according to De administrando imperio Travunia (Travunija, Travunja; Latin: Terbounia) was a medieval Slavic realm centered at Trebinje in todays eastern Herzegovina (modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro), and southern Dalmatia (modern day Republic of Croatia). ...
Serbia was formerly a principality (1817-1882), kingdom (1882-1918) and part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1945, until 1929 the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). ...
This is the history of Croatia. ...
This is the history of Dalmatia. ...
External links - http://genealogy.euweb.cz/balkan/balkan5.html
- http://worldroots.com/brigitte/theroff/balkan.htm
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