Zebra
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Perissodactyla Family: Equidae Genus: Equus Subgenus: Hippotigris
Species
Equus zebra Equus hartmannae Equus quagga Equus grevyi Look up zebra in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 715 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2589 × 2171 pixel, file size: 1. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including those that produce milk, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex... Families Equidae Tapiridae Rhinocerotidae The odd-toed ungulates or Perissodactyla are large to very large browsing and grazing mammals with relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. ... Species - Donkey - African Wild Ass - Domestic Horse - Wild Horse - Grevys Zebra - Onager - Kiang - Plains Zebra - Cape Mountain Zebra - Hartmanns Mountain Zebra Equidae is the family of horse-like animals, order Perissodactyla. ... Species - Donkey - African Wild Ass - Domestic Horse - Wild Horse - Grevys Zebra - Onager - Kiang - Plains Zebra - Cape Mountain Zebra - Hartmanns Mountain Zebra Equidae is the family of horse-like animals, order Perissodactyla. ... Binomial name Equus zebra Subspecies The Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) is one of the three extant species of zebra. ... Binomial name Equus zebra Linnaeus, 1758 Equus hartmannae Matschie, 1898 There are two species of Mountain Zebra: the Cape Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) and the Hartmanns Mountain Zebra (Equus hartmannae). ... Binomial name Equus quagga Boddaert, 1785 The Plains Zebra (Equus quagga, formerly Equus burchelli) is the most common and widespread form of zebra, once being found on plains and grasslands from the south of Ethiopia right through east Africa as far south as Angola and eastern South Africa. ... Binomial name Equus grevyi Oustalet, 1882 The Grevys Zebra (Equus grevyi), sometimes known as the Imperial Zebra is a species of zebra. ...

The Zebra is an odd-toed ungulate of the Equidae family, native to eastern, southern and southwestern Africa. They are best known for their distinctive white and black stripes which come in different patterns unique to each individual. They are generally social animals and can be seen in large herds with other grazers. They mow down well vegetated areas for the other grazers to eat. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Species - Donkey - African Wild Ass - Domestic Horse - Wild Horse - Grevys Zebra - Onager - Kiang - Plains Zebra - Cape Mountain Zebra - Hartmanns Mountain Zebra Equidae is the family of horse-like animals, order Perissodactyla. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

In addition to their stripes, zebras have erect, mohawk-like manes and communicate with each other with high-pitched barks and brays. They are generally 2.3 m (8ft) long, stand 1.25-1.5 m (4-5ft) at the shoulder and a weigh around 300kg (660 lbs) although some can get over 410 kg (900 lbs). Unlike their closest relatives: horses and donkeys, zebras have not been truly domesticated. There are four species of zebra. The Plains Zebra, Grevy's Zebra, Cape Mountain Zebra and the Hartmann's Mountain Zebra. They can be found in a variety of habitats, such as grasslands, savannas, woodlands, thorny scrublands, mountains and coastal hills. The famous Mohawk leader Joseph Brant wearing a scalp lock. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 For other uses, see Donkey (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Boddaert, 1785 Range map of The Plains zebra subspecies E. q. ... Binomial name Equus grevyi Oustalet, 1882 Distribution of Equus grevyi The Grevys Zebra (Equus grevyi), sometimes known as the Imperial Zebra, is the largest species of zebra. ... Binomial name Equus zebra Linnaeus, 1758 Equus hartmannae Matschie, 1898 Mountain Zebra consist of two species, namely the Cape Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) and the Hartmanns Mountain Zebra (Equus hartmannae). ... Binomial name Equus zebra Linnaeus, 1758 Equus hartmannae Matschie, 1898 Mountain Zebra consist of two species, namely the Cape Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) and the Hartmanns Mountain Zebra (Equus hartmannae). ...

The pronunciation is IPA: /ˈzɛbrə/ (ZEB-ra) in the United Kingdom and /ˈziːbrə/ (ZEE-bra) in North America.

Taxonomy and evolution

Zebras were the second species to diverge from the earliest proto-horses, after the asses, around 4 million years ago. The Grevy's zebra is believed to have been the first zebra species to emerge. Zebras might have lived in North America in prehistoric times. Fossils of an ancient equid were discovered in the Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument in Hagerman, Idaho. It was named the Hagerman Horse with a scientific name of Equus simplicidens, later changed to Plesippus shoshonensis. There is some debate among paleontologists on whether the animal was a horse or a bona-fide zebra. While the animal's overall anatomy seems to be more horselike, its skull and teeth indicate that it was more closely related to the Grevy's Zebra. Thus it is also called the American zebra or Hagerman Zebra.^[1] Binomial name Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758 The donkey aka Annes (Equus asinus, hence also ass) is a domesticated animal of the horse family, Equidae. ... Binomial name Equus grevyi Oustalet, 1882 Distribution of Equus grevyi The Grevys Zebra (Equus grevyi), sometimes known as the Imperial Zebra, is the largest species of zebra. ... Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument in Idaho contains the largest concentration of Hagerman Horse fossils in North America. ... Hagerman is a city located in Gooding County, Idaho. ...

Species

Zebras in Botswana

There are four extant species, as well as several subspecies. Zebra populations vary a great deal, and the relationships between and the taxonomic status of several of the subspecies are well known. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 633 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1234 × 1168 pixel, file size: 372 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 633 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1234 × 1168 pixel, file size: 372 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... In biology, extant taxon is commonly used in discussions of living and fossil species. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... This article is about the zoological term. ... For the science of classifying living things, see alpha taxonomy. ...

The Plains Zebra (Equus quagga, formerly Equus burchelli) is the most common, and has or had about twelve subspecies distributed across much of southern and eastern Africa. It, or particular subspecies of it, have also been known as the Common Zebra, the Dauw, Burchell's Zebra (actually the subspecies Equus quagga burchelli), Chapman's Zebra, Wahlberg's Zebra, Selous' Zebra, Grant's Zebra, Boehm's Zebra and the Quagga (another extinct subspecies, Equus quagga quagga). Binomial name Boddaert, 1785 Range map of The Plains zebra subspecies E. q. ... Burchells zebras are a species of extinct plains Zebra. ... Johan August Wahlberg (1810 - 1856) was a Swedish naturalist and collector. ... Frederick Courteney Selous on safari in Africa. ... Trinomial name Equus quagga quagga Boddaert, 1785 The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in South Africas Cape Province and the southern part of the Orange Free State. ... For other uses, see Extinction (disambiguation). ...

The Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) of southwest Africa tends to have a sleek coat with a white belly and narrower stripes than the Plains Zebra. It has two subspecies and is classified as endangered. Binomial name Equus zebra Linnaeus, 1758 Equus hartmannae Matschie, 1898 Mountain Zebra consist of two species, namely the Cape Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) and the Hartmanns Mountain Zebra (Equus hartmannae). ...

Grevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi) is the largest type, with an more erect mane, and a long, narrow head making it appear rather mule-like. It is an inhabitant of the semi-arid grasslands of Ethiopia and northern Kenya. The Grevy's Zebra is one of the rarest species of zebra around today, and is classified as endangered. Binomial name Equus grevyi Oustalet, 1882 Distribution of Equus grevyi The Grevys Zebra (Equus grevyi), sometimes known as the Imperial Zebra, is the largest species of zebra. ... For other uses, see Mule (disambiguation). ... The Konza tallgrass prairie in the Flint Hills of northeastern Kansas. ...

Although zebra species may have overlapping ranges, they do not interbreed. This held true even when the Quagga and Burchell's race of Plains Zebra shared the same area. According to Dorcas McClintock in "A Natural History Of Zebras," Grevy's zebra has 46 chromosomes; plains zebras have 44 chromosomes and mountain zebras have 32 sex

Species classification

Grevy's Zebra in Kenya

• Plains Zebra, Equus quagga
  • Quagga, Equus quagga quagga (extinct)
  • Burchell's Zebra, Equus quagga burchellii (includes Damara Zebra)
  • Grant's Zebra, Equus quagga boehmi
  • Selous' zebra, Equus quagga borensis
  • Chapman's Zebra, Equus quagga chapmani
  • Crawshay's Zebra, Equus quagga crawshayi
• Cape Mountain Zebra, Equus zebra
• Hartmann's Mountain Zebra, Equus hartmannae
• Grevy's Zebra, Equus grevyi

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2048 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2048 pixel, file size: 1. ... Binomial name Boddaert, 1785 Range map of The Plains zebra subspecies E. q. ... Trinomial name Equus quagga quagga Boddaert, 1785 The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in South Africas Cape Province and the southern part of the Orange Free State. ... For other uses, see Extinction (disambiguation). ... Burchells zebras are a species of extinct plains Zebra. ... Trinomial name Equus quagga boehmi Matschie, 1892 The Grants zebra is the smallest subspecies of the Plains Zebra. ... Binomial name Equus zebra Linnaeus, 1758 Equus hartmannae Matschie, 1898 Mountain Zebra consist of two species, namely the Cape Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) and the Hartmanns Mountain Zebra (Equus hartmannae). ... Binomial name Equus zebra Linnaeus, 1758 Equus hartmannae Matschie, 1898 Mountain Zebra consist of two species, namely the Cape Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) and the Hartmanns Mountain Zebra (Equus hartmannae). ... Binomial name Equus grevyi Oustalet, 1882 Distribution of Equus grevyi The Grevys Zebra (Equus grevyi), sometimes known as the Imperial Zebra, is the largest species of zebra. ...

Physical attributes

Stripes

A mother nursing her young blends into a stand of deadwood.

Zebras are black or dark animals with white stripes and their bellies have a large white blotch for camouflage purposes.^[2] Some zebras have brown "shadow stripes" inbetween the white and black coloring. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2816x2112, 1176 KB) Photo taken by me in July, 2004. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2816x2112, 1176 KB) Photo taken by me in July, 2004. ...

It is believed that zebras have a dark background for the following three reasons: (1) white equids would not survive well in the African plains or forests; (2) The quagga, an extinct Plains zebra subspecies, had the zebra striping pattern in the front of the animal, but had a dark rump; (3) when the region between the pigmented bands becomes too wide, secondary stripes emerge, as if suppression was weakening. The fact that some zebras have pure white bellies and legs is not very strong evidence for a white background, since many animals of different colors have white or light colored bellies and legs.

The stripes are typically vertical on the head, neck, forequarters, and main body, with horizontal stripes at the rear and on the legs of the animal. The "zebra crossing" is named after the zebra's black and white stripes. A zebra crossing in Sydney, Australia A zebra crossing in Marine Parade, Singapore A zebra crossing is a type of pedestrian crossing used in many places around the world. ...

Some zoologists believe that the stripes act as a camouflage mechanism. This is accomplished in several ways. First, the vertical striping helps the zebra hide in grass. While seeming absurd at first glance considering that grass is neither white nor black, it is supposed to be effective against the zebra's main predator, the lion, which is colour blind. Theoretically a zebra standing still in tall grass may not be noticed at all by a lion. Additionally, since zebras are herd animals, the stripes may help to confuse predators - a number of zebras standing or moving close together may appear as one large animal, making it more difficult for the lion to pick out any single zebra to attack.^[3] A herd of zebras scattering to avoid a predator will also represent to that predator a confused mass of vertical stripes travelling in multiple directions making it difficult for the predator to track an individual visually as it separates from its herdmates, although biologists have never observed lions appearing confused by zebra stripes. Zoology (from Greek: ζῴον, zoion, animal; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... Countershaded Ibex are almost invisible in the Israeli desert. ... A vertical line. ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ... For other uses, see Lion (disambiguation). ... Color blindness in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. ...

Stripes are also believed to play a role in sexual attractions, with slight variations of the pattern allowing the animals to distinguish between individuals.

A more recent theory, supported by experiment, posits that the disruptive colouration is also an effective means of confusing the visual system of the blood-sucking tsetse fly.^[4] Alternative theories include that the stripes coincide with fat patterning beneath the skin, serving as a thermoregulatory mechanism for the zebra, and that wounds sustained disrupt the striping pattern to clearly indicate the fitness of the animal to potential mates. Binomial name Glossina morsitans The tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans, is a fly (order Diptera) that eats blood from animals, including humans. ...

Gaits

A zebra trotting

Like horses, zebras walk, trot, canter and gallop. They are generally slower than horses but their great stamina helps them outpace predators, especially lions, who get tired rather quickly. When chased, a zebra will zig-zag from side to side making it more difficult for the predator. When cornered the zebra will rear up and kick or bite its attacker. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...

Closeup of zebra face

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 1200 pixel, file size: 307 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 1200 pixel, file size: 307 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

Eyesight

Zebras have excellent eyesight. It is believed that they can see in color. Like most ungulates the zebra has its eyes on the sides of its head, giving it a wide field of view. Zebras also have night vision although it's not as advanced as that of most of their predators but their hearing compensates. Night-vision is seeing in the dark. ...

Ears and hearing

Zebras have great hearing, and tend to have larger, rounder ears than horses. Like horses and other ungulates, zebra can turn their ears in almost any direction. Ear movement can also signify the zebra's mood. When a zebra is in a calm or friendly mood, its ears stand erect. When it is frightened, its ears are pushed forward. When angry, the ears are pulled backward.

Other senses

In addition to eyesight and hearing, zebra have an acute sense of smell and taste.

Ecology and Behavior

Social behavior

Zebras in Tanzania

Like most members of the horse family, zebras are highly sociable. Their social structure, however, depends on the species. Mountain zebras and Plains zebras live in groups consisting of one stallion with up to six mares and their foals. A stallion forms a harem by abducting young mares from their families. When a mare reaches sexual maturity she will exhibit the estrous posture which invites the males. However she is usually not ready for mating at this point and will hide in her family group. Her father has to chase off stallions attempting to abduct her. Eventually a stallion will be able to defeat the father and include the mare into his harem. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2133x1073, 352 KB) A line of zebras in Tanzanias Serengeti. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2133x1073, 352 KB) A line of zebras in Tanzanias Serengeti. ... Estrus (also spelled œstrus) or heat in female mammals is the period of greatest female sexual responsiveness usually coinciding with ovulation. ...

A stallion will defend his group from bachelor males, unless the male grew up with the stallion. At that point the stallion will allow one mare for his "friend." When challenged, the stallion would issue a warning to the invader by rubbing nose or shoulder with him. If the warning is not heeded, a fight breaks out. Zebra fights often become very violent, with the animals biting at each other's necks or legs and kicking. While stallions may come and go, the mares stay together for life. They exist in a hierarchy with the alpha female being the first to mate with the stallion and being the one to lead the group. When new mares is added to the group, they is met with hostility by the other mares. Thus the stallion must shield the new mares until the agression subdues.

Unlike the other zebra species, Grevy's zebras do not have permanent social bonds. A group of these zebras rarely stays together for more than a few months. The foals stay with their mother, while the adult male lives alone. Like horses, zebras sleep standing up and only sleep when neighbors are around to warn them of predators. When attacked by packs of spotted hyenas or wild dogs, a Plains zebra group will huddle together with the foals in the middle while the stallion tries to ward them off. Binomial name (Erxleben, 1777) Spotted Hyena range The Spotted Hyena, or Laughing Hyena, (Crocuta crocuta) is a mammal of the order Carnivora. ... Binomial name (Temminck, 1820) African Wild Dog range The African Wild Dog, Lycaon pictus also known as the African Hunting Dog, Cape Hunting Dog, or Painted Wolf, is a carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family. ...

Zebra groups often come together in large herds and migrate together along with other species such as blue wildebeests. Wildebeests and zebras generally coexist peacefully and will alert each other to predators. However in one case, a gang of young stallions isolated and harassed a wildebeest calf while keeping the mother at bay. The zebras chased and bit the young calf repeatedly. One zebra even trumped over it. The group eventually lost intersted and the calf survived.^[5] Simliar incident happened when a lone wildebeest calf wandered to close to a gang of stallions and was kicked to death.^[6] Binomial name (Burchell, 1823) The Blue Wildebeest is a large ungulate mammal of the genus Connochaetes which grows to 1. ...

Grooming

Zebra strengthen their social bonds with grooming. Members of a harem nip and scrape along the neck, shoulders and back with their teeth and lips. Mothers and foals groom the most often followed by siblings. Grooming shows social status and eases aggressive behavior.

Food and foraging

Mother zebra and foal

Zebras are very adaptable grazers. They feed mainly on grasses but will also eat shrubs, herbs, twigs, leaves and bark. Zebras are pioneer grazers and are the first to eat at well-vegetated areas. They prefer to eat the longer, tougher grasses while the following wildebeests and Thompson's gazelles eat newly exposed soft grasses. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Gazella thomsoni Günther, 1884 The Thomsons Gazelle (Gazella thomsoni) is one of the most well known gazelles. ...

Reproduction

Like most animal species, female zebras mature earlier than the males and a mare may have her first foal by the age of three. Males are not able to breed until the age of five or six. Mares may give birth to one foal every twelve months. She nurses the foal for up to a year. Like horses, zebras are able to stand, walk and suckle shortly after they're born. A zebra foal is brown and white instead of black and white at birth.

Plains and Mountain zebra foals are protected by their mother as well as the head stallion and the other mares in their group. Grevy’s zebra foals have only their mother as a regular protector since, as noted above, Grevy's zebra groups often disable after few months. Even with parental protection up to 50% of zebra foals are taken by predation, disease and starvation each year.

Young male zebras eventually leave their family groups. This is not because of sexual maturity or being kick out by their fathers but because their relationship with their mothers have faded after the birth of a sibling. The young stallion then seeks out other young stallions for company.

Domestication

A tamed zebra being ridden in East Africa

Lord Rothschild with his famed zebra carriage (Equus burchelli), which he frequently drove through London.

Attempts have been made to train zebras for riding since they have better resistance than horses to African diseases. However most of these attempts failed, due to the zebra's more unpredictable nature and tendency to panic under stress. For this reason, zebra-mules or zebroids (crosses between any species of zebra and a horse, pony, donkey or ass) are preferred over pure-bred zebras. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1536x1136, 78 KB) Man on a tame zebra jumping a fence in East Africa. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1536x1136, 78 KB) Man on a tame zebra jumping a fence in East Africa. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 426 pixelsFull resolution (1377 × 734 pixel, file size: 193 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Lionel Walter Rothschild (1868-1937), 2nd Baron Rothschild, with his famed zebra (Equus burchelli) carriage, which he frequently drove through London. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 426 pixelsFull resolution (1377 × 734 pixel, file size: 193 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Lionel Walter Rothschild (1868-1937), 2nd Baron Rothschild, with his famed zebra (Equus burchelli) carriage, which he frequently drove through London. ... Binomial name Equus quagga Boddaert, 1785 The Plains Zebra (Equus quagga, formerly Equus burchelli) is the most common and widespread form of zebra, once being found on plains and grasslands from the south of Ethiopia right through east Africa as far south as Angola and eastern South Africa. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... A zebra/donkey hybrid A zebroid is a cross between a zebra and any other equid: essentially, a zebra hybrid. ...

In England, the zoological collector Lord Rothschild frequently used zebras to draw a carriage. In 1907, Rosendo Ribeiro, the first doctor in Nairobi, Kenya, used a riding zebra for house-calls. Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (February 8, 1868 – August 27, 1937) was a British banker and zoologist from the international Rothschild financial dynasty. ...

Captain Horace Hayes, in "Points of the Horse" (circa 1899) compared the usefulness of different zebra species. Hayes saddled and bridled a Mountain zebra in less than one hour, but was unable to give it a "mouth" during the two days it was in his possession. He noted that the zebra's neck was so stiff and strong that he was unable to bend it in any direction. Although he taught it to do what he wanted in a circus ring, when he took it outdoors he was unable to control it. He found the Burchell's zebra easy to break in and considered it ideal for domestication, as it was also immune to the bite of the tsetse fly. He considered the quagga well-suited to domestication due to being stronger, more docile and more horse-like than other zebras.

Conservation

Modern man have had great impact on the zebra population since the 19th century. Zebras were, and still are, hunted mainly for their skins. The Cape mountain zebra was hunted to near extinction with less than 100 individuals by the 1930s. However the population has increased to about 700 due to conservation efforts. Both Mountain zebra species are currently protected in national parks but are still endangered.

The Grevy's zebra is also endangered. Hunting and competition from livestock have greatly decreased their population. Because of the population's small size, environmental hazards, such as drought, are capable of easily affecting the entire species.

Plains zebras are much more numerous and have a healthy population. Nevertheless they too are threatened by hunting and habitat change from farming. One subspecies, the quagga, is now extinct.

References

• Estes, R. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. Los Angeles, The University of California Press.
• Moss, C., Ed. (1982). Portraits in the Wild, Animal Behavior in East Africa. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
• Kingdon, J. (1979). East African Mammals. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
• McClintock, Dorcas. "A Natural History Of Zebras" September 1976. Scribner's, New York. ISBN 0-684-14621-5
• Hayes, Horace. "Points of the Horse" (circa 1899)
• Re: Is a zebra white with black stripes or black with white stripes?

Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Zebroid
• Tijuana Zebra

A zebra/donkey hybrid A zebroid is a cross between a zebra and any other equid: essentially, a zebra hybrid. ... A Tijuana Zebra is a donkey that has been painted with stripes so that it looks like a zebra. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Zebra

• Zebra file at Encyclopedia Encarta
• PBS Nature: Horse Tigers (Zebras)
• Zebra Pictures, Rare Illustrations, and Fun Facts
• 19th Century Riding Zebras and Harnessed Zebras
• Plains Zebra - Equus Burchelli