|
Zero copula is a linguistic phenomenon whereby the presence of the copula is implied, rather than stated explicitly as a verb or suffix. Malay/Indonesian, Turkish, Russian, Hungarian, Hebrew, Arabic, Luganda and Sinhala exhibit this phenomenon as a formal grammatical process. It is also found, to a lesser extent, in English, Japanese, and many other languages, used most frequently in rhetoric and casual speech. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Suffix has meanings in linguistics, nomenclature and computer science. ...
The Malay language, also known locally as Bahasa Melayu, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people who reside in the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, central eastern Sumatra, the Riau islands, and parts of the coast of Borneo. ...
Hebrew redirects here. ...
Arabic ( or just ), is the largest member of the family of Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew, Amharic, and Aramaic. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Sinhala language Sinhala alphabet Sinhala people Sinhala place-names Sinhala Place Names, see Sinhala place-names Category: ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Rhetoric (from Greek , rhêtôr, orator, teacher) is generally understood to be the art or technique of persuasion through the use of oral or written language; however, this definition of rhetoric has been contested since rhetoric emerged as a field of study in Universities. ...
In English
Standard English exhibits a very limited form of the zero copula, most common in statements like "The higher, the better", and casual questions like "You from out of town?". It's also witnessed in the exclamation "You the man!". However, the zero copula is not used productively in standard English.
The zero copula is far more productive in African American Vernacular English, some varieties of which regularly omit the copula. For instance, "You crazy!" or "She my sister". It is also found in questions, for example "Where you at?" and "Who she?".[1] As in Russian, this is the case only in the present tense. In past-tense sentences, the copula must be specified. Although these speech patterns have not, as yet, had a significant effect on mainstream English, they are interesting for historical linguists, as they may predict future developments in English grammar. African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called African American English, Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), Black Vernacular English (BVE), or (usually pejoratively) Jive, is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language. ...
Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time. ...
The zero copula is also present, in a slightly different and more regular form, in the headlines of English newspapers, where short words and articles are generally omitted to conserve space. For example, a headline would more likely say "Gulf coast in ruins" than "Gulf coast is in ruins". Because headlines are generally simple A = B statements, an explicit copula is rarely necessary. A headline is text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article below it. ...
In other languages Omission frequently depends on the tense and use of the copula. Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...
Russian In Russian the copula быть (byt') is normally omitted in the present tense, but not in the past tense: The present tense is the tense (form of a verb) that is often used to express: Action at the present time A state of being A habitual action An occurrence in the near future An action that occurred in the past and continues up to the present There are two...
The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past. ...
Present (omitted):
- Она в доме (Ona v dome) = She is in the house, literally "She [is] in the house"
Past (used) - Она была в доме (Ona byla v dome) = She was inside the house
The present tense of the copula in Russian was in common use well into the 19th Century (as attested in the works of Fyodor Dostoevsky), but is used now only for archaic effect. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Russian: Фёдор МихаÌйлович ДоÑтоеÌвÑкий, IPA: , sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky ) (November 11 [O.S. October 30] 1821 – February 9 [O.S. January 28] 1881) is considered one of the greatest Russian writers. ...
In language, an archaism is the deliberate use of an older form that has fallen out of current use. ...
Irish Further restrictions may apply before omission is permitted. For example in the Irish language, is, the present tense of the copula, may be omitted when the predicate is a noun. Ba the past/conditional cannot be deleted. If the present copula is omitted, the following pronoun é, í, iad preceding the noun is omitted as well. Irish (), a Goidelic language spoken in Ireland, is constitutionally recognised as the first official language of the Republic of Ireland, an official language of the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland as well. ...
Arabic In Arabic, the use of the zero copula again depends on the context. In the present tense affirmative, the subject is simply juxtaposed with its predicate. When the subject is definite and the predicate indefinite, a pronoun (agreeing with the subject) must be inserted between the two. For example: Arabic ( or just ), is the largest member of the family of Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew, Amharic, and Aramaic. ...
In grammatical theory, definiteness is a feature of noun phrases, distinguishing between entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and entities which are not (indefinite noun phrases). ...
In mathematics, a definite bilinear form B is one for which B(v,v) has a fixed sign (positive or negative) when it is not 0. ...
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun phrase. ...
In languages, agreement is a form of cross-reference between different parts of a sentence or phrase. ...
- محمد مهندس (Muħammad muhandis) = 'Muhammad is an engineer' (literally 'Muhammad an-engineer')
- محمد هو المهندس (Muħammad huwa al-muhandis) = 'Muhammad is the engineer' (literally 'Muhammad he the-engineer')
The extra pronoun is needed to prevent the adjective qualifying the noun attributively: An adjective is a part of speech which modifies a noun, usually making its meaning more specific. ...
- محمد المهندس (Muħammad al-muhandis) = 'Muhammad the engineer'
(This is just a noun phrase with no copula. See al- for more on the use of definite and indefinite nouns in Arabic and how it affects the copula.) In linguistics, a noun phrase is a phrase whose Head is a noun. ...
Al- is a common prefix for Arabic names meaning the. ...
In the past tense, however, or in the present tense negative, the verbs kaana and laysa are used, which take the accusative case: The accusative case (abbreviated ACC) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. ...
- كان محمد مهندسا (Kaana Muħammad muhandisan) = 'Muhammad was an engineer' (kaana = '(he) was') (literally 'he-was Muhammad an-engineer')
- ليس محمد مهندسا (Laysa Muħammad muhandisan) = 'Muhammad's not an engineer' (literally 'he-isn't Muhammad an-engineer'; the -an suffix marks the acusative)
When the copula is expressed with a verb, no pronoun need be inserted, regardless of the definiteness of the predicate: - ليس محمد المهندسا (Laysa Muħammad al-muhandisan) = 'Muhammad's not the engineer' (literally 'he-isn't Muhammad the-engineer')
Luganda The Luganda verb 'to be', li in is only used in two cases: when the predicate is a prepositional phrase, and when the subject is a pronoun and the predicate is an adjective: To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
- Ali mulungi 'She's beautiful' (ali = '(he/she) is')
- Kintu ali mu emmotoka 'Kintu is in the car' (literally 'Kintu he-is in the-car')
Otherwise the zero copula is used: - Omuwala mulungi 'The girl is beautiful' (literally 'the-girl beautiful')
Here the word mulungi 'beautiful' is missing its initial vowel prefix o-. If included, this prefix would make the adjective qualify the noun omuwala attributively: An adjective is a part of speech which modifies a noun, usually making its meaning more specific. ...
- Omuwala omulungi 'The beautiful girl' or 'a beautiful girl'
Compare the use of the definite prefix al- in the Arabic example above. Al- is a common prefix for Arabic names meaning the. ...
American Sign Language American Sign Language does not have a copula. For example, my hair is wet is signed 'my hair wet', and my name is Pete may be signed '[name my]TOPIC P-E-T-E'. American Sign Language (ASL; less commonly Ameslan) is the dominant sign language of the Deaf community in the United States, in the English-speaking parts of Canada, and in parts of Mexico. ...
Amerindian languages Nahuatl, as well as some other Amerindian languages, has no copula. Instead of using a copula, it is possible to conjugate nouns or adjectives like verbs. Nahuatl is a native language of central Mexico. ...
Native American languages are the indigenous languages of the Americas, spoken from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America. ...
In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). ...
Notes - ^ "be." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. (see Dictionary.com's definition under the "Our Living Language" note.)
|
Feeds |
Contact