The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.

Zinc oxide
General
Other names	Zinc white, calamine
Molecular formula	ZnO
Molar mass	81.4084 g/mol
Appearance	White solid
Crystal Structure	wurtzite (hexagonal)
CAS number	[1314-13-2] [1]
Properties
Density and phase	5.606 g/cm3, solid
Solubility in water	Insoluble
Melting point	1975°C (decomposes)
Boiling point
Mohs hardness	5
a,c Lattice constants	3.249Å, 5.201Å
Thermodynamic data
Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH°solid	−348.0 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy S°solid	43.9 J.K−1.mol−1
Hazards
EU classification	Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases	R20, R36, R37.
S-phrases	S60, S61.
NFPA 704
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Regulatory data	Flash point, RTECS number, etc.
Related compounds
Other anions	Zinc sulfide Zinc selenide Zinc telluride
Other cations	Cadmium oxide Mercury oxide
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Zinc oxide is a chemical compound with formula ZnO. It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in acids or alkalis. It occurs as white hexagonal crystals or a white powder commonly known as zinc white. It remains white when exposed to hydrogen sulfide or ultraviolet light. Crystalline zinc oxide exhibits the piezoelectric effect and is thermochromic (it will change colour from white to yellow when heated, and back again when cooled down). Zinc oxide decomposes into zinc vapor and oxygen at around 1975°C. High-quality single-crystalline ZnO is almost transparent. Fumes of zinc oxide are generated when melting brass, because the melting point of brass is close to the boiling point of zinc.[2] Exposure to zinc oxide in the air (also while welding) can result in a nervous malady called metal fume fever[3]. Image File history File links Circle-question-red. ... Image File history File links Zinc_oxide. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Density, or volumic mass (ISO 31), is a measure of mass per given unit volume. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solution. ... This article describes water from a scientific and technical perspective. ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. ... Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer. ... The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 atmosphere... In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under conditions of standard temperature and pressure. ... Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (as amended) is the main source of European Union law concerning chemical safety. ... R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ... S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ... NFPA 704 is a standard maintained by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation is slowed in that material, relative to its velocity in a vacuum. ... The dielectric constant εr (represented as or K in some cases) is defined as the ratio: where εs is the static permittivity of the material in question, and ε0 is the vacuum permittivity. ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... IR spectrum of a thin film of liquid ethanol. ... Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy most commonly known as NMR Spectroscopy is the name given to the technique which exploits the magnetic properties of nuclei. ... Basic schematic of a mass spectrometer Mass spectrometry (also known as mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or in common speech mass-spec) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture with air. ... RTECS, also known as Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature that is available for charge. ... An ion is an atom or group of atoms that normally are electrically neutral and achieve their status as an ion by loss or addition of one or more electrons. ... Zinc sulfide (or zinc sulphide) is a chemical compound with the formula ZnS. Zinc sulfide is a white to yellow colored powder or crystal. ... Zinc selenide (ZnSe), is a light yellow binary solid compound. ... Zinc telluride (ZnTe) is an intrinsic semiconductor material with band gap of 2. ... An ion is an atom or group of atoms that normally are electrically neutral and achieve their status as an ion by loss or addition of one or more electrons. ... Cadmium oxide is a brown, inorganic compound of Cadmium which is highly toxic. ... ALL THIS ARE COMPETELY BULLSHIT ... In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ... A chemical compound is a chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... It has been suggested that Solid solubility be merged into this article or section. ... For other senses of this word, see acid (disambiguation). ... For other uses of the word alkali see Alkali (disambiguation). ... A regular hexagon In geometry, a hexagon is a polygon with six edges and six vertices. ... For other senses of this word, see crystal (disambiguation). ... Flash point -82. ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain crystals to produce a voltage when subjected to mechanical stress. ... Thermochromism is the ability of a substance to change colour due to a change in temperature. ... For other uses, see Brass (disambiguation). ... Metal Fume Fever is the name for an illness that is casued primarily by exposure to zinc oxide fume (ZnO). ...

Zinc oxide occurs in nature as the mineral zincite. Zincite is the mineral form of zinc oxide (ZnO). ...

Applications

Zinc oxide in a mixture with a about 0.5% iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) is called calamine and is used in calamine lotion. There are also two minerals, smithsonite and hemimorphite, which have been called calamine historically (see: calamine (mineral). Iron(III) oxide — also known as ferric oxide, Hematite, red iron oxide, synthetic maghemite, colcothar, or simply rust — is one of several oxide compounds of iron, and is most notable for its ferromagnetic properties. ... Calamine is a mixture of zinc oxide (ZnO) with about 0. ... Smithsonite (Zinc Carbonate) Smithsonite, or zinc spar, is zinc carbonate ZnCO3, a mineral ore of zinc. ... Hemimorphite, is a sorosilicate mineral which has been mined from days of old from the upper parts of zinc and lead ores, chiefly associated with smithsonite. ... Calamine is a historic name for an ore of zinc. ...

Zinc peroxide, ZnO₂ .½ H₂O, is a white to yellow powder that is used in antiseptic ointments. Peroxide has three distinct meanings: // Main article: hydrogen peroxide In common usage, peroxide is an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (HOOH or H2O2) sold for use as a disinfectant or mild bleach. ... An antiseptic solution of iodine applied to a cut An antiseptic (Greek αντι, against, and σηπτικος, putrefactive) is a substance that prevents the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses). ...

Zinc white is used as a pigment in paints and is more opaque than lithopone, but less opaque than titanium dioxide. It is also used in coatings for paper. Chinese white is a special grade of zinc white used in artists' pigments. Because it reflects both UVA and UVB rays of ultraviolet light, zinc oxide can be used in ointments, creams, and lotions to protect against sunburn and other damage to the skin caused by ultraviolet light (see sunscreen). This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Lithopone is a white pigment, a mixture of barium sulphate and zinc sulphide. ... Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2. ... Piece of Letter paper Paper is a thin material produced by the amalgamation of plant fibres, which are subsequently held together without extra binder, largely by hydrogen bonds and fiber entanglement. ... Look up artist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For animal and plant pigments, see Pigment, biology. ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity medicated or non-medicated topical preparation intended for application to unbroken skin. ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... Sunscreen (also known as sunblock, suncream, suntan lotion) is a lotion, spray or other topical product that helps protect the skin from the suns ultraviolet radiation, and which reduces sunburn and other skin damage, ultimately leading to a lower risk of skin cancer. ...

Zinc oxide and stearic acid are important ingredients in the commercial manufacture of rubber goods. A proper mixture of these two compounds allows a quicker and more controllable rubber cure. Zinc oxide can also be used as a filler in some rubber mixtures. Stearic acid, also called octadecanoic acid, is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. ... Latex being collected from a tapped rubber tree Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer which occurs as a milky colloidal suspension (known as latex) in the sap of several varieties of plants. ...

Zinc oxide is a semiconductor with a direct band gap of 3.37 eV (368 nm at room temperature, deep violet/borderline UV). A common application is in gas sensors. As of 2003, it has been utilized in recent research to build blue LEDs and transparent TFTs. A semiconductor is a solid whose electrical conductivity can be controlled over a wide range, either permanently or dynamically. ... In semiconductor physics, a direct bandgap means that the minimum of the conduction band lies directly above the maximum of the valence band in momentum space. ... eV may stand for: electronvolt eingetragener Verein, i. ... NM may stand for: Neurofiber Mitosis, a nerve disease, sometimes confused with Neurofibromatosis nm (Unix), a computer program Nautical mile (nm) New Mexico (NM) Newton metre (N m or N·m), a unit of moment Nanometre (nm, 10-9 m), a thousand-millionth of a metre Never mind or not... A gas is one of the four major phases of matter (after solid and liquid, and followed by plasma, that subsequently appear as a solid material is subjected to increasingly higher temperatures. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January events January 1 Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. ... External links LEd Category: TeX ... A thin film transistor (TFT) is a special kind of field effect transistor made by depositing thin films for the metallic contacts, semiconductor active layer, and dielectric layer. ...

n-type doped films are often used in thin film technology, where zinc oxide serves as a TCO (transparent conducting oxide). n-type doping is possible by introduction of hydrogen or zinc interstitial defects. Oxygen vacancies are no longer considered to contribute to the n-type conductivity because these levels are too deep in the band gap. [[p-type]] doping is difficult and is currently an active area of research. Thin-film solar cells, LCD and flat panel displays are typical applications of this material. Zinc oxide is transparent and conductive, and can therefore be used as a transparent electrode. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is another transparent conducting oxide often used in microelectronics. An N-type semiconductor is obtained by carrying out a process of doping, that is adding a certain type of atoms to the semiconductor in order to increase the number of free (in this case negative) charge carriers. ... In semiconductor production, doping refers to the process of intentionally introducing impurities into an intrinsic semiconductor in order to change its electrical properties. ... Thin films are material layers of about 1 µm thickness. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Atomic mass 15. ... A solar cell, made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer A solar cell (or a photovoltaic cell) is a device that converts photons from the sun (solar light) into electricity. ... LCD redirects here. ... An electrode is a conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e. ... Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a mixture of indium(III) oxide (In2O3) and tin(IV) oxide (SnO2), typically 90% In2O3, 10% SnO2 by weight. ...

ZnO has also been considered for spintronics applications because of theoretical predictions of room temperature ferromagnetism. Unsubstantiated reports of ferromagnetism have been made, but presence of dilute magnetic semiconductors remains a large unanswered question in physics. Unsolved problems in physics: Is it possible to construct a practical electronic device that operates on the spin of the electron, rather than its charge? Spintronics (a neologism for spin-based electronics), also known as magnetoelectronics, is an emergent technology which exploits a quantum property of electrons known as spin... Ferromagnetism is the normal form of magnetism which most people are familiar with, as exhibited in horseshoe magnets and refrigerator magnets, for instance. ... Ferromagnetism is the normal form of magnetism which most people are familiar with, as exhibited in horseshoe magnets and refrigerator magnets, for instance. ...

ZnO layers are mainly deposited by sputtering and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The latter method allows the growth of a rough layer, which can diffuse the incoming light by scattering, increasing the efficiency of solar cells. Sputtering is a physical process whereby atoms in a solid target material are ejected into the gas phase due to bombardment of the material by energetic ions. ... DC plasma (violet) enhances the growth of carbon nanotubes in this laboratory-scale PECVD apparatus. ... In particle physics, scattering is a class of phenomena by which particles are deflected by collisions with other particles. ...

Recently, ZnO has been observed to act as a chemical reagent for Friedel-Craft Acylation Reaction.

Zinc oxide – recognized as a mild antimicrobial, wound healing and sunscreen agent. Primarily absorbs UVA light rather than scattering or reflecting, non-irritating, non-comedogenic, and micronized by forming many small micro particles for cosmetic use.

Pyroelectric coefficient

• Primary pyroelectric coefficient: -6.8 μC/m²·K
• Secondary pyroelectric coefficient: -2.5 μC/m²·K
• Total pyroelectric coefficient: -9.4 μC/m²·K

Pyroelectricity is the ability of certain materials to generate an electrical potential when they are heated or cooled. ...

Production Methods

Zinc oxide is produced by oxidation of metallic zinc vapor at elevated temperatures. There are two methods. Direct method and indirect method.

Indirect method

Metallic zinc is vaporized in suitable containers. Zinc vapor reacts with oxygen that is in the air to form zinc oxide.

Direct method

Zinc ores or roasted sulfide concentrates are mixed with coal. In a reduction furnace, ore is reduced to metallic zinc and vaporized zinc reacts with oxygen to form zinc oxide.

For more information and specifications

zinc oxide

Use in pop culture

Zinc Oxide and You is a spoof of a high school science film, in Kentucky Fried Movie. The plot is straightforward - as the announcer intones "without zinc oxide, you would not have ...", then there is a "ding" and the noted object disappears, with successively more disastrous results. The results can be guessed at from the title of the next film (introduced but not shown), which is "Rebuilding your Home". An online version of this sketch can be found at the Frankin-Sterling Hill web site. The Kentucky Fried Movie is an American comedy film, released in 1977. ...

External links

• International Chemical Safety Card 0208.
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
• Nav Bharat Metallic Oxide Industries. (uses of zinc oxide)
• External MSDS.

• Links to external chemical sources.

References

• Physics Today, volume 58, No. 8, p.33, August 2005.
• "Oxygen Vacancies in ZnO", A. Janotti and C. G. Van de Walle, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 122102 (2005).