NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Zolpidem

Zolpidem is a prescription medication used for the short-term treatment of insomnia, as well as some brain disorders. It is a short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic that potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, by binding to benzodiazepine receptors which are located on the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors.^[1] It works quickly (usually within 15 minutes) and has a short half-life (2–3 hours). Some trade names of zolpidem are Ambien,^[2] Hypnogen, Myslee.^[3] Nimadorm, Nitrest, Sanval, Stilnoct, Stilnox,^[4] Zoldem(HEXAL AG), Zolfresh, and Zolt. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... The nonbenzodiazepines are comparatively new drugs whose actions are very similar to those of the benzodiazepines, but are structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines and are believed to have fewer side effects. ... Hypnotic drugs are a class of drugs that induce sleep, used in the treatment of severe insomnia. ... Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid and the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. ... Alprazolam 2 mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , often abbreviated to benzos) are a class of sedative hypnotic psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are mediated by slowing down the central nervous system. ... Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid and the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. ... The elimination half-life of a drug (or any xenobiotic agent) refers to the timecourse necessary for the quantity of the xenobiotic agent in the body (or plasma concentration) to be reduced to half of its original level through various elimination processes. ...

Its hypnotic effects are similar to those of the benzodiazepine class of drugs, but it is molecularly distinct from the classical benzodiazepine molecule and is actually classified as an imidazopyridine. Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, which is used for benzodiazepine overdose, can also reverse zolpidem's sedative/hypnotic effects. The imidazopyridines are a class of nonbenzodiazepine drugs related (in terms of their effect) to benzodiazepines. ... Flumazenil (flumazepil, AnexateÂ®, LanexatÂ®, MaziconÂ®, RomaziconÂ®) is a benzodiazepine antagonist, used as an antidote in the treatment of benzodiazepine overdose. ...

As an anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant, the beneficial effects start to emerge at 10 and 20 times the dose required for sedation, respectively.^[5] For that reason, it has never been approved for either muscle relaxation or seizure prevention. Such drastically increased doses are more inclined to induce one or more negative side effects, including hallucinations and/or amnesia. (See below.) The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ... A muscle relaxant is a drug which decreases the tone of a muscle. ...

The patent 4382938 in the United States on zolpidem was held by the French pharmaceutical corporation Sanofi-Aventis. On April 23, 2007 the U.S. FDA approved 13 generic versions of zolpidem tartrate. Zolpidem is available from several generic manufacturers in the UK, as generic from Sandoz in South Africa, as well as from other manufacturers such as ratiopharm. Sanofi-aventis (Euronext: SAN, NYSE: SNY), headquartered in Paris, France, is one of the 3 largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, along with Pfizer,GlaxoSmithKline. ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...

Recently, zolpidem has been cited in various medical reports mainly in the United Kingdom as waking persistent vegetative state (PVS) patients, and dramatically improving the conditions of people with brain injuries.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] A persistent vegetative state (PVS) is a condition of patients with severe brain damage in whom coma has progressed to a state of wakefulness without detectable awareness. ... Brain damage or brain injury is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. ...

Uses

Zolpidem is approved for the short-term (usually two to six weeks) treatment of insomnia, and it has been studied for nightly use up to six months in a single-blind trial published in 1991,^[11] an open-label study lasting 180 days published in 1992 (with continued efficacy in patients who had kept taking it as of 180 days after the end of the trial), ^[12] and in an open-label trial lasting 179 days published in 1993.^[13]

The United States Air Force uses zolpidem as a substitute for temazepam, under trade name Ambien, as "no-go pills" to help pilots sleep after a mission; the main drug used for the purpose is temazepam (Normison/Restoril). (Cf. the "go-pills" dextroamphetamine, served under the name Dexedrine, or its recent modafinil (Provigil) replacement, act as a stimulant for the same pilots, the effects of which are reversed by the aforementioned "no-go pills")^[14] USAF redirects here. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names RestorilÂ®, NormisonÂ®, PlanumÂ®, TenoxÂ® and TemazeÂ®) is a benzodiazepine derivative with powerful hypnotic properties. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names RestorilÂ®, NormisonÂ®, PlanumÂ®, TenoxÂ® and TemazeÂ®) is a benzodiazepine derivative with powerful hypnotic properties. ... Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. ... Dextroamphetamine (also known as dextroamphetamine sulfate, dexamphetamine, dexedrine, Dexampex, Ferndex, Oxydess II, Robese, Spancap #1, and, informally, Dex), a stereoisomer of amphetamine, is an indirect-acting stimulant that releases norepinephrine from nerve terminals, thus promoting nerve impulse transmission. ... Modafinil is a eugeroic drug generally prescribed to treat narcolepsy, made by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon Inc. ...

Zolpidem is also used off-label to treat restless leg syndrome and, as is the case with many prescription sedative/hypnotic drugs, it is sometimes used by stimulant users to "come down" after the use of stimulants such as amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cocaine, or MDMA (ecstasy).^[15] The term off-label refers to the use of a drug for a medical condition other than for which it was officially approved and marketed. ... Wittmaack-Ekbom or restless legs syndrome is a disorder of the nervous system that affects sensation and movement in the legs and causes the limbs to feel uncomfortable. ... Amphetamine is a synthetic drug originally developed (and still used) as an appetite suppressant. ... This article is about the psychostimulant, d-methamphetamine. ... For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ... MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine), most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, or XTC), is a semisynthetic member of the phenethylamine class of psychoactive drugs. ...

Recently, the drug has been reported anecdotally to have positive effects for patients in persistent vegetative state.^[6] Results from phase IIa trials are expected in June 2007. The trials are being conducted by Regen Therapeutics of the UK, who have a patent pending on this new use for Zolpidem.^[16]^[17] A persistent vegetative state (PVS) is a condition of patients with severe brain damage in whom coma has progressed to a state of wakefulness without detectable awareness. ...

A clinical trial on a single patient performed at the Toulouse University Hospital using PET shows that zolpidem repeatably improves brain function and mobility of a patient immobilized by akinetic mutism caused by hypoxia.^[18] Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ...

Mechanism of action

Zolpidem binds with high affinity to the α₁ containing GABA_A receptors, about 10-fold lower affinity for those containing the α₂, α₃-GABA_A receptor subunits, and with no appreciable affinity for α₅ subunit containing receptors.^[19] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The GABAA receptor is one of the three ligand-gated ion channels responsible for mediating the effects of Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. ... The GABAA receptor is one of the three ligand-gated ion channels responsible for mediating the effects of Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. ...

Like the vast majority of benzodiazepine like molecules, zolpidem has no affinity for α₄ and α₆ subunit containing receptors.^[20] Zolpidem positively modulates GABA_A receptors, probably by increasing the GABA_a receptor complexes apparent affinity for GABA, without affecting desensitization or peak current.^[21] Zolpidem increases slow wave sleep and caused no effect on stage 2 sleep in laboratory tests.^[22]

A meta-analysis of the randomised controlled clinical trials which compared benzodiazepines against Z drugs has shown that there are few consistent differences between zolpidem and benzodiazepines in terms of sleep onset latency, total sleep duration, number of awakenings, quality of sleep, adverse events, tolerance, rebound insomnia and daytime alertness.^[23] A meta-analysis is a statistical practice of combining the results of a number of studies. ... In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ... Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ... In sleep science, sleep onset latency (SOL) is the length of time that it takes to accomplish the transition from full wakefulness to sleep, normally to the lightest sleep stage non-REM.[1] Daytime tests, such as the MSLT, measure sleep onset latency as an indication of excessive daytime sleepiness...

New research

Zolpidem has recently been very strongly related to certain instances of patients in a minimally conscious coma state being brought to a fully conscious state. While it was initially given to these supposed permanent coma patients to put them to sleep, it actually brought them to a fully conscious state in which they were capable of communicating and interacting for the first time in years. CAT scans have shown that the use of the drug actually does dramatically increase the activity in the frontal lobe of the brain in some patients in a minimally conscious state. Large scale studies are currently being done to see if it has the same universal effect on all or most patients in a minimally conscious state.^[24] It may be that zolpidem's ability to stimulate the brain, particularly in the semi-comatose, may be related to one of its side effects, which sometimes causes sleepwalking and other activity while asleep, that appears to observers to be fully conscious activity. A minimally conscious state (MCS) is a condition distinct from coma or the vegetative state, in which a patient exhibits deliberate, or cognitively mediated, behavior often enough, or consistently enough, for clinicians to be able to distinguish it from entirely unconscious, reflexive responses. ...

Recreational use and abuse

The transition from medicinal use to recreational use of Zolpidem can occur when the drug is used without the doctor's recommendation to continue using it, in high doses (more than the usual 5mg or 10 mg), when consumed other than orally (snorting or injecting), or when taken for purposes other than as a sleep aid. Abuse is more prevalent in those who have been dependent on other drugs, tobacco, or alcohol in the past. Zolpidem effects can increase and intensify if mixed with other substances like alcohol and cannabis. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...

In the U.S., recreational use of this drug is becoming more common in young people.^[25] Recreational users claim that "fighting" the effects of the drug by forcing themselves to stay awake will sometimes cause vivid visuals and a body high (see side-effects below). However, others who are already in an anxious state, claim it is not hard to fight the main effect of sedation, experiencing the side-effect of euphoria more than the sedation itself.^{[citation needed]} Thus some users report decreased anxiety, and even mild euphoria, as well as perceptual changes, visual distortions, and light-based hallucinations. It is also not uncommon for one who has developed a tolerance to the drug to eventually feel such a decrease in the sedation effect that only the euphoric, perceptual, and anxiety decreasing side effects remain. Euphoria (Greek ) is a medically recognized emotional state related to happiness. ...

With regular use at high dosage, there can be a risk of a severe physical dependence on zolpidem with cases being reported in the medical literature of epileptic seizures forming part of the withdrawal syndrome. One case involved a woman detoxing off a high dose of zolpidem experiencing a generalized seizure. The clinical withdrawal and dependence effects were reported to be similar to those of benzodiazepines in this case report.^[26]

Zolpidem and other sedative hypnotic drugs are detected frequently in cases of people suspected of driving under the influence of drugs. Other drugs including the benzodiazepines and zopiclone are also found in high numbers of suspected drugged drivers. Many drivers have blood levels far exceeding the therapeutic dose range suggesting a high degree of excessive-use potential for benzodiazepines, zolpidem and zopiclone.^[27] Zopiclone (pronunciation perhaps IPA: ) sold as Imovane and Zimovane in Europe and Canada, and as the eszopiclone analogue Lunesta in the United States, is a novel hypnotic agent used in the treatment of insomnia. ... Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ...

As Ambien's patent expired April 21, 2007, new generic versions were approved, which do not have the "protective cover" present on the Sanofi name-brand Ambien they once previously had to prevent users from crushing, snorting, or injecting the drugs.

Dependence and withdrawal

Alcohol has cross tolerance with GABAa receptor positive modulators such as the benzodiazepines and the nonbenzodiazepine drugs. For this reason alcoholics or recovering alcoholics may be at increased risk of physical dependency on zolpidem. Also, alcoholics and drug abusers may be at increased risk of abusing and or becoming psychologically dependent on zolpidem. Zolpidem should be avoided in those with a history of Alcoholism, drug misuse, or in those with history of physical dependency or psychological dependency on sedative-hypnotic drugs. Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ... The nonbenzodiazepines are comparatively new drugs whose actions are very similar to those of the benzodiazepines, but are structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines and are believed to have fewer side effects. ... Addiction is a compulsion to repeat a behaviour regardless of its consequences. ... Alcoholism is the consumption of, or preoccupation with, alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the drinkers normal personal, family, social, or work life, and may lead to physical or mental harm. ... Drug abuse has a wide range of definitions related to taking a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. ... Addiction is a compulsion to repeat a behaviour regardless of its consequences. ...

Overdose

Overdose of zolpidem may present with excessive sedation, pin-point pupils, depressed respiratory function, which may progress to coma and possibly death. Zolpidem combined with alcohol, opiates or other CNS depressants may be even more likely to lead to fatal overdoses. Zolpidem overdosage can be treated with the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil which displaces zolpidem from its binding site the benzodiazepine receptor and therefore rapidly reverses the effects of zolpidem.^[28] A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... Flumazenil (flumazepil, AnexateÂ®, LanexatÂ®, MaziconÂ®, RomaziconÂ®) is a benzodiazepine antagonist, used as an antidote in the treatment of benzodiazepine overdose. ...

Elderly

An extensive review of the medical literature regarding the management of insomnia and the elderly found that there is considerable evidence of the effectiveness and durability of non-drug treatments for insomnia in adults of all ages and that these interventions are underutilized. Compared with the benzodiazepines, the nonbenzodiazepine (including zolpidem) sedative-hypnotics appeared to offer few, if any, significant clinical advantages in efficacy or tolerability in elderly persons. It was found that newer agents with novel mechanisms of action and improved safety profiles, such as the melatonin agonists, hold promise for the management of chronic insomnia in elderly people. Long-term use of sedative-hypnotics for insomnia lacks an evidence base and has traditionally been discouraged for reasons that include concerns about such potential adverse drug effects as cognitive impairment (anterograde amnesia), daytime sedation, motor incoordination, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls. In addition, the effectiveness and safety of long-term use of these agents remain to be determined. It was concluded that more research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of treatment and the most appropriate management strategy for elderly persons with chronic insomnia.^[29] The nonbenzodiazepines are comparatively new drugs whose actions are very similar to those of the benzodiazepines, but are structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines and are believed to have fewer side effects. ... Anterograde amnesia is a form of amnesia, or memory loss, in which new events are not transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory. ...

Side-effects

Some users take zolpidem recreationally for these side effects. However, it may be less common than benzodiazepine abuse. In the United States, recreational use may be less common than in countries where the drug is available as a less expensive generic (or in countries, such as the UK, where prescriptions are free or heavily subsidised). It is not yet known whether there is a link between the cost and availability of zolpidem and the level at which it is abused. Zolpidem can become addictive if taken for extended periods of time, due to dependence on its ability to put one to sleep or to the euphoria it can sometimes produce. Like most addictive drugs, a tolerance in the zolpidem user develops and increases all the more quickly the longer the user has been regularly taking it. Under the influence of the drug it is common to take more zolpidem than is necessary due to either forgetting that one has already taken a pill (elderly users are particularly at risk here), or knowingly taking more than the prescribed dosage. Users with a predilection for abuse are advised to keep additional zolpidem in a safe place that is unlikely to be remembered or accessed while intoxicated to avoid this risk. A trustworthy friend or relative is the best defense if such people are available; otherwise, a box or cupboard locked with a combination padlock is a good defense against this tendency, as the above-mentioned side-effects can easily prevent a user from operating such a lock while under the drug's influence. The recent release of Ambien CR (zolpidem tartrate extended release) in the United States renewed interest in the drug among recreational drug users. Anterograde amnesia is a form of amnesia, or memory loss, in which new events are not transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory. ... A hallucination is a perception in the absence of a stimulus that the person may or may not believe is real. ... A delusion is commonly defined as a fixed false belief and is used in everyday language to describe a belief that is either false, fanciful or derived from deception. ... For other uses, see Ataxia (disambiguation). ... Explain the dystonias connected with motor coordination. ... Euphoria (Greek ) is a medically recognized emotional state related to happiness. ... Look up dysphoria in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Libido (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Amnesia (disambiguation). ... The terms Introvert and Extrovert (originally spelled Extravert by Carl Jung, who invented the terms) are referred to as attitudes and show how a person orients and receives their energy. ... Alprazolam 2 mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , often abbreviated to benzos) are a class of sedative hypnotic psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are mediated by slowing down the central nervous system. ... Addiction is an uncontrollable compulsion to repeat a behavior regardless of its negative consequences. ... Euphoria (Greek ) is a medically recognized emotional state related to happiness. ...

Before a user becomes fully acclimated to these effects (or if the user does not become acclimated), these symptoms can be severe enough to be deemed as drug-induced psychosis. Incidentally, antipsychotics like ziprasidone (Geodon) or quetiapine (Seroquel) may be prescribed alongside zolpidem to both combat these side effects and to aid in sleep-induction, as both of them contain mild hypnotic properties. However, because some antidepressants are known for being mildly sedating (i.e., paroxetine), it may be inadvisable to use zolpidem and an antidepressant simultaneously. Some zolpidem users (especially those suffering from chronic insomnia), however, commonly use these drug combination due to the relative ease with which the user gains no benefit from one or the others of these drugs, while both together can assist sufferers of insomnia in getting to sleep. For other uses, see Psychosis (disambiguation). ... The term antipsychotic is applied to a group of drugs used to treat psychosis. ... Ziprasidone (marketed as Geodon, Zeldox) was the fifth atypical antipsychotic to gain FDA approval (February 2001). ... Quetiapine (IPA: , kwe-TYE-a-peen), marketed by AstraZeneca with the brand name Seroquel, belongs to a series of neuroleptics known as atypical antipsychotics, which have, over the last two decades, become increasingly popular alternatives to typical antipsychotics, such as haloperidol. ... Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat, Pexeva) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. ...

Some users have reported unexplained sleepwalking while using zolpidem, and a few have reported driving, binge eating, sleep talking, and performing other daily tasks while sleeping. The sleepwalker can sometimes perform these tasks as normally as they might if they were awake. They can sometimes carry on complex conversations and respond appropriately to questions or statements so much so that the observer may believe the sleepwalker to be awake. This is similar to, but unlike typical sleep talking, which can usually be identified easily and is characterised by incoherent speech that often has no relevance to the situation or that is so disorganised as to be completely unintelligible. These statements bear a strong resemblance to that of schizophasia, one of many symptoms commonly seen in individuals suffering from schizophrenia. A person under the influence of this medication may seem fully aware of their environment even though they are still asleep. This can bring about concerns for the safety of the sleepwalker and others. These side effects may be related to the mechanism that also causes zolpidem to bring some semi-comatose people back to consciousness. Sleepwalking (also called somnambulism or noctambulism[1]), under the larger category of parasomnias or sleep disorders where the sufferer engages in activities that are normally associated with wakefulness while he or she is asleep or in a sleeplike state. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Driving while under the drug's influence is generally considered several orders of magnitude more dangerous than the average drunk driver, due to the diminished motor controls and delusions that may affect the user. It is unclear if the drug is responsible for the behavior, but a class-action lawsuit was filed against Sanofi-Aventis in March 2006 on behalf of those who reported symptoms.^[31] Residual 'hangover' effects such as sleepiness, impaired psychomotor and cognitive after nighttime administration may persist into the next day which may impair the ability of users to drive safely, increase risks of falls and hip fractures.^[32]

More recently, the Sydney Morning Herald in Australia reported on 4 March 2007 that a man who fell 30 metres to his death from a high-rise unit balcony may have been sleepwalking under the influence of Stilnox. The coverage prompted over 40 readers to contact the newspaper with their own accounts of Stilnox related automatism and the drug is now under review by the Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee.^[33] ...

In the news and other media

On 6 April 2007 Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration ordered the manufacturer to upgrade its warning about mixing the pills with alcohol.^[34] There are also plans to move the drug to a tougher class of medicines (Schedule 8 status) in Australia because of its susceptibility to abuse and addiction. This would place the drug in the same class as opioids (eg. morphine), psychostimulants (eg. methylphenidate, dexamphetamine), and flunitrazepam (Rohypnol, Hypnodorm).^[35] The Therapeutic Goods Administration or TGA is the regulatory body for therapeutic goods (including medicines, medical devices, gene technology, and blood products) in Australia. ... The Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons, abbreviated SUSDP, is a document used in the regulation of drugs and poisons in Australia. ... Sustained-Release 15mg Dexedrine Spansules. ... Vitamin R redirects here. ... Dextroamphetamine (also known as dextroamphetamine sulfate, dexamphetamine, dexedrine, Dexampex, Ferndex, Oxydess II, Robese, Spancap #1, and, informally, Dex), a stereoisomer of amphetamine, is an indirect-acting stimulant that releases norepinephrine from nerve terminals, thus promoting nerve impulse transmission. ... Flunitrazepam (IPA: ; is marketed by Roche under the trade name Rohypnol. ... Rohypnol (the trade name of flunitrazepam) is a sedative that was made in the early 1970s by Roche and was used in hospitals only for deep sedation. ... Flunitrazepam (IPA: ) is a short-intermediate acting benzodiazepine derivative, prescribed for the treatment of insomnia, marketed by Roche most commonly under the trade name Rohypnol -also marketed in some countries under the trade names Hipnosedon, Hypnodorm, Nilium, Vulbegal, Darkene, Ilman and Insom. ...

There are many unsubstantiated reports on the internet of people who have had issues with this medication.^[36]

On March 14, 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration ordered stronger warnings on 13 prescription sleep-hypnotic drugs including zolpidem and eszopiclone. The dangers of allergic reactions and driving while intoxicated, while serious, are not thought to be sufficient to withdraw the drugs from the market.^[37] The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government agency responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biologics and blood products in the United States. ... Eszopiclone, marketed by Sepracorand marco under the brand-name LunestaÂ®, is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent (viz. ...

In April 2007, Slovenian serial killer Silvo Plut committed suicide by consuming a large quantity of Zolpidem, sold under the brandname Sanval.^{[citation needed]} Silvo Plut, was Slovenian serial killer, born 29 May 1968, Novo mesto, Slovenia,â€ 28 and died in April 2007, Ljubljana, Slovenia (suicide). ...

The media reports of side effects of Zolpidem have caused them to become referred to in popular culture. In the Simpsons episode Crook and Ladder, Homer Simpson becomes addicted to an insomnia pill known as Nappien and starts experiencing strange side effects. To this, Lisa Simpson says "I've read that people do strange things in their sleep when they've taken Ambien... I mean Nappien." The Simpsons. ... Crook and Ladder is the nineteenth episode of The Simpsons eighteenth season, which originally aired May 6, 2007. ... Homer Simpson is also a character in the book and film The Day of the Locust. ...

Actor Heath Ledger was taking Ambien in the weeks prior to his death on 22 January 2008. In addition, early reports state that a bottle of Ambien was found near his body.[1] The drug has been the subject of much controversy in his native Australia, where it is available as Stilnox brand.[2] Heath Andrew Ledger (April 4, 1979 â€“ January 22, 2008) was an Academy Award, BAFTA, Golden Globe, and SAG Award-nominated Australian-born film actor who lived in New York City. ...

Actor Jack Nicholson told reporters in London that he almost drove off a cliff once while under the influence of Ambien.^[38] John Joseph Nicholson (born April 22, 1937), known as Jack Nicholson, is a three time Academy Award-winning American actor internationally renowned for his often dark-themed portrayals of neurotic characters. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

See also

Alpidem is a prescription drug used for the treatment of moderate to severe anxiety. ... The imidazopyridines are a class of nonbenzodiazepine drugs related (in terms of their effect) to benzodiazepines. ... This article is about a 1990 film. ... Awakenings (1973, rev. ...

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^ Noguchi H, Kitazumi K, Mori M, Shiba T (2004). "Electroencephalographic properties of zaleplon, a non-benzodiazepine sedative/hypnotic, in rats". J. Pharmacol. Sci. 94 (3): 246–51. doi:10.1254/jphs.94.246. PMID 15037809.
^ Dündar Y, Dodd S, Strobl J, Boland A, Dickson R, Walley T (2004). "Comparative efficacy of newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Human psychopharmacology 19 (5): 305–22. doi:10.1002/hup.594. PMID 15252823.
^ Dziedzic, Jessica (2007). "Minimally Conscious Patient Makes Strides Following Deep Brain Stimulation". Neurology Reviews.
^ http://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=248&sid=588181 Ambien Abuse on Rise Among Teens
^ Cubała WJ, Landowski J (2007). "Seizure following sudden zolpidem withdrawal". Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 31 (2): 539–40. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.07.009. PMID 16950552.
^ Jones AW, Holmgren A, Kugelberg FC (2007). "Concentrations of scheduled prescription drugs in blood of impaired drivers: considerations for interpreting the results". Therapeutic drug monitoring 29 (2): 248–60. doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e31803d3c04. PMID 17417081.
^ Lheureux P, Debailleul G, De Witte O, Askenasi R (1990). "Zolpidem intoxication mimicking narcotic overdose: response to flumazenil". Human & experimental toxicology 9 (2): 105–7. PMID 2111156.
^ Bain KT (Jun 2006). "Management of chronic insomnia in elderly persons". Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 4 (2): 168–92. doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.06.006. PMID 16860264.
^ Yasui M, Kato A, Kanemasa T, Murata S, Nishitomi K, Koike K, Tai N, Shinohara S, Tokomura M, Horiuchi M, Abe K (2005). "[Pharmacological profiles of benzodiazepinergic hypnotics and correlations with receptor subtypes]" (in Japanese). Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi = Japanese Journal of Psychopharmacology 25 (3): 143–51. PMID 16045197.
^ Perchance To ... Eat? - Newsweek Health - MSNBC.com
^ Vermeeren A (2004). "Residual effects of hypnotics: epidemiology and clinical implications". CNS drugs 18 (5): 297–328. PMID 15089115.
^ Gilmore, Heath (2007-03-11). "Sleeping pill safety under federal review", the Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
^ Warning upgrade over Stilnox weirdness - National - smh.com.au
^ "Sleeping Bizarre behaviour sparks Stilnox battle", the Sydney Morning Herald (2008-01-21). Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
^ Erowid Experience Vaults: Pharms - Zolpidem (also Ambien) Main Index
^ Heavey, Susan (2007-03-14). "FDA orders stronger warnings on sleep drugs", ABC News. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ Nicholson 'warned' Ledger on drug - The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 January 2007

class="preview" id="pv211"> A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 326th day of the year (327th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notes

External links

The National Institutes of Health is an institution of the United States government which focuses on medical research. ... In pharmacology, a psycholeptic is a medication which produces a calming effect upon the patient. ... Hypnotic drugs are a class of drugs that induce sleep, used in the treatment of severe insomnia. ... A sedative is a substance that depresses the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, and slowed breathing, as well as slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... The GABAA receptor is one of two ligand-gated ion channels responsible for mediating the effects of Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. ... Barbiturates are drugs that acts as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ... Allobarbital is a barbiturate derivative invented in 1912 by Ernst Preiswerk and Ernst Grether working for CIBA. It was used primarily as an anticonvulsant [1] although it has now been replaced by newer drugs with improved safety profiles. ... Amobarbital (formerly known as amylobarbitone) is a drug that is a barbiturate derivative. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Barbital (marketed under the brand name Veronal), also called barbitone, was the first commercially marketed barbiturate. ... Butobarbital (also known as Soneryl) is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Cyclobarbital, also known as cyclobarbitol or cyclobarbitone, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Ethallobarbital is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Heptabarbital is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Hexobarbital is a barbiturate derivative having hypnotic and sedative effects. ... Methohexital is a short-acting intravenous anaesthetic induction agent, that is, used to commence anaesthesia. ... Pentobarbital is a short acting barbiturate that is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol. ... Phenobarbital (INN) or phenobarbitone (former BAN) is a barbiturate, first marketed as Luminal by Friedr. ... Proxibarbital (Ipronal) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1970s. ... Reposal is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1960s in Denmark. ... Secobarbital (marketed by Eli Lilly and Company under the brand names SeconalÂ® and Tuinal) is a barbiturate derivative drug. ... Talbutal (LotusateÂ®), also called 5-allyl-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with a short to intermediate duration of action. ... Sodium thiopental, better known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone sodium, or trapanal, is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anaesthetic. ... Vinylbital, also known as butylvinyl, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Vinbarbital is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. ... Alprazolam 2 mg tablets The benzodiazepines (pronounced , often abbreviated to benzos) are a class of sedative hypnotic psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties, which are mediated by slowing down the central nervous system. ... Brotizolam (marketed under brand name Lendormin) is a drug which is thienobenzodiazepine (a benzodiazepine derivative). ... Cinolazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Doxefazepam (marketed under brand name Doxans) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Estazolam (ProSomÂ®) is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed for short-term treatment of insomnia. ... Flunitrazepam (IPA: ; is marketed by Roche under the trade name Rohypnol. ... Flurazepam (marketed under the brand names Dalmane and Dalmadorm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Flutoprazepam (Restas, KB-509) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Loprazolam (Triazulenone) marketed under the brand names DormonoctÂ®, HavlaneÂ®, SoninÂ®, SomnovitÂ®, is a drug which is an imidazole benzodiazepine derivative. ... Lormetazepam (NoctamidÂ®, ErgocalmÂ®, LorametÂ®, also known as methyllorazepam, is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names MogadonÂ®, NitredonÂ®, NilandronÂ®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Nimetazepam (marketed under brand name EriminÂ®) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Midazolam (marketed under brand names VersedÂ®, HypnovelÂ®, DormicumÂ® and DormonidÂ®, pronounced ) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ... Quazepam (brand names DoralÂ®, DormalinÂ®) is a long-acting benzodiazepine used to treat insomnia. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names RestorilÂ®, NormisonÂ®, PlanumÂ®, TenoxÂ® and TemazeÂ®) is a benzodiazepine derivative with powerful hypnotic properties. ... Triazolam (Halcion®, Novodorm®, Songar®) belongs to benzodiazepine group of drugs. ... The nonbenzodiazepines are comparatively new drugs whose actions are very similar to those of the benzodiazepines, but are structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines and are believed to have fewer side effects. ... CL-218,872 is a sedative and hypnotic drug used in scientific research. ... Eszopiclone, marketed by Sepracorand marco under the brand-name LunestaÂ®, is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent (viz. ... Indiplon (INN and USAN) is a nonbenzodiazepine, hypnotic sedative being developed in 2 formulations - an immediate release product for sleep onset and a modified-release version for sleep maintenance. ... Necopidem is a drug in the imidazopyridine family, which is related to the better known drugs zolpidem and alpidem. ... Pazinaclone (DN-2327) is a sedative and anxiolytic drug in the cyclopyrrolone family of drugs. ... Saripidem is a sedative and anxiolytic drug in the imidazopyridine family, which is related to the better known drugs zolpidem and alpidem. ... Suproclone is a sedative and anxiolytic drug in the cyclopyrrolone family of drugs, developed by the French pharmaceutical company RhÃ´ne-Poulenc. ... Suriclone (Suril) is a sedative and anxiolytic drug in the cyclopyrrolone family of drugs. ... SX-3228 is a sedative and hypnotic drug used in scientific research. ... U-90042 is a sedative and hypnotic drug used in scientific research. ... Zaleplon (marketed under the brand names Sonata and Starnoc) is a sedative/hypnotic, mainly used for insomnia. ... Zopiclone (pronunciation perhaps IPA: ) sold as Imovane and Zimovane in Europe and Canada, and as the eszopiclone analogue Lunesta in the United States, is a novel hypnotic agent used in the treatment of insomnia. ... The chemical structure of 2,6-piperidinedione, the most common isomer Piperidinediones are a derivatives of piperidine with two ketone functional groups. ... Glutethimide is a hypnotic sedative that was introduced in 1954 as a safe alternative to barbiturates to treat insomnia. ... Methyprylon is a sedative of the piperidinedione derivative family. ... Pyrithyldione is a hypnotic/sedative. ... Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Quinazolinones are a class of drugs which function as hypnotic/sedatives. ... Afloqualone (Arofuto) is an analogue of methaqualone developed in the 1980s in Japan. ... Cloroqualone is an analogue of methaqualone developed in the 1980s and marketed mainly in France and some other European countries. ... Diproqualone is an analogue of methaqualone developed in the 1980s and marketed mainly in France and some other european countries. ... Etaqualone (Aolan, Athinazone) is an analogue of methaqualone which was developed in the 1960s and marketed mainly in France and some other European countries. ... Mebroqualone is an analogue of mecloqualone which presumably has similar sedative and hypnotic properties to its parent compound. ... Mecloqualone (Nubarene) is an analogue of methaqualone which was first made in 1960 [1] and marketed mainly in France and some other european countries. ... Methaqualone tablets and capsules. ... Methylmethaqualone is an analogue of methaqualone which presumably has similar sedative and hypnotic properties to its parent compound. ... Apart from exerting effects on the genome via intracellular steroid receptors, neuroactive steroids (or neurosteroids) rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. ... Acebrochol (INN) is a steroid drug with sedative effects. ... Allopregnanolone, also known as 3Î±,5Î±-tetrahydroprogesterone or THP, is an important neurosteroid in the human brain. ... Alfaxalone (INN, also known as alphaxalone or alphaxolone) is a neurosteroid general anaesthetic. ... Minaxolone is a general anaesthetic. ... Epinephrine Norepinephrine The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines. ... An adrenergic alpha-agonist is a drug which selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors. ... Clonidine is a direct-acting adrenergic agonist prescribed historically as an anti-hypertensive agent. ... Dexmedetomidine is a sedative medication used by intensive care units and anesthesiologists. ... Lofexidine is an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist, can be used as a short acting (short half life) anti-hypertensive, but mostly used to help with relief from symptoms of heroin or opiate withdrawal in opiate dependency. ... Romifidine is a drug that is used in veterinary medicine as a sedative, anesthetic and analgesic, mainly in large animals such as horses,[1] although it may be used in a wide variety of species. ... Tizanidine (Zanaflex, Sirdalud) is a centrally acting Î±-2 adrenergic agonist. ... Xylazine is a drug that is used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia. ... A melatonin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds melatonin. ... Melatonin, 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, is a hormone found in all living creatures from algae[1] to humans, at levels that vary in a diurnal cycle. ... Agomelatine (ValdoxanÂ®) is chemical compound that is structurally closely related to melatonin. ... Melatonin, 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, is a hormone found in all living creatures from algae[1] to humans, at levels that vary in a diurnal cycle. ... Ramelteon, marketed as Rozerem by Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America, is the first in a new class of sleep agents that selectively binds to the MT1 and MT2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), versus binding to GABA-A receptors, such as with drugs like Ambien CR, Lunesta, and Sonata. ... The histamine receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors with histamine as their endogenous ligand. ... An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR) is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. ... An H1 antihistamine is a histamine antagonist which serves to reduce or eliminate effects mediated by histamine, an endogenous chemical mediator released during allergic reactions, through action at the H1 receptor. ... An anticholinergic agent is a member of a class of pharmaceutical compounds which serve to reduce the effects mediated by acetylcholine in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. ... This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. ... Hydroxyzine (pronounced ) is a first-generation antihistamine, of the piperazine class that is an H1 receptor antagonist. ... Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (trade name Benadryl as produced by Johnson & Johnson, or Dimedrol outside the U.S. & Canada. ... Bromazine (INN, also known as bromodiphenhydramine) is an antihistamine. ... Carbinoxamine is an antihistamine. ... Orphenadrine (NorflexÂ®, DisipalÂ®, BanflexÂ®, FlexonÂ® and others) is an anticholinergic and NMDA receptor antagonist [1]drug belonging to the ethanolamine class of antihistamines. ... Niaprazine (Nopron) is a piperazine derivative drug which acts as a sedating antihistamine. ... Phenyltoloxamine is an antihistamine with sedative and analgesic effects. ... Propiomazine (brand names: Largon, Propavan, Indorm) is an atypical antipsychotic, which is used to treat negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia, acute mania with bipolar disorder, agitation and psychotic symptoms in dementia. ... Mepyramine (INN, also known as pyrilamine) [1] is a first generation antihistamine, targeting the H1 receptor. ... Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). ... GABAB receptors (GABABR) are metabotropic transmembrane receptors that are linked via G-proteins to potassium channels (Chen et al. ... Gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor or GHB receptor is a receptor that binds gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid. ... gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, or GHB, is a naturally-occurring substance found in the central nervous system, wine, beef, small citrus fruits, and almost all animals in small amounts. ... Aceburic acid (INN) is a sedative drug. ... Gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) is a derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA. It is found naturally in the human body but it is not known whether it has an important physiological role at normal concentrations. ... gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, or GHB, is a naturally-occurring substance found in the central nervous system, wine, beef, small citrus fruits, and almost all animals in small amounts. ... gamma-Butyrolactone, also known as GBL, butyrolactone, 1,4-lactone, 4-butyrolactone, 4-hydroxybutyric acid lactone, and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid lactone, is a hygroscopic colorless oily liquid with a weak characteristic odor and is soluble in water. ... (Redirected from 1,4 Butanediol) Chemical structure of 1,4-butanediol 1,4-Butanediol (C4H10O2, molecular weight 90. ... An aldehyde. ... Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate is a hypnotic/sedative. ... Chloral hydrate, also known as trichloroacetaldehyde monohydrate, 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-ethanediol, and under the tradenames Aquachloral, Novo-Chlorhydrate, Somnos, Noctec, and Somnote, is a sedative and hypnotic drug as well as a chemical reagent and precursor. ... Chloralodol is a hypnotic/sedative. ... Dichloralphenazone is a 1:2 mixture of antipyrine with chloral hydrate. ... Paraldehyde is the cyclic form of three acetaldehyde molecules (a trimer). ... Petrichloral (Pentaerythritol chloral) is a sedative and hypnotic drug related to chloral hydrate. ... The structural formula of 2-butyne, a simple alkyne-containing molecule Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms, with the formula CnH2n-2. ... Centalun is a drug with hypnotic and sedative effects. ... Ethchlorvynol is a sedative and hypnotic drug. ... Ethinamate (ValaminÂ®, ValmidÂ®) is a short-acting sedative-hypnotic medication used to treat insomnia. ... Hexapropymate is a hypnotic/sedative. ... Methylpentynol is a hypnotic/sedative. ... Carbamates are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure -NH(CO)O-. More precisely the carbamate group is considered an amide group with an alkoxy or hydroxy functional group next to the carbonyl group. ... Meprobamate (marketed under the brand names Miltown by Wallace Laboratories, Equanil by Wyeth, and Meprospan) is a carbamate derivative which is used as an anxiolytic drug. ... Carisoprodol is a centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose active metabolite is meprobamate. ... Tybamate is an anxiolytic. ... Methocarbamol (chemical formula: ) is a central muscle relaxant for skeletal muscles, used to treat spasms. ... 2-Methyl-2-butanol is one of the isomers of amyl alcohol. ... Acecarbromal (INN) is a sedative drug. ... Apronal (or apronalide) is a hypnotic/sedative. ... A bromide is a phrase, or person who uses phrases, which have been used and repeated so many times as to become either insincere in their meaning, or seem like an attempt at trying to explain the obvious. ... Bromisoval (or bromisovalum) is a hypnotic/sedative. ... Carbromal is a hypnotic/sedative. ... Clomethiazole (also called Chlormethiazole) is a sedative and hypnotic that is widely used in treating and preventing symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal. ... Embutramide (Embutane) is a potent sedative drug. ... Etomidate is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia and for sedation for short procedures such as reduction of dislocated joints and cardioversion. ... Gaboxadol was an experimental sleeping pill developed by Lundbeck and Merck. ... Loreclezole is a sedative and an anticonvulsant which acts as a GABA agonist. ... Mephenoxalone is an anxiolytic. ... Sulfonmethane is a chemical compound used as a hypnotic drug. ... 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol is an organic compound related to ethanol, except the hydrogen atoms at position 2 are replaced with chlorine atoms. ... Triclofos is a sedative drug used rarely for treating insomnia, usually as a second-line treatment after other drugs have failed. ... Binomial name L. & Maillefer Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, Valerianaceae) is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. ... Valnoctamide has been used in France as a tranquilizer and muscle relaxant since 1964[3] and as an anticonvulsant since starting in 1969 in Portugal. ... Trazodone (DesyrelÂ®, TritticoÂ®, ThombranÂ®, TrialodineÂ®) is a psychoactive compound with sedative, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties. ...

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