Zuni language

Zuni (also Zuñi or Shiwi) is spoken by over 10,000 people in New Mexico and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona. Its speakers are known as the Zuni (Ashiwi). New Mexico was the 41st satate to be admitted to the us. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families. ... A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or genetic) relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2:1998 Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 2: Alpha-3 code Twenty-two of the languages have two three-letter codes: a code for bibliographic use (ISO 639-2/B) a code for terminological use (ISO 639-2/T). ... ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ... The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone = sound/voice) is the study of sounds (voice). ... Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... This is a concise version of the International Phonetic Alphabet for English sounds. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (617x602, 89 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Zuni Zuni language ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (617x602, 89 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Zuni Zuni language ... The Zuni (IPA: ) (also spelled Zuñi) or Ashiwi are a Native American tribe, one of the Pueblo peoples, most of whom live in the Pueblo of Zuñi on the Zuni River, a tributary of the Little Colorado River, in western New Mexico. ... New Mexico was the 41st satate to be admitted to the us. ... Official language(s) English Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Area  Ranked 6th  - Total 113,998 sq mi (295,254 km²)  - Width 310 miles (500 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 0. ... The Zuni (IPA: ) (also spelled Zuñi) or Ashiwi are a Native American tribe, one of the Pueblo peoples, most of whom live in the Pueblo of Zuñi on the Zuni River, a tributary of the Little Colorado River, in western New Mexico. ...

Genetic relations

Zuni is now generally considered a language isolate. Some linguists have categorized it as a Penutian language, and Bertha Dutton once posed the hypothetical statement that according to the Swadesh list, "If the Zuni language is a member of the Penutian language family, then it is a distant relative of the Tanoan languages (Tewi)." A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or genetic) relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language. ... The Penutian is a phylum (or stock) of language families that include many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in Washington, Oregon, and California. ... A Swadesh list is a prescribed list of basic vocabulary developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1940-50s, which is used in glottochronology (lexicostatistical dating). ... Pre-contact distribution of the Tanoan languages Tanoan is a major linguistic grouping of Pueblo Indians. ...

The Penutian Hypothesis was advanced by Alfred Kroeber and Roland B. Dixon and later refined by Edward Sapir, and was an attempt to reduce the number of unrelated language families in a culturally diverse area that was centered in California's central coast. While this theory was plausible for some of the languages, the problem of verification of this theory was that to find any evidence of any cognates between the California languages and Zuni, one would possibly have to trace the languages' lineage by as much as 3000-5000 years or more. The Penutian is a phylum (or stock) of language families that include many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in Washington, Oregon, and California. ... Alfred Louis Kroeber Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11, 1876–October 5, 1960) was one of the most influential figures in American anthropology in the first half of the twentieth century. ... Edward Sapir. ... It has been suggested that Califas be merged into this article or section. ... Cognates are words that have a common origin. ...

Dell Hymes offers information on California languages where one can form a comparative of certain Zuni words to the languages of California, e.g.Wintu, Maidu, Miwok, and may have relevance to studies of the Pueblo Peoples, the Pecos Classification, and the Hohokam. In a speculative work The Zuni Enigma, Nancy Yaw Davis offers a controversial comparative of cognates between the Zuni language and another language isolate, the Japanese language. Dell Hymes (born 1927 in Portland, Oregon) is a sociolinguist, anthropologist, and folklorist whose work has dealt primarily with languagues of the Pacific Northwest. ... The Wintu were Native Americans who lived in what is now Northern California, they are part of a group of associated groups of Native Americans known collectively as the Wintuan or Wintun. ... The Maidu are a group of Native Americans who lived in Northern California. ... Miwok—also spelled Miwuk or Me-Wuk—refers to native Californians who lived in what is now Northern California. ... The Zia symbol is on the New Mexico state flag. ... The Pecos Classification is a division of all of known Ancient Pueblo Peoples culture into chronological phases, based on changes in architecture, art, pottery, and cultural remains. ... Hohokam is the name applied to one of the four major prehistoric archaeological traditions of the American Southwest. ... Japanese (日本語,  ) is a language spoken by over 130 million people, mainly in Japan, but also by Japanese emigrant communities around the world. ...

Zuni world view

A bibliography of books and articles concerning the Zuni language lists items dealing with syntax and semantics, as does Zuni Curtis D. Cook's article and the work of Stanley Newman. Others, such as Ruth Bunzel's Pueblo Pottery and M. Jane Young's book on Rock Art, are important in the study of pragmatics and the Zuni World View as it is reflected in the Zuni language. The Zuni worldview may properly be considered as a study in orthology. The form and function of design images and pictographic rock art images and their interpretation according to Zuni mythology or cosmology sufficed as a form of communication prior to the appearance of a written language. For other uses, see Syntax (disambiguation). ... In the main, semantics (from the Greek and in greek letters σημαντικός or in latin letters semantikós, or significant meaning, derived from sema, sign) is the study of meaning, in some sense of that term. ... Stanley Newman is a U.S. puzzle creator, editor, and publisher. ... Pragmatics is generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how context influences the interpretation of meanings. ... Orthoepeia means the correct use of words, from the Greek orth- + -epos, correct + word, speech. ... Petroglyphs on Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA Petroglyphs are images incised in rock, usually by prehistoric, especially Neolithic, peoples. ... The Zuni are a Pueblo people located in the southwest of the United States. ... // Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) order + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanitys place in it. ...

Also important are the books on and by Frank Hamilton Cushing. He was the first anthropologist to undertake studies by means of the method of participant observation, and became a member of the Zuni's Priesthood of the Bow during his tenure at the Pueblo from 1879-1884. Of special interest in regard to the Zuni language is his correspondences edited by Jesse Green, and their relevance to the Zuni language as it reflects their worldview. Frank Hamilton Cushing July 22, 1857- April 10, 1900 was born in Northeastern Pennsylvania, later moving with his family to western New York. ... Participant observation is a major research strategy which aims to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, or deviant group) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their natural environment. ... Publicity photo from jessegreen. ... A world view, also spelled as worldview is a term calqued from the German word Weltanschauung (look onto the world). The German word is also in wide use in English, as well as the translated form world outlook. ...

Sounds

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. ... Phonetic (pho-NET-ic) is a nationwide voicemail-to-text messaging service available for most digital mobile phones in which a subscriber is provided a custom voice mailbox for the purpose of receiving all incoming voice messages as actual transcribed text for reading via short messaging (also known as SMS... Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... This is a concise version of the International Phonetic Alphabet for English sounds. ...

Consonants

The 16 consonants of Zuni:

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. ... Alveolars are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the internal side of the upper gums (known as the alveoles of the upper teeth). ... Postalveolar (or palato-alveolar) consonants are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue between the alveolar ridge (the place of articulation for alveolar consonants) and the palate (the place of articulation for palatal consonants). ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... The vocal cords, also known as vocal folds, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the human larynx. ... A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... An affricate is a consonant that begins like a stop (most often an alveovelar, such as [t] or [d]) and that doesnt have a release of its own, but opens directly into a fricative (or, in one language, into a trill). ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants. ...

Vowels

Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... A central vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. ... The open-mid vowels make a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages. ... An open vowel is a vowel sound of a type used in most spoken languages. ...

References

• Bunzel, Ruth L. The Pueblo Potter: A Study of Creative Imagination in Primitive Art. New York: Dover, 1929, ISBN 0-486-22875-4
• Bunzel, Ruth L. Introduction to Zuni Ceremonialism. Introduction by Nancy Pareto. University of New Mexico Press, 1992, ISBN 0-8263-1376-0
• Bunzel, Ruth L. Zuni Texts. Publications of the American Ethnological Society, 15. New York: G.E. Steckert & Co., 1933, ISBN 0-404-58165-X
• Condie, Carol. "Problems of a Chomskyan Analysis of Zuni Transitivity". International Journal of American Linguistics. 39: 207-223, 1973.
• Cook, Curtis D. "Nucleus and Margin of Zuni Clause Types." Linguistics. 13: 5-37, 1975.
• Cushing, Frank Hamilton. My Adventures in Zuni, Pamphlet, ISBN 1-121-39551-1
• Cushing, Frank Hamilton. Outlines of Zuni Creation Myths, AMS Press; Reprint edition (June 1, 1996), ISBN 0-404-11834-8
• Cushing, Frank Hamilton. Zuni Breadstuff (Indian Notes and Monographs V.8), AMS Press, 1975, 673 pages, ISBN 0-404-11835-6
• Cushing, Frank Hamilton. Zuni Fetishes Facsimile, pamphlet, ISBN 1-125-28500-1
• Davis, Nancy Yaw. The Zuni Enigma. Norton, 2000, ISBN 0-393-04788-1
• Dutton, Bertha P. American Indians of the Southwest. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983.
• Green, Jesse, ed. Zuni: Selected Writings of Frank Hamilton Cushing. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1979, ISBN 0-8032-7007-0
• Green, Jesse. Cushing at Zuni: The Correspondence and Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing, 1879-1884. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8263-1172-5
• Hickerson, Nancy P. "Two Studies of Color: Implications for Cross-Cultural Comparability of Semantic Categories". In Linguistics and Anthropology: In honor of C.F. Voegelin. Pp. 317-330. Ed. By M. Dale Kinkade, Kenneth Hale, and Oswald Werner. The Peter De Ridder Press, 1975.
• Hieb, Louis A. "Meaning and Mismeaning: Toward an Understanding of the Ritual Clowns". New Perspectives on the Pueblos. Ed. by Alfonso Ortiz. Pp. 163-195. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1972, reprint 1984, ISBN 0-8263-0387-0
• Hymes, Dell H. "Some Penutian Elements and the Penutian Hypothesis". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 13:69-87, 1957.
• Kroeber, Alfred L. Zuni Kin and Clan. AMS Press (June 1, 1984), ISBN 0-404-15618-5
• Miner, Kenneth L. "Noun Stripping and Loose Incorporation in Zuni". International Journal of American Linguistics. 52: 242-254, 1986.
• Mithun, Marianne (ed.). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
• Newman, Stanley. "Vocabulary Levels: Zuni Sacred and Slang Usage." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 11: 345-354, 1955.
• Newman, Stanley. Zuni Dictionary. Indiana University Research Center Publication Six. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1958.
• Newman, Stanley. "The Zuni Verb 'To Be'". Foundations of Language, Supplemental Series. Vol.1. Ed. by John W. Verhaar, The Humanities Press, 1967.
• Newman, Stanley. "Sketch of the Zuni Language". In Ives Goddard (ed.) Handbook of North-American Indians Volume 17, Languages, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1996.
• Ortiz, Alfonso, ed. "Zuni". Handbook of North American Indians, Southwest. Vol.9. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1979.
• Smith, Watson and John Roberts. Zuni Law: A Field of Values. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 43. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum, 1954, ISBN 0-527-01312-9
• Walker, Willard. "Inflection and Taxonomic Structure in Zuni". International Journal of American Linguistics. 32(3): 217-227, 1966.
• Walker Willard. "Toward a Sound Pattern of the Zuni". International Journal of American Linguistics. 38(4):240-259, 1968.
• Young, M. Jane. Signs from the Ancestors:Zuni Cultural Symbolism and Perceptions in Rock Art. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8263-1203-9

External links

• Ethnologue report for Zuni
• Zuni World View "Linguistic and Ontological Implications of the Conceptual Presuppositions of the Zuni Worldview", HTML and PDF.
• Zuni Enigma (Listen in RealAudio…) Did a group of thirteenth century Japanese pilgrims come to the American Southwest and merge with the people of Zuni? Guests include Nancy Yaw Davis, author of "The Zuni Enigma" and members of the Zuni Nation, Hayes Lewis, Arden Kucate, and Malcolm Bowekety.