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Arabs العرب
Total population
approx. 300 to 340 million Image File history File links Information. ...
Regions with significant populations
Estimates may encompass genealogically Arab and/or Arabized peoples without implying proportions for either  Egypt 77,498,000  Sudan 36,992,490  Morocco 33,241,259  Algeria 33,190,000  Saudi Arabia 27,601,038  Iraq 27,000,000  Yemen 21,200,000  Syria 19,314,747  Brazil[1] 12,000,000  Somalia 10,700,000  Tunisia 10,000,000  Iran (Ahwaz) 9,000,000  Jordan 5,924,000  Libya 5,670,688  United Arab Emirates 4,496,000  Eritrea (35%) 4,401,000  Lebanon 3,925,502  Oman 3,204,800  Kuwait 3,100,000  Mauritania 3,069,000  Israel 1,400,000  Qatar 841,000  Djibouti 793,000  Bahrain 698,585
Languages
Arabic other minority languages
Religions
Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism
Footnotes
a Mainly in Antakya. b Mainly in France. c Majority in Khūzestān Province; minorities in Bushehr province, Hormuzgan province and North Khurasan province.

An Arab (Arabic: عربي) is a member of a complexly defined ethnic group who identifies as such on the basis of one or all of either geneaological, political, or linguistic grounds. Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sudan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Morocco. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Algeria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Yemen. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Brazil. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Somalia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tunisia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Libya. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Eritrea. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lebanon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Oman. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kuwait. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mauritania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Qatar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Djibouti. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bahrain. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Greek Orthodox Church can refer to: the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople, who is also the first among equals of the Eastern Orthodox Communion. ... The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... For the Alaouite dynasty of Morocco see:Alaouite Dynasty, for the former state now in Yemen see: Alawi (sheikhdom) The Alawi, also known as Alawites, Nusayris or Ansaris, are a Middle Eastern sect of Shia Islam[1][2] prominent in Syria The terms AlawÄ« and Alevi, although they share... This article needs cleanup. ... Al-Ibāḍiyyah (Arabic الاباضية) is a form of Islam distinct from the Shiite and Sunni denominations. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Antakya (Antiokheia, Antakiya, ), located on the eastern side (left bank) of the Orontes River (in Turkish: Asi Nehri) about 20 miles from the sea, is the seat of Hatay Province, Turkey. ... Domes like this are quite common in Khuzestan province. ... Bushehr is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. ... Hormozgān is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. ... North Khorasan (in Persian: خراسان شمالی) is a province located in northeastern Iran. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... // Computer programming In object-oriented programming, object identity is a mechanism for distinguishing different objects from each other. ... Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ...

The Arabic language and culture began to spread in the Middle East in the 2nd century with genealogically Arab Christians such as the Ghassanids, Lakhmids, and Banu Judham, and even earlier Arab Jewish tribes. Widespread proliferation of Arab language, culture and identity in the Middle East and North Africa, however, did not begin until after the advent of Islam in the 7th century and the ensuing Arab Muslim expansion. The early conquests of successive Islamic Arab empires resulted in the Arabization and cultural assimilation of the region's other indigenous Semitic and non-Semitic peoples of non-Arabian origin, often but not always together with their Islamization. With time, the label Arab expanded beyond a pure geneaological definition to come to be associated with Arabized populations of countries in North Africa and the Middle East. This latter expanded definition is contested by many it would encompass, regardless of religious heritage, including Muslims. Islamized, but non-Arabized peoples form part of the Muslim World, and not the traditionally secular Arab World. Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The 2nd century is the period from 101 - 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Arab Christians are people who are ethnically Arab or culturally and linguistically Arabized and who follow the religion of Christianity. ... language|Arabic]]:الغساسنة) were [[Arab Christian|Arab it is assumed that the Ghassanids adopted the religion of Christianity from the native Aramaeans and Romans. ... The Lakhmids (Arabic: ) less commonly Muntherids (Arabic: ) were a group of Arab Christians who lived in Southern Iraq, and made al-Hirah which was a fabulous city with many castles and bath-houses and Palm gardens their capital in (266). ... The Banu Judham is a Yemeni tribe that emigrated to Syria and Iraq and dwelled with the Azd and Hamdan Kahlani tribes. ... The Arab Jewish tribes are the ethnically Arab tribes professing the Jewish faith that inhabited the Arabian Peninsula before and during the advent of Islam. ... North Africa is the Mediterranean, northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Muslim history began in Arabia with Muhammads first recitations of the Quran in the 7th century. ... Age of the Caliphs The initial Muslim conquests (632–732), also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab conquests,[1] began after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. ... Muslim history began in Arabia with Muhammads first recitations of the Quran in the 7th century. ... Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ... Cultural assimilation (often called merely assimilation) is an intense process of consistent integration whereby members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants, or other minority groups, are absorbed into an established, generally larger community. ... Islamization (also spelt Islamisation, see spelling differences) or Islamification means the process of a societys conversion to the religion of Islam, or a neologism meaning an increase in observance by an already Muslim society. ... Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ... Nations with a Muslim majority appear in green, while nations that are approximately 50% Muslim appear yellow. ... Map of Arab League states in dark green with non-Arab areas in light green and Mauritania, Somalia and Djibouti in striped green due to their Arab League membership but non-Arab population. ...

Defining who is an Arab

Further information: Etymology of the word Arab

Arabness is defined independent of religious identity. It pre-dates the rise of Islam, with historically attested Arab Christian kingdoms and Arab Jewish tribes. The earliest documented use of the word "Arab" as defining a group of people dates from the 9th century BC.[2] The proper name Arab or Arabian (and cognates in other languages) has been used to translate several different but similar sounding words in ancient and classical texts which do not necessarily have the same meaning or origin. ... Various Religious symbols, including (first row) Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Bahai, (second row) Islamic, tribal, Taoist, Shinto (third row) Buddhist, Sikh, Hindu, Jain, (fourth row) Ayyavazhi, Triple Goddess, Maltese cross, pre-Christian Slavonic Religion is the adherence to codified beliefs and rituals that generally involve a faith in a spiritual... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Arab Jewish tribes are the ethnically Arab tribes professing the Jewish faith that inhabited the Arabian Peninsula before and during the advent of Islam. ... (10th century BC - 9th century BC - 8th century BC - other centuries) (900s BC - 890s BC - 880s BC - 870s BC - 860s BC - 850s BC - 840s BC - 830s BC - 820s BC - 810s BC - 800s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Kingdom of Kush (900 BC...

In the modern era, defining who is an Arab is done on the grounds of one or more of the following three criteria:

• Genealogical: someone who can trace his or her ancestry to the tribes of Arabia - the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula - and the Syrian Desert. This definition covers fewer self-identified Arabs than not, and was the definition used in medieval times, for example by Ibn Khaldun.
• Linguistic: someone whose first language, and by extension cultural expression, is Arabic, including any of its varieties. This definition covers more than 250 million people. Certain groups that fulfill this criteria reject this definition on the basis of genealogy.
• Political: in the modern nationalist era, someone who is a citizen of a country where Arabic is one of the official languages or the national language, or a member of the Arab League. This definition would cover more than 300 million people. Certain groups that fulfill this criteria may also reject this definition. It is also rather simplistic in that it excludes the entire Arab diaspora, but would include non-Arab identified indigenous ethnic minorities which may or mat not be Arabic-speaking, monolignually or otherwise.

The relative importance of these three factors is estimated differently by different groups and frequently disputed. Some combine aspects of each definition, as done by Habib Hassan Touma,^[2] who defines an Arab "in the modern sense of the word", as "one who is a national of an Arab state, has command of the Arabic language, and possesses a fundamental knowledge of Arabian tradition, that is, of the manners, customs, and political and social systems of the culture." Most people who consider themselves Arab do so based on the overlap of the political and linguistic definitions. Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... Arabs are a semitic race. ... The Arabian Peninsula Emirets towers in United Arab Emirates; the eastern part of Arabian Penisula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... The Syrian Desert is a combination of steppe and true desert that is located in parts of the nations of Syria, Jordan, and Iraq. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... Ibn KhaldÅ«n or Ibn Khaldoun (full name Arabic: , ) (May 27, 1332/732AH – March 19, 1406/808AH), was a famous Arab Muslim historian, historiographer, demographer, economist, philosopher and sociologist born in present-day Tunisia. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... “Native Language” redirects here. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... The Arabic language is classified as a Semitic language. ... Political geography is a field of human geography that is concerned with politics. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The word citizen may refer to: A person with a citizenship Citizen Watch Co. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... An official language is a language that is given a unique status in the constitutions of countries, states, and other territories. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Largest cities Alexandria, Baghdad, Cairo, Casablanca, Damascus, Khartoum Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders  -  Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001)  -  Council of the Arab League Sudan  -  Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment  -  Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945  Area  -  Total 13... Arab diaspora refers to the numbers of Arab immigrants, and their descendants, who voluntarily or as refugees emigrated from their native countries and now reside in non-Arab nations, primarily in Western countries as well as parts of Asia, Latin America and West Africa, particularly in the Ivory Coast (home... This article is about the concept of a minority. ... Habib Hassan Touma (December 12, 1934 - 1998) was a Palestinian composer and ethnomusicologist. ...

Syrian Bedouin with family, 1893.

Some groups who meet some of these criteria, however, still do not identify as Arab due to genealogy or traditional pre-Arab ethnic identity, or more recently, nationality. In particular, the native people of North Africa, the Berbers and the Egyptians, in addition to being genealogically non-Arab, were also not traditionally Semitic-speaking peoples until the introduction and generalised shift to monolignual Arabic usuage. The Berber languages and Egyptian languages (not to be confused with Egyptian Arabic), however, are two language branches that along with Semitic languages (such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew), Chadic languages and Cushitic languages come together to form the Afro-Asiatic language family. Thus, North Africans, especially those who still use their indigenous non-Semtic languages, such as the Berber language, more strongly identify as non-Arab. In the case of Berber speakers, they would identify as Berbers, and many Egyptians, whether Muslim or Coptic, identify only as Egyptians, that is, descendants of the ancient Egyptians.^[3] Among the Lebanese, many would also reject the label Arab in favor of a more narrowly defined Phoenician-based Lebanese identity, including most predominantly Lebanese Christians (Maronites), but also some Lebanese Muslims. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 749 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1249 × 1000 pixel, file size: 251 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Syrian Bedouin, Khalil Sarkees, with family at the Worlds Columbian Exposition, 1893. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 749 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1249 × 1000 pixel, file size: 251 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Syrian Bedouin, Khalil Sarkees, with family at the Worlds Columbian Exposition, 1893. ... A Bedouin man on a hillside at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic ( ), a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic pastoralist groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... North Africa is the Mediterranean, northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... The Berbers (also called Imazighen, free men, singular Amazigh) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group indigenous to the Maghreb, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family. ... 14th century BCE diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ... The language of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and their modern descendant, the Coptic language is classifed under this category. ... Egyptian Arabic (MarÄ« مصري) is part of the Arabic macrolanguage of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ... 14th century BCE diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ... The word Hebrew most likely means to cross over, referring to the Semitic people crossing over the Euphrates River. ... The Chadic languages are a language family spoken across northern Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic and Cameroon, belonging to the Afro-Asiatic phylum. ... The Cushitic languages are a subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic languages, named after the Biblical figure Cush by analogy with Semitic. ... The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family (Languages of Africa) with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ... Afro-Asiatic - Berber The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. ... The Berbers (also called Amazigh, free men, pl. ... Religions Coptic Orthodox Christianity, Coptic Catholicism, Protestantism Scriptures Bible Languages Mari, Coptic, Arabic, English, French, German A Copt (Coptic: , literally: Egyptian Christian) is a native Egyptian Christian. ... Map of Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was the civilization of the Nile Valley between about 3000 BC and the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation it is the quintessential example of an hydraulic empire. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Maronites (Marunoye ܡܪܘܢܝܶܐ in Syriac, Mawarinah in Arabic) are members of one of the Eastern Rites of the Catholic church. ...

Few people consider themselves Arab based on the political definition without the linguistic one; thus few Kurds and Berbers identify as Arab. But some do, for instance some Berbers also consider themselves Arab (v. e.g. Gellner, Ernest and Micaud, Charles, Eds. Arabs and Berbers: from tribe to nation in North Africa. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1972). Some ethnic and religious Arabic-speaking minorities within the Middle East and North Africa, such as the Copts,^[4] and the Maronites ^[5][6][7][8], are not likely to self-identify as Arabs and capitalize on their pre-Arab identities. Thus groups using a non-Arabic liturgical language are especially likely to consider themselves non-Arab. Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... The Berbers (also called Amazigh, free men, pl. ... The word Copt signifies the natives of Egypt as a nationality, and in popular common culture in Egypt it is used to specifically signify Christian Egyptians, although its use to mean Egyptian is not unwitnessed. ... Maronites (Marunoye ܡܪܘܢܝܶܐ in Syriac, Mawarinah in Arabic) are members of one of the Eastern Rites of the Catholic church. ... A sacred language is a language, frequently a dead language, that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life. ...

The Arab League at its formation in 1946 defined Arab as "a person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arabic speaking country, who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arabic speaking peoples"^[9]. Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Largest cities Alexandria, Baghdad, Cairo, Casablanca, Damascus, Khartoum Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders  -  Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001)  -  Council of the Arab League Sudan  -  Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment  -  Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945  Area  -  Total 13... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The relation of ʿarab and ʾaʿrāb is complicated further by the notion of "lost Arabs" al-ʿArab al-ba'ida mentioned in the Qur'an as punished for their disbelief. All contemporary Arabs were considered as descended from two ancestors, Qahtan and Adnan. Qahtan was related to the "lost Arabs", and the Southern Arabs were identified as of his lineage, regarded as the "real Arabs", al-ʿArab al-ʿariba. The Northern Arabs, including the tribes of Makkah, were considered the descendants of Adnan, in Islamic tradition traced back to Ismail son of Abraham, said to have been Arabized later. Qahtanite refers to al Arab al Aribah or the aboriginal Arabs. ... Adnan (Arabic: عدنان ) is the traditional ancestor of the Adnani (Arabized Arabs) of northern Arabia, as opposed to the Qahtani of Southern Arabia who descend from Qahtan. ... South Arabian is a technical designation within Semitic linguistics for one of two main branches of South Semitic. ... Ismail may refer to: Ishmael, son of Abraham, mentioned in both the Torah and the Quran Izmail, a town in Ukraine This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... An angel prevents the sacrifice of Isaac. ...

Versteegh (1997) is uncertain whether to ascribe this distinction to the memory of a real difference of origin of the two groups, but it is certain that the difference was strongly felt in early Islamic times. Even in Islamic Spain there was enmity between the Qays of the northern and the Kalb of the southern group. The so-called Himyarite language described by Al-Hamdani (died 946) appears to be a special case of language contact between the two groups, an originally north Arabic dialect spoken in the south, and influenced by Old South Arabic. Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... The Himyarite language was a Semitic tongue spoken in the south-western Arabian peninsula until the the 10th century. ... Mohammed al-Hassan al-Hamdani (* 900; † 945) was one of the most important medieval scholars of Yemen. ... Events Eadred I succeeds his brother as king of England End of the reign of Emperor Suzaku of Japan Emperor Murakami ascends the throne of Japan Births Deaths May 26 - King Edmund I of England Abu-Bakr Muhammad ben Yahya as-Suli Categories: 946 ... Old South Arabic is the term used for four closely related languages spoken in the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula. ...

During the Muslim conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries, the Arabs forged an Arab Empire (under the Rashidun and Umayyads, and later the Abbasids) whose borders touched southern France in the west, China in the east, Asia Minor in the north, and the Sudan in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history. In much of this area, the Arabs spread Islam and the Arabic language (the language of the Qur'an) through conversion and cultural assimilation. Many groups became known as "Arabs" through this process of Arabization rather than through descent. Thus, over time, the term Arab came to carry a broader meaning than the original ethnic term: cultural Arab vs. ethnic Arab. Some native people in Sudan, Morocco and Algeria (Berbers) and in other regions became Arabized.^{[citation needed]} Age of the Caliphs The initial Muslim conquests (632–732), also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab conquests,[1] began after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. ... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... The Arab Empire at its greatest extent The Arab Empire usually refers to the following Caliphates: Rashidun Caliphate (632 - 661) Umayyad Caliphate (661 - 750) - Successor of the Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Emirate in Islamic Spain (750 - 929) Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in Islamic Spain (929 - 1031) Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258... The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( transliteration: ) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the rightly guided Caliphs. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Abbasid Caliphate (Abbasid Khalifat) and contemporary states and empires in 820. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to... This is an alphabetical list of empires that stretched far beyond their geographical and cultural limits to govern other parts of the world. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... In general, conversion is the transformation of one thing into another. ... Cultural assimilation (often called merely assimilation) is an intense process of consistent integration whereby members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants, or other minority groups, are absorbed into an established, generally larger community. ... Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ... The Berbers (also called Amazigh, free men, pl. ...

Arab nationalism declares that Arabs are united in a shared history, culture and language. Arab nationalists believe that Arab identity encompasses more than outward physical characteristics, race or religion. A related ideology, Pan-Arabism, calls for all Arab lands to be united as one state. Arab nationalism has often competed for existence with regional and ethnic nationalisms in the Middle East, such as Lebanese and Egyptian. Arab nationalism refers to a common nationalist ideology in wider Arab world. ... For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ... A state is a political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. ...

Arabs of Central Asia

Arabs of Central Asia are fully assimilated with local, and call themselves the same as local (e.g. Kazakhs, Uzbeks).^{[citation needed]} In order to notice their arabian orign they have a specail term khozha/qoja.^{[citation needed]} Languages Kazakh (and/or languages in country of residence) Religions Sunni Islam Related ethnic groups Kipchak and other Turk peoples, ancient Indo-Iranian tribes, Mongols The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар []; Russian: Казахи; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turk people of the northern parts of Central...

Origins & History

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please discuss this issue on the talk page or replace this tag with a more specific message. This article has been tagged since July 2007.

Arab woman wearing traditional dress in 1915

Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Ancient origins

Based on the Torah, Bible, and Qur'an, Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula are descendants of Ismail, son of Abraham. Keeping the surname is an important part of Arabic culture as some lineages can be traced far back to ancient times. Some Arabs claim they can trace their lineage back to Noah and Adam. In addition to Adam, Noah, and Shem, some of the first known Arabs are those who came from Petra, the Nabataean capital. “Tora” redirects here. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The Arabian Peninsula Emirets towers in United Arab Emirates; the eastern part of Arabian Penisula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... A family name, or surname, is that part of a persons name that indicates to what family he or she belongs. ... Petra (from petra, rock in Greek; Arabic: البتراء, Al-Butrā) is an archaeological site in Jordan, lying in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. ... Petra, the Nabataean capital The Nabataeans, a people of ancient Arabia, whose settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the border-land between Syria and Arabia from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. ...

Other Arabs are known as Arabized-Arabs, including those who came from parts of Mesopotamia, the Levant, lands of the Berbers and the Moors, the Sudan, and other African Arabs.^[10] Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ... Mesopotamia refers to the region now occupied by modern Iraq, and parts of eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and southwest Iran. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: /ləvænt/) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... The Berbers (also called Amazigh, free men, pl. ... The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of the western Mediterranean and western Sahara, including: al-Maghrib (the coastal and mountain lands of present day Morocco and Algeria, and Tunisia although Tunisia often is separately called Ifriqiya after the former Roman province of Africa); al-Andalus (the former Islamic sovereign...

Arab origin is divided into two major groups:

1. al-ʻĀriba (العاربة) "Pure origin", or Qahtani Semites who are traditionally considered direct descendants of Noah through his son Shem and his sons Aram and Arfakhshaath. Famous noble Qahtanite families can be recognised in modern days by their surnames. Arab genealogies usually ascribe the origins of the Qahtanites to the south Arabians who built up one of the oldest centres of civilisation in the Near East beginning around 800 BC. These groups did not speak a predecessor of Arabic but South Semitic languages such as Sabaic, Minaic, Qatabanic, and Hadramitic.^[11] Qahtanites take pride in their pure Semitic lineage and maintained the old Aramiac Script until the rise of Islam. But spoken Qahtani south Arabic was very close to the Adnani north Arabic. Many north Arabic tribes, such as the Ghassanids, claimed Qahtani lineage.
2. al-Mustaʻribah (المستعربة) "Arabized Arabs". This term can refer to:
   1. Adnanites, Arabs traditionally considered descendants of Abraham through his son Ishmael and his son Adnan. The are believed to have settled in Makkah when Abraham took his Egyptian wife Heather (or Hajar) and their son Ishmael there. Ishmael was raised by his mother Hagar and the noble Arab tribe "Jurhom" who left Yemen and settled in Makkah after the drought in Yemen. Ishmael spoke fluent Arabic. It is believed that the prophet of Islam, Mohammad, descended from an Adnanite tribe of "Qureish". Famous noble Adnanite families include Alanazi, Altamimi, Almaleek, Bani Khaled, Bani Kolab, and Bani Hashim. Adnani Arabs spoke a similar dialect to Qahatani Arabic, but later started using the unique Nabatean script that evolved into modern Arabic script.
   2. Arabs who spoke other Afro-Asiatic languages^{[citation needed]}. Today they speak Arabic and are regarded as Arabs.
   3. "Mixed Arabs", between "Pure Arabs" and the Arabs from south Arabia.

Qahtanite (Arabic: قحطان; transliterated: Qahtan) (English: Joktan) refers to al Arab al Aribah or the aboriginal Arabs the who inhabited Yemen. ... Noahs Ark, Französischer Meister (The French Master), Magyar Szépművészeti Múzeum, Budapest. ... Shem (שֵׁם renown; prosperity; name, Standard Hebrew Å em, Tiberian Hebrew Å Ä“m; Greek Σημ, SÄ“m; ) was one of the sons of Noah in the Bible who adhered to the Noahide Laws. ... The term Aram can refer to: Aram (אֲרָם or ), the son of Shem, according to the Table of nations of Genesis 10 in the Hebrew Bible. ... South Semitic is one of the three macro-classifications in Semitic linguistics, the other two being North Semitic (e. ... The Sabey language was a language and alphabet used in Ethiopia up until the 8th Century AD. The Sabay language was replaced by the Geez language and writing system. ... The Minaean language was an Old Arabic Language spoken in Yemen between 100 BC and 600 AD. http://linguistlist. ... Region close to Sayun in the Hadhramaut Valley An ancient sculpture of a griffon from the royal palace at shabwa, the capital city of Hadhramaut Hadhramaut, Hadhramout or Hadramawt (Arabic: ‎ []) is a historical region of the south Arabian Peninsula along the Gulf of Aden in the Arabian Sea, extending eastwards... For other uses, see Adnan (disambiguation). ... language|Arabic]]:الغساسنة) were [[Arab Christian|Arab it is assumed that the Ghassanids adopted the religion of Christianity from the native Aramaeans and Romans. ... Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ... An angel prevents the sacrifice of Isaac. ... Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness, by Karel Dujardin Ishmael (Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Tiberian ; Arabic: إسماعيل, Ismāīl) was Abrahams eldest son, born by his wifes handmaiden Hagar. ... Adnan (Arabic: عدنان ) is the traditional ancestor of the Adnani (Arabized Arabs) of northern Arabia, as opposed to the Qahtani of Southern Arabia who descend from Qahtan. ... Mecca or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukkaramah; Arabic مكة المكرمة) is revered as the holiest site of Islam, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go. ... Heather may be: In botany, the plant Calluna vulgaris, or, more loosely, various species of the closely related genera Erica and Cassiope, low evergreen shrubs (also called heaths). The term is also used to describe land which is vegetated with these plants; In apparel or textiles, interwoven yarns with a... Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness, by Karel Dujardin Ishmael (Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Tiberian ; Arabic: إسماعيل, Ismāīl) was Abrahams eldest son, born by his wifes handmaiden Hagar. ... Mecca or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukkaramah; Arabic مكة المكرمة) is revered as the holiest site of Islam, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go. ... For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... Banu Quraish was the dominant tribe of Mecca. ... The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family (Languages of Africa) with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ...

Pre-Sabaean Semitic Arabia

Al Khazneh, Petra (the Nabataean capital)

The first written attestation of the ethnonym "Arab" occurs in an Assyrian inscription of 853 BC, where Shalmaneser III lists a King Gindibu of mâtu arbâi (Arab land) among the people he defeated at the Battle of Qarqar. Some of the names given in these texts are Aramaic, others are the first attestations of proto-Arabic dialects. Assyrian records from the 9th century BC talk about Arabs, such as tribes led by queens, and show how they became increasingly important for escorting trading caravans or military expeditions in northern Arabia and Sinai. [3] The Treasury at Petra. ... The Treasury at Petra. ... Al Khazneh Al Khazneh (The Treasury) (Arabic: الخزنة) is one of the most elaborate buildings in the ancient city of Petra in Jordan. ... Petra (from petra, rock in Greek; Arabic: البتراء, Al-Butrā) is an archaeological site in Jordan, lying in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. ... Petra, the Nabataean capital The Nabataeans, a people of ancient Arabia, whose settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the border-land between Syria and Arabia from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. ... An Assyrian winged bull, or lamassu. ... Centuries: 10th century BC - 9th century BC - 8th century BC Decades: 900s BC 890s BC 880s BC 870s BC 860s BC - 850s BC - 840s BC 830s BC 820s BC 810s BC 800s BC Years: 859 BC 858 BC 857 BC 856 BC 855 BC 854 BC 853 BC 852 BC... Shalmaneser III (Å ulmānu-aÅ¡arÄ“du, the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent) was king of Assyria (859 BC-824 BC), and son of the previous ruler, Ashurnasirpal II. His long reign was a constant series of campaigns against the eastern tribes, the Babylonians, the nations of Mesopotamia and Syria... Gindibu was king of the Arab forces at the battle of Karkar (853 BC), fought against Assyria. ... Combatants Assyria An alliance of 12 Kings Commanders Shalmaneser III Hadadezer Strength Assyrian records claim 100,000 troops; modern scholars believe Assyrian forces were smaller 60,000 infantry, 2,450 chariots, 1,900 horsemen, 10,000 camel riders Kurkh stela of Shalmaneser that reports battle of Karkar The Battle of... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 The Sinai Peninsula (in Arabic, Shibh Jazirat Sina) is a triangle-shaped peninsula lying between the Mediterranean Sea (to the north) and Red Sea (to the south). ...

A modern study by Kamal Salibi connects Israel and the biblical events to Yemen instead of Palestine. The study relies on linguistic evidence from rural dialects in Yemen, and old village names that are similar to biblical names and outnumber those in the north. The study was considered biased because it was labeled Anti-Israeli.^{[citation needed]} Although it gives weak evidence against the Mesopotamian origin of Israelites, it confirms a traditionally accepted Qahtani general origin of Semites. [4] Kamal Suleiman Salibi (born Beirut, 1929) is the Director of Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies and Emeritus Professor at the Department of History and Archaeology at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon. ... The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi... Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, the movement for a homeland for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel. ... An Israelite is a member of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of the Biblical patriarch Jacob who was renamed Israel by God in the book of Genesis, 32:28 The Israelites were a group of Hebrews, as described in the Bible. ... Qahtanite (Arabic: قحطان; transliterated: Qahtan) (English: Joktan) refers to al Arab al Aribah or the aboriginal Arabs the who inhabited Yemen. ... Semitic is an adjective which in common parlance mistakenly refers specifically to Jewish things, while the term actually refers to things originating among speakers of Semitic languages or people descended from them, and in a linguistic context to the northeastern subfamily of Afro-Asiatic. ...

Pre-Arabic Near East

Early Semites built civilizations in Mesopotamia and Syria, but slowly lost their political domination of the Near East due to internal turmoil and constant attacks by new nomadic Semitic and non-Semitic groups. The Arameans, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Phoenicians, Amorites, Sabaeans amd Minaeans spoke closely related Semitic languages. These groups often overlapped and mixed racial lines, as did Indo-European groups. ^[12] Attacks climaxed with the arrival of the Medians to east Mesopotamia and the incorporation of the Neo Babylonians. Although the Semites lost political control, the Aramaic language remained the lingua Franca of Mesopotamia and Syria. Eventually, Aramiac lost its day-to-day use with the defeat of the Persians and the arrival of the Hellenic armies around 330BC. Both natio