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The Arch of Titus

This article deals with the main arch of Titus on the Via Sacra. For the one by the Circus Maximus, see Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus).

The Arch of Titus is a Pentelic marble triumphal arch with a single arched opening, located on the Via Sacra just to the south-east of the Forum in Rome. It was constructed by the emperor Domitian shortly after the death of his brother Titus (born AD 41, emperor 79-81), commemorating the capture and sack of Jerusalem in 70, which effectively terminated the Jewish War begun in 66 (although the Romans did not achieve complete victory until the fall of Masada in 73). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2816x2112, 1810 KB) The Arch of Titus, Rome. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2816x2112, 1810 KB) The Arch of Titus, Rome. ... For other uses, see Circus Maximus (disambiguation). ... The lesser-known Arch of Titus was a triple arch erected by the East end of the Circus Maximus by the Senate in 81 AD, in honour of Titus and his capture of Jerusalem in the First Jewish-Roman War. ... Pentéli or Pendeli, (Greek: Πεντέλη, ancient forms: Pentele, Pentelikon or Pentelicus, and Vrilissos or Vrilittos (Greek: Βριλησσός, Βριληττός), Mendeli in medieval times) is a tall mountain and mountain range situated northeast of Athens and southwest of Marathon. ... A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental archway, usually built to celebrate a victory in war. ... The Via Sacra (Latin: Sacred Road) is the main street of ancient Rome, leading from the top of the Capitoline Hill, through some of the most important religious sites of the Forum (where it is the widest street), to the Colosseum. ... This page refers to the main forum in the centre of Rome. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor of the gens Flavia. ... For other uses, see Titus (disambiguation). ... Events January 24 - Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula), known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards. ... This article is about the year 79. ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 0s BC - 0s - 10s - 20s - 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s Years: 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Events Domitian succeeds his brother Titus Flavius as emperor of the Roman Empire. ... The Destruction of Jerusalem (specifically, the Second Destruction of Jerusalem) was the culmination of the successful campaign of Titus Flavius against Judea after an unsuccessful attack four years prior by Cestius Gallus. ... This article is about the year 70. ... It has been proposed below that Great Jewish Revolt be renamed and moved to First Jewish-Roman War. ... This article is about the year 66. ... Combatants Jewish Sicarii Roman Empire Commanders Elazar ben Yair Lucius Flavius Silva Strength 960 15,000 Casualties 953 Unknown Masada (a romanisation of the Hebrew מצדה, Metzada, from מצודה, metzuda, fortress) is the name for a site of ancient palaces and fortifications in the South District of Israel on top of... This article is about the year 73. ...

The Arch of Titus has provided the general model for many of the triumphal arches erected since the 16th century. A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental archway, usually built to celebrate a victory in war. ...

Description

The Arch of Titus

The Arch of Titus is arranged in three bays with an ABA rhythm, the side bays perpendicular to the central axial arch. The corners are articulated with a massive order of engaged columns that stand on a high ashlar basement. The capitals are Corinthian, but with prominent volutes of the Ionic order projecting laterally above the acanthus foliage—the earliest example of the composite order. Above the main cornice rises a high weighty attic on which is a central tablet bearing the dedicatory inscription. The entablatures break forward over the columns and the wide central arch, and the profile of the column shafts transforms to square. Flanking the central arch, the side bays now each contain a shallow niche-like a blind aedicular window, a discreet early 19th century restoration. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (685x805, 120 KB) Arch of Titus Aut. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (685x805, 120 KB) Arch of Titus Aut. ... Engaged columns embedded in the side walls of the cella of the Maison Carrée at Nimes (right side of the image) In architecture, an engaged column is a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall, sometimes defined as semi or three-quarter... The Corinthian order as used for the portico of the Pantheon, Rome provided a prominent model for Renaissance and later architects, through the medium of engravings. ... A volute is a spiral scroll-like ornament such as that used on an Ionic capital. ... Architects first real look at the Greek Ionic order: Julien David LeRoy, Les ruines plus beaux des monuments de la Grèce Paris, 1758 (Plate XX) The Ionic order forms one of the three orders or organizational systems of classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the Doric and... The acanthus is an ornament in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders that depicts or resembles foliage of the acanthus plant. ... A capital of the Composite order The composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order with the leaves of the Corinthian order. ... Example of cornice laden roof line In classical architecture the cornice is the set of projecting moldings that crown an entablature. ...

Detail of the central soffit coffers

The soffit of the axial archway is deeply coffered with a relief of the apotheosis of Titus at the center. The sculptural program also includes two panel reliefs lining the passageway. Both commemorate the joint triumph celebrated by Titus and his father Vespasian in the summer of 71. One of the panels depicts the spoils taken from the Temple, while the other depicts Titus as triumphator attended by various genii and lictors. The sculpture of the outer faces of the two great piers was lost when the Arch of Titus was incorporated in medieval defensive walls. The attic of the arch was originally crowned by more statuary, perhaps of a quadriga pulled by elephants. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1152x864, 286 KB)Arch of Titus: Detail of the inner stonework design. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1152x864, 286 KB)Arch of Titus: Detail of the inner stonework design. ... Coffering on the ceiling of the Pantheon, Rome In architecture, a coffer is (plural: coffering) is a sunken panel in the shape of a square or octagon that serves as a decorative device, usually in a ceiling. ... Soffit (from French soffite, Italian soffitto, formed as a ceiling; from suffictus for suffixus, Latin suffigere, to fix underneath). ... Look up Apotheosis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A Roman Triumph was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly honour the military commander (dux) of a notably successful foreign war or campaign and to display the glories of Roman victory. ... Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (born November 17, 9, died June 23, 79), known originally as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and usually referred to in English as Vespasian, was emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s - 70s - 80s 90s 100s 110s 120s Years: 66 67 68 69 70 - 71 - 72 73 74 75 76 Events The Romans establish a fortress at York (Eboracum), as a base for their northern forces. ... The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Bet HaMikdash and meaning literally The Holy House) was located on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. ... The lictor, derived from the Latin ligare (to bind), was a member of a special class of Roman civil servant, with special tasks of attending magistrates of the Roman Republic and Empire who held imperium. ... In classical architecture, the term attic refers to a storey or low wall above the cornice of a classical façade. ... A quadriga (from the Latin language quadri-, four, and jungere, to yoke) is a four-horse chariot, raced in the Olympic Games and other sacred games, and represented in profile as the usual chariot of gods and heroes on Greek vases and bas-reliefs. ...

Based on the style of sculptural details, Domitian's favored architect Rabirius, sometimes credited with the Colosseum, may have executed the arch. Without contemporary documentation, however, attributions of Roman buildings on basis of style are considered shaky. Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor of the gens Flavia. ... The Colosseum by night: exterior view of the best-preserved section. ...

Inscription

The inscription

The inscription in Roman square capitals reads: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1124x256, 62 KB) en:: Description: Rome, Arch of Titus, Inscription SENATVS POPVLVSQVE·ROMANVS DIVO·TITO·DIVI·VESPASIANI·F[ILIO] VESPASIANO·AVGVSTO Author: Vincent Ramos, Foto taken himself, upload to French wikipedia 13. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1124x256, 62 KB) en:: Description: Rome, Arch of Titus, Inscription SENATVS POPVLVSQVE·ROMANVS DIVO·TITO·DIVI·VESPASIANI·F[ILIO] VESPASIANO·AVGVSTO Author: Vincent Ramos, Foto taken himself, upload to French wikipedia 13. ... The Arch of Titus, with an inscription in Roman square capitals Roman square capitals, also called elegant capitals and quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing, and the basis for modern capital letters. ...

SENATVS
POPVLVSQVE·ROMANVS
DIVO·TITO·DIVI·VESPASIANI·F(ILIO)
VESPASIANO·AVGVSTO

Which means "The Senate and People of Rome (dedicate this) to the divine Titus Vespasianus Augustus, son of the divine Vespasian." The inscription in the Arch of Titus Modern coat of arms of Rome Manhole cover in Rome with SPQR inscription SPQR is an initialism from a Latin phrase, Senatus Populusque Romanus (The Senate and the Roman people), referring to the government of the ancient Roman Republic, and used as an...

The opposite side of the Arch of Titus received new inscriptions after it was restored during the pontificate of Pope Pius VII by Giuseppe Valadier in 1821. The restoration was intentionally made in travertine to differentiate between the original and the restored portions. Pope Pius VII, OSB (August 14, 1742—August 20, 1823), born Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from March 14, 1800 to August 20, 1823. ... Giuseppe Valadier (April 14, 1762– February 1, 1839) was an Italian architect and designer, urban planner and archeologist, a chief exponent of Neoclassicism in Italy. ... Travertine Travertine terraces at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park A carving in travertine Travertine is a sedimentary rock. ...

The inscription reads:

Detail from the Arch of Titus showing spoils from the Sack of Jerusalem

INSIGNE · RELIGIONIS · ATQVE · ARTIS · MONVMENTVM
VETVSTATE · FATISCENS
PIVS · SEPTIMVS · PONTIFEX · MAX(IMVS)
NOVIS · OPERIBVS · PRISCVM · EXEMPLAR · IMITANTIBVS
FVLCIRI · SERVARIQVE · IVSSIT
ANNO · SACRI · PRINCIPATVS · EIVS · XXIIII sack of jerusalem on inside wall ot arch of titus in rome, italy This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... sack of jerusalem on inside wall ot arch of titus in rome, italy This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...

(This) monument, remarkable in terms of both religion and art,
had weakened from age:
Pius the Seventh, Supreme Pontiff,
by new works on the model of the ancient exemplar
ordered it reinforced and preserved.
• In the year of his sacred rulership the 24th •

History

The Frangipani family turned it into a fortified tower in the Middle Ages^[1] The family of the Frangipani, meaning Breadbreakers, was a powerful Roman patrician clan in the Middle Ages. ...

In a later era, Pope Paul IV made it the place of a yearly oath of submission, forced by the Pope on the Jews of the new Roman Ghetto^[2]. Pope Paul IV Paul IV, né Gianni Carafa (June 28, 1476 - August 18, 1559) was Pope from May 23, 1555. ... A loyalty oath is an oath of loyalty to an organization, institution, or state to which an individual is a member. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Pope (from Latin... The Roman Ghetto was located in the area surrounded by todays Via del Portico dOttavia, Lungotevere dei Cenci, Via del Progresso and Via di Santa Maria del Pianto close to the Tiber and the Theatre of Marcellus, in Rome, Italy. ...

The Arch in 1744, before restoration. Painting by Canaletto.

Country side of Porta Pia.

It was one of the first building sustaining a modern restoration, starting with Raffaello Stern in 1817 and continued by Valadier under Pius VII in 1821, with new capitals and with travertine masonry, distinguishable from the original. The restoration was a model for the country side of Porta Pia^[3][1]. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2536x3406, 739 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Arch of Titus ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2536x3406, 739 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Arch of Titus ... The Stonemasons Yard, painted 1726-30. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1288 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Arch of Titus Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1288 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Arch of Titus Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Giuseppe Valadier (April 14, 1762– February 1, 1839) was an Italian architect and designer, urban planner and archeologist, a chief exponent of Neoclassicism in Italy. ... Pius VII, né Giorgio Barnaba Luigi Chiaramonti, (August 14, 1740 - August 20, 1823) was Pope from March 14, 1800 to August 20, 1823. ... Travertine Travertine terraces at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park A carving in travertine Travertine is a sedimentary rock. ... The internal face of Porta Pia Porta Pia, new gate in the Aurelian Walls. ...

Due to the depiction of the destruction of Jerusalem and the desecration of the Temple, many Jews refuse to walk underneath the arch to this very day (though the passageway is generally closed to the public in any case). A notable exception occurred in 1948 at the founding of Israel, when a large contingent from the Roman Jewish community walked through the arch in the opposite direction from the original Ancient Roman triumphal march.^[4]

Coat of arms of Israel.

Willie Wind used the bas-relief of the arch as for its representation of the seven-branches chandelier from the Temple in Jerusalem in his proposal for the coat of arms of Israel . Image File history File links COA_of_Israel. ... Image File history File links COA_of_Israel. ... Willie Wolf Wind (1913-1995) was a graphic artist and graphic designer. ... A coin issued by Mattathias Antigonus, c. ... The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Bet HaMikdash and meaning literally The Holy House) was located on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. ... The coat of arms of Israel shows a menorah surrounded by an olive branch on each side, and the writing ישראל (Hebrew for Israel) below it. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b} A Let's Go City Guide: Rome, page 76, Vedran Lekić, 2004, ISBN 1-4050-3329-0.
2. ^ A Let's Go City Guide: Rome, page 104, Vedran Lekić
3. ^ The Buildings of Europe: Rome, page 33, Christopher Woodward, 1995, ISBN 0-7190-4032-9.
4. ^ [1]

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Arch of Titus

• Samuel Ball Platner, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome: Arch of Titus
• Arch of Titus History and photos