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Bipolar disorder, once known as manic-depression, is a psychiatric diagnosis referring to a mental health condition defined by periods of extreme, often inappropriate, and sometimes unpredictable mood states. Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ...
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On the Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and about 88-90% of the human population. ...
Bipolar can refer to: Bipolar (biology) Bipolar disorder Bipolar junction transistor (electronics) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Manic Depression may refer to: Bipolar disorder, a mental health diagnosis Manic Depression (song), written by Jimi Hendrix and covered by many Category: ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ...
eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ...
Bipolar individuals generally experience mania, hypomania or mixed states alternating with clinical depression and euthymic or normal range of mood over varied periods of time. There are many variations of this disorder. A person with bipolar disorder generally tends to experience more extreme states of mood than other people. Moods can change quickly (many times a day) or last for months. Bipolar individuals tend to have very 'black and white' thinking, where everything in life is either a positive aspect or a negative. Mood patterns of this nature are associated with distress and disruption, and a relatively high risk of suicide. Bipolar disorder is also associated with a variety of cognitive deficits, in particular, difficulty in organizing and planning. The disorder may also skew the ability to judge others' emotion, and alter sense of awareness. Bipolar individuals can be overly observant and analytical of their environment, and in some cases paranoid of others.[1] Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ...
Hypomania is a mood state characterized by persistent and pervasive elated or irritable mood, and thoughts and behaviors that are consistent with such a mood state. ...
In the context of mental illness, a mixed state (also known as dysphoric mania or agitated depression) is a condition during which symptoms of mania and depression occur simultaneously (e. ...
Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or sometimes unipolar when compared with bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ...
Euthymia is a word used for indicating a normal non-depressed, reasonably positive mood. ...
Suicide (from Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the willful act of killing oneself. ...
Paranoid redirects here. ...
Bipolar disorder is usually treated with medications and/or therapy or counselling.
As well as being linked to disability, studies have suggested a correlation between creativity and bipolar disorder, although it is unclear what the relationship is between the two.[2][3][4] Studies have also indicated increased striving for, and sometimes obtaining, goals and achievements more generally[5] Look up disability in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Look up Creativity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Aspects of bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder is commonly categorised as either Bipolar Type I, where an individual experiences full-blown mania, or Bipolar Type II, in which the hypomanic "highs" do not go to the extremes of mania. The latter is much more difficult to diagnose, since the hypomanic episodes may simply appear as a period of successful high productivity and is reported less frequently than a distressing depression. Psychosis can occur, particularly in manic periods. There are also 'rapid cycling' subtypes. Because there is so much variation in the severity and nature of mood-related problems, the concept of a bipolar spectrum is often employed, which includes cyclothymia. There is no consensus as to how many 'types' of bipolar disorder exist (Akiskal and Benazzi, 2006). Many people with bipolar disorder experience severe anxiety and are very irritable (to the point of rage) when in a manic state, while others are euphoric and grandiose. Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ...
For the classical mythological figures named Mania, see Mania (mythology). ...
Psychosis (not to be confused with psychopathy) is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state in which thought and perception are severely impaired. ...
The complete bipolar spectrum includes the a range of mood disorders, ranging from recurrent unipolar depression all the way to bipolar disorder with psychotic features (or schizobipolar disorder). ...
Cyclothymia is a chronic, but less extreme, form of bipolar disorder that consists of short periods of mild depression alternating with short periods of hypomania. ...
This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
Euphoria may refer to: A psychological state of intense good feeling, see happiness Euphoria, a pop/dance music act from the 1990s Euphoria, a psychedelic music group Euphoria, an album by Leftover Salmon Euphoria, an album by Def Leppard Euphoria programming language Euphoria, a movie directed by Brad Armstrong (Euphoria...
The Depressive Phase Signs and symptoms of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder include (but in no way are limited to): persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety, guilt, anger, isolation and/or hopelessness, disturbances in sleep and appetite, fatigue and loss of interest in usually enjoyed activities, problems concentrating, loneliness, self-loathing, apathy or indifference, depersonalization, loss of interest in sexual activity, shyness or social anxiety, irritability, chronic pain (with or without a known cause), lack of motivation, and morbid/suicidal ideation.[6] In everyday language depression refers to any downturn in mood, which may be relatively transitory and perhaps due to something trivial. ...
This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
This article may contain original research or unverified claims. ...
Isolation can refer to: Isolated point in topology (mathematics) Isolation (psychology), psychological phenomenon. ...
Sleep is the state of natural rest observed in most mammals, birds, fish, as well as invertebrates such as the fruitfly Drosophila. ...
The appetite is the desire to eat food, felt as hunger. ...
The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ...
Loneliness is an emotional state in which a person experiences a powerful feeling of emptiness and isolation. ...
This article or section includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
In humans, shyness is a feeling of insecurity or awkwardness that certain people experience while being among others, talking with others, asking favors of others, etc. ...
Social anxiety is an experience of fear, apprehension or worry regarding social situations and being evaluated by others. ...
Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. ...
Chronic pain was originally defined as pain that has lasted 6 months or longer. ...
Suicidal ideation is common medical term for the mere thoughts about and of plans of committing suicide, not the actual following through or act itself. ...
Mania -
People having a manic episode of mood can be elated, euphoric, irritated and/or suspicious. There will be an increase in physical and mental rate and quality. Increased energy and over-activity is common; speech can become racing. The need for sleep is reduced. Attention span is low and easily distracted. Unrealistic, grandiose or over optimistic ideas may be voiced or attempted. Social skills are impaired, and impractical ideas may lead to financial and relationship indiscretions. Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ...
Sleep is the state of natural rest observed in most mammals, birds, fish, as well as invertebrates such as the fruitfly Drosophila. ...
Hypomania -
Hypomania is generally a less destructive state than mania, and people in the hypomanic phase generally experience less of the symptoms of mania than those in a full-blown manic episode. The duration is usually also shorter than in mania. This is often a very 'artistic' state of the disorder, where there is a flight of ideas, extremely clever thinking, and an increase in energy. Hypomania is a mood state characterized by persistent and pervasive elated or irritable mood, and thoughts and behaviors that are consistent with such a mood state. ...
Mixed state -
In the context of bipolar disorder, a mixed state is a condition during which symptoms of mania and clinical depression occur simultaneously (for example, agitation, anxiety, aggressiveness or belligerence, confusion, fatigue, impulsiveness, insomnia, irritability, morbid and/or suicidal ideation, panic, paranoia, persecutory delusions, pressured speech, racing thoughts, restlessness, and rage).[7] In the context of mental illness, a mixed state (also known as dysphoric mania or agitated depression) is a condition during which symptoms of mania and depression occur simultaneously (e. ...
Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ...
Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or sometimes unipolar when compared with bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ...
This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...
This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ...
Insomnia is characterized by an inability to sleep and/or inability to remain asleep for a reasonable period. ...
Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. ...
Suicidal ideation is common medical term for the mere thoughts about and of plans of committing suicide, not the actual following through or act itself. ...
Panic is the primal urge to run and hide in the face of imminent disaster. ...
For other senses of this word, see paranoia (disambiguation). ...
Rage is a state of anger so extreme that one loses control of ones actions, and afterwards often regret what they did in this state. ...
Mixed episodes can be the most volatile of the bipolar states, as moods can easily and quickly be triggered or shifted. Suicide attempts, substance abuse, and self-mutilation may occur during this state.
Rapid cycling Rapid cycling, defined as having four or more episodes per year, is found in a significant fraction of patients with bipolar disorder. It has been associated with greater disability or a worse prognosis, due to the confusing changeability and difficulty in establishing a stable state. Rapid cycling can be induced or made worse by antidepressants.[8] A recent form of antidepressant medication - Prozac Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Venlafaxine An antidepressant, in the most common usage, is a medication taken to alleviate clinical depression or dysthymia (milder depression). ...
Cognition Numerous studies show that bipolar disorder involves certain cognitive deficits or impairments, even in states of remission.[9] Deborah Yurgelun-Todd of McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts has argued these deficits should be included as a core feature of bipolar disorder. According to McIntyre et al. (2006), "study results now press the point that neurocognitive deficits are a primary feature of BD; they are highly prevalent and persist in the absence of overt symptomatology. Although disparate neurocognitive abnormalities have been reported, disturbances in attention, visual memory, and executive function are most consistently reported."[10] Cognitive deficit is an inclusive term to describe any characteristic that acts as a barrier to cognitive performance. ...
Remission is the state of absence of disease activity in patients with known chronic illness. ...
McLean Hospital (pronounced Mc-Lane) is a psychiatric hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, USA. It is noted for its clinical staff expertise and ground-breaking neuroscience research. ...
Settled: 1636 – Incorporated: 1859 Zip Code(s): 02478 – Area Code(s): 617 / 857 Official website: http://www. ...
This article is about the U.S. State. ...
Visual memory is a part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. ...
The executive system is a theorised cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes. ...
Creativity -
A number of recent studies have observed a correlation between creativity and bipolar disorder,[2][3][4] although it is unclear in which direction the cause lies, or whether both conditions are caused by some third, unknown, factor. It has been hypothesized that temperament may be one such factor. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Suicide risk Although many people with bipolar disorder who attempt suicide never actually complete it, the annual average suicide rate in males and females with diagnosed bipolar disorder (0.4%) is 10 to more than 20 times that in the general population[11]
Individuals with bipolar disorder tend to become suicidal, especially during mixed states such as dysphoric mania and agitated depression.[citation needed] Persons suffering from Bipolar II have high rates of suicide compared to persons suffering from other mental illnesses, including Major Depression. Major Depressive episodes are part of the Bipolar II experience, and there is evidence that sufferers of this disorder spend proportionally much more of their life in the depressive phase of the illness than their counterparts with Bipolar I Disorder (Akiskal & Kessler, 2007). Suicide (from Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of willfully ending ones own life. ...
In the context of mental illness, a mixed state (also known as dysphoric mania or agitated depression) is a condition during which symptoms of mania and depression occur simultaneously (e. ...
Dysphoria is the opposite of euphoria. ...
Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ...
In the context of mental illness, a mixed state (also known as dysphoric mania, agitated depression, or a mixed episode) is a condition during which symptoms of mania and depression occur simultaneously (e. ...
Divorce rate According to Psychology Today,[12] the divorce rate for couples where at least one spouse is bipolar is 90%. For comparison purposes, the general divorce rate is commonly held to be about half as much (around 50%), implying that this illness causes substantial additional burdens on married life. Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ...
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria -
Flux is the fundamental nature of bipolar disorder. Both within and between individuals with the illness, energy, mood, thought, sleep, and activity are among the continually changing biological markers of the disorder. The diagnostic subtypes of bipolar disorder are thus static descriptions—snapshots, perhaps—of an illness in continual change, with a great diversity of symptoms and varying degrees of severity. Individuals may stay in one subtype, or change into another, over the course of their illness. The DSM V, to be published in 2011, will likely include further and more accurate sub-typing (Akiskal and Ghaemi, 2006). The current diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder is that Bipolar disorder is not one size fits all illness. ...
Flow is the mental state of operation in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing, characterized by a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and success in the process of the activity. ...
Mood may refer to: chese Grammatical mood Emotional mood This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ...
In medicine, a biomarker is an indicator of a particular disease state or a particular state of an organism. ...
Diagnosis (from the Greek words dia = by and gnosis = knowledge) is the process of identifying a disease by its signs, symptoms and results of various diagnostic procedures. ...
In computer science, a subtype states that if given type A is compatible with type B, then A is a subtype of B while not always vice versa. ...
2011 (MMXI) will be a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
There are currently four types of bipolar illness. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) details four categories of bipolar disorder, Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymia, and Bipolar Disorder NOS (Not Otherwise Specified). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association The poopDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States. ...
Manic depression, with its two principal sub-types, bipolar disorder and major depression, was first clinically described near the end of the 19th century by psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin, who published his account of the disease in his Textbook of Psychiatry. ...
Cyclothymia is a chronic, but less extreme, form of bipolar disorder that consists of short periods of mild depression alternating with short periods of hypomania. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
For a diagnosis of Bipolar I disorder according to the DSM-IV-TR, there requires one or more manic or mixed episodes. A depressive episode is not required for the diagnosis of Bipolar I disorder but it frequently occurs. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States and other countries. ...
Bipolar II, which occurs more frequently is usually characterized by at least one episode of hypomania and at least one depression. Hypomania is a mood state characterized by persistent and pervasive elated or irritable mood, and thoughts and behaviors that are consistent with such a mood state. ...
A diagnosis of Cyclothymic Disorder requires the presence of numerous hypomanic episodes, intermingled with depressive episodes that do not meet full criteria for major depressive episodes. The main idea here is that there is a low-grade cycling of mood which appears to the observer as a personality trait, but interferes with functioning. Cyclothymia is a chronic, but less extreme, form of bipolar disorder that consists of short periods of mild depression alternating with short periods of hypomania. ...
If an individual clearly seems to be suffering from some type of bipolar disorder but does not meet the criteria for one of the subtypes above, he or she receives a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder NOS (Not Otherwise Specified).
Although a patient will most likely be depressed when they first seek help, it is very important to find out from the patient or the patient's family or friends if a manic or hypomaniac episode has ever been present, using careful questioning. This will prevent misdiagnosis of Depressive Disorder and avoids the use of an antidepressant which may trigger a "switch" to hypomania or mania or induce rapid cycling. Recent screening tools such as the Hypomanic Check List Questionnaire (HCL-32) have been developed to assist the quite often difficult detection of Bipolar II disorders.
Treatment lag The behavioral manifestations of bipolar disorder are often not understood by patients nor recognized by mental health professionals, so people may suffer unnecessarily for over 10 years in some cases before receiving proper treatment.[13]
That treatment lag is apparently not decreasing, even though there is now increased public awareness of the illness in popular magazines and health websites. Recent TV specials, for example the BBC's The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive,[14] MTV's True Life: I'm Bipolar, talk shows, and public radio shows, and the greater willingness of public figures to discuss their own bipolar disorder, have focused on mental illnesses thereby further raising public awareness. A Television Special is a television program that is essentially a television movie or a short film usually intended to be broadcast sporadically, typically once a year at most. ...
Despite this increased focus, individuals are still commonly misdiagnosed.[15]
Children -
Children with bipolar disorder do not often meet the strict DSM-IV definition. In pediatric cases, the cycling can occur very quickly (see section above on rapid cycling).[16] Children with bipolar disorder do not often meet the strict DSM-IV definition. ...
Children with bipolar disorder tend to have rapid-cycling or mixed-cycling. Rapid cycling occurs when the cycles between depression and mania occur quickly, sometimes within the same day or the same hour. When the symptoms of both mania and depression occur simultaneously, mixed cycling occurs.
Often other psychiatric disorders are diagnosed in bipolar children. These other diagnoses may be concurrent problems, or they may be misdiagnosed as bipolar disorder. Depression, ADHD, ODD, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome are common comorbid conditions. Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or sometimes unipolar when compared with bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ...
DISCLAIMER Please remember that Wikipedia is offered for informational use only. ...
Odd has several meanings. ...
For the Nirvana song, see tourettes (song). ...
In medicine and in psychiatry, comorbidity refers to: The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder. ...
Misdiagnosis can lead to incorrect medication. Incorrect medications can trigger mania and/or suicidal ideation and attempts.
Treatment -
Currently, bipolar disorder cannot be cured, though psychiatrists and psychologists believe that it can be managed. Bipolar disorder has not currently been cured but it can be managed. ...
A psychologist is a scientist and/or clinician who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of the human mind, including behavior and cognition. ...
The emphasis of treatment is on effective management of the long-term course of the illness, which usually involves treatment of emergent symptoms. Treatment methods include pharmacological and psychotherapeutic techniques. Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ...
Psychotherapy is a set of techniques believed to cure or to help solve behavioral and other psychological problems in humans. ...
Prognosis and long-term treatment A good prognosis results from good treatment which, in turn, results from an accurate diagnosis. Because bipolar disorder continues to have a high rate of both under-diagnosis and misdiagnosis, it is often difficult for individuals with the illness to receive timely and competent treatment. Prognosis (older Greek Ï€Ïόγνωσις, modern Greek Ï€Ïόγνωση - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the doctors prediction of how a patients disease will progress, and whether there is chance of recovery. ...
Look up Therapy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In general, a diagnosis (plural diagnoses) covers a broad spectrum, or spectra, of testing in some form of analysis; such tests based on some collective reasoning is called the method of diagnostics, leading then to the results of those tests by ideal (ethics) would then be considered a diagnosis, but...
In the United States medical error is estimated to result in 44,000 to 98,000 unnecessary deaths each year and 1,000,000 excess injuries[1]. It is estimated that in a typical 100 to 300 bed hospital in the United States that excess costs of $1,000,000...
Bipolar disorder is a severely disabling medical condition. However, with appropriate treatment, many individuals with bipolar disorder can live full and satisfying lives. Persons with bipolar disorder are likely to have periods of normal or near normal functioning between episodes.
Ultimately one's prognosis depends on many factors, which are, in fact, under the individual's control: the right medicines; the right dose of each; a very informed patient; a good working relationship with a competent medical doctor; a competent, supportive, and warm therapist; a supportive family or significant other; and a balanced lifestyle including a regulated stress level, regular exercise and regular sleep and wake times.
There are obviously other factors that lead to a good prognosis, as well, such as being very aware of small changes in one's energy, mood, sleep and eating behaviors, as well as having a plan in conjunction with one's doctor for how to manage subtle changes that might indicate the beginning of a mood swing. Some people find that keeping a log of their moods can assist them in predicting changes.
The goals of long-term optimal treatment are to help the individual achieve the highest level of functioning while avoiding relapse.
Relapse Even when on medication, some people may still experience weaker episodes, or have a complete manic or depressive episode. In fact, a recent study found bipolar disorder to be "characterized by a low rate of recovery, a high rate of recurrence, and poor interepisodic functioning." Worse, the study confirmed the seriousness of the disorder as "the standardized all-cause mortality ratio among patients with BD is increased approximately 2-fold." Bipolar disorder is currently regarded "as possibly the most costly category of mental disorders in the United States."[17]
The following behaviors can lead to depressive or manic relapse: A relapse (etymologically, who falls again) occurs when a person is affected again by a condition that affected them in the past. ...
- Discontinuing or lowering one's dose of medication, without consulting one's physician.
- Being under- or over-medicated. Generally, taking a lower dosage of a mood stabilizer can lead to relapse into mania. Taking a lower dosage of an antidepressant, may cause the patient to relapse into depression, while higher doses can cause destabilization into mixed-states or mania.
- Taking hard drugs—recreationally or not—such as cocaine, alcohol, amphetamines, or opiates. These can cause the condition to worsen.
- An inconsistent sleep schedule can destabilize the illness. Too much sleep (possibly caused by medication) can lead to depression, while too little sleep can lead to mixed states or mania.
- Caffeine can cause destabilization of mood toward irritability, dysphoria, and mania. Anecdotal evidence seems to suggest that lower dosages of caffeine can have effects ranging from anti-depressant to mania-inducing.
- Inadequate stress management and poor lifestyle choices. If unmedicated, excessive stress can cause the individual to relapse. Medication raises the stress threshold somewhat, but too much stress still causes relapse.
Relapse can be managed by the sufferer with the help of a close friend, based on the occurrence of idiosyncratic prodromal events[18] That is, by noticing which moods, activities / behaviours or thinking process / thought content typically occur at the outset of their episodes. They can then take planned steps to slow or reverse the onset of illness, or take action to prevent the episode causing damage to important aspects of their life.[19] Oral medication A medication is a licenced drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. ...
A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by rapid and unstable mood shifts. ...
A recent form of antidepressant medication - Prozac Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Venlafaxine An antidepressant, in the most common usage, is a medication taken to alleviate clinical depression or dysthymia (milder depression). ...
Hard drugs are drugs that lead to physical addiction, opposed to soft drugs, such as marijuana and hashish, that are only psychologically addictive. ...
Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs for recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes, although the distinction is not always clear. ...
Oral medication A medication is a licenced drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. ...
Cocaine (or crack in its freebase form) is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ...
Ethyl alcohol, also known as ethanol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical compound, one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic beverages. ...
Amphetamine (alpha-methyl-phenethylamine), is a stimulant that is now primarily used to treat narcolepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. ...
An opioid is any agent that binds to opioid receptors found principally in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. ...
Sleep is the state of natural rest observed in most mammals, birds, fish, as well as invertebrates such as the fruitfly Drosophila. ...
Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound that acts as a stimulant in humans. ...
Look up dysphoria in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ...
A cluttered environment with too many tasks can lead to stress. ...
Research findings
Heritability or inheritance The disorder runs in families.[20] More than two-thirds of people with bipolar disorder have at least one close relative with the disorder or with unipolar major depression, indicating that the disease has a genetic component.
Studies seeking to identify the genetic basis of bipolar disorder indicate that susceptibility stems from multiple genes. Scientists are continuing their search for these genes, using advanced genetic analytic methods and large samples of families affected by the illness. The researchers are hopeful that identification of susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder, and the brain proteins they code for, will make it possible to develop better treatments and preventive interventions targeted at the underlying illness process.
Genetic research Bipolar disorder is considered to be a result of complex interactions between genes and environment.
The monozygotic concordance rate for the disorder is 70%. This means that if a person has the disorder, an identical twin has a 70% likelihood of having the disorder as well. Dizygotic twins have a 23% concordance rate. These concordance rates are not universally replicated in the literature; recent studies have shown rates of around 40% for monozygotic and <10% for dizygotic twins (see Kieseppa, 2004[21] and Cardno, 1999[22]). Fraternal twin boys in the tub The term twin most notably refers to two individuals (or one of two individuals) who have shared the same uterus (womb) and usually, but not necessarily, born on the same day. ...
Look up Concordance on Wiktionary, the free dictionary see Concordance system for usage in politics. ...
Fraternal twin boys in the tub The term twin most notably refers to two individuals (or one of two individuals) who have shared the same uterus (womb) and usually, but not necessarily, born on the same day. ...
In 2003, a group of American and Canadian researchers published a paper that used gene linkage techniques to identify a mutation in the GRK3 gene as a possible cause of up to 10% of cases of bipolar disorder. This gene is associated with a kinase enzyme called G protein receptor kinase 3, which appears to be involved in dopamine metabolism, and may provide a possible target for new drugs for bipolar disorder.[23] 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Genetic linkage occurs when particular alleles are inherited together. ...
It has been suggested that mutant be merged into this article or section. ...
In 2003, a group of American and Canadian researchers published a paper that used gene linkage techniques to identify a mutation in the GRK3 gene as a possible cause of up to 10% of cases of bipolar disorder. ...
In biochemistry, a kinase is a type of enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules (substrates); the process is termed phosphorylation. ...
Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...
Dopamine is a chemical naturally produced in the body. ...
Overview of the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle, one of the central metabolic pathways in aerobic organisms. ...
Ongoing research The following studies are ongoing, and are recruiting volunteers:
The Maudsley Bipolar Twin Study, based at the Institute of Psychiatry in London is conducting research about the genetic basis of bipolar disorder using twin methodology. Currently recruiting volunteers: identical and non-identical twins pairs, where either one or both twins has a diagnosis of bipolar I or II. Front doors of the Institute of Psychiatry // Introduction The Institute of Psychiatry (IOP) is a research institution dedicated to discovering what causes mental health problems and diseases of the brain. ...
This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...
The MRC eMonitoring Project, another research study based at the Institute of Psychiatry and Newcastle Universities, is conducting novel research on electronic monitoring methodologies (electronic mood diaries and actigraphy) for tracking bipolar symptom fluctuations in Bipolar individuals who are interested in self-managing their condition. Front doors of the Institute of Psychiatry // Introduction The Institute of Psychiatry (IOP) is a research institution dedicated to discovering what causes mental health problems and diseases of the brain. ...
Newcastle University is a British university located in Newcastle upon Tyne in the north of England. ...
Actigraphy is a method of study of circadian rhythm and wake-sleep patterns. ...
Medical imaging Researchers are using advanced brain imaging techniques to examine brain function and structure in people with bipolar disorder, particularly using the functional MRI and positron emission tomography. An important area of neuroimaging research focuses on identifying and characterizing networks of interconnected nerve cells in the brain, interactions among which form the basis for normal and abnormal behaviors. Researchers hypothesize that abnormalities in the structure and/or function of certain brain circuits could underlie bipolar and other mood disorders, and studies have found anatomical differences in areas such as the prefrontal cortex[24] and hippocampus. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the use of MRI to measure the hemodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals. ...
Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ...
Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function, or pharmacology of the brain. ...
Neurons (also called nerve cells) are the primary cells of the nervous system. ...
In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system. ...
Greek anatome, from ana-temnein, to cut up), is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living things; thus there is animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytonomy). ...
15:18, 18 December 2006 (UTC)15:18, 18 December 2006 (UTC)~~PT The prefrontal cortex is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. ...
The hippocampus is structurally located inside the medial temporal lobe of the brain. ...
Better understanding of the neural circuits involved in regulating mood states, and genetic factors such as the cadherin gene FAT linked to bipolar disorder,[25] may influence the development of new and better treatments, and may ultimately aid in early diagnosis and even a cure From Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. ...
Cadherins are a class of proteins which are expressed on the surface of cells. ...
New treatments In late 2003, researchers at McLean Hospital found tentative evidence of improvements in mood during echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (EP-MRSI), and attempts are being made to develop this into a form which can be evaluated as a possible treatment.[26][27] 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
McLean Hospital (pronounced Mc-Lane) is a psychiatric hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, USA. It is noted for its clinical staff expertise and ground-breaking neuroscience research. ...
Something is called planar if it is made up of flat planes, or pertaining to planes. ...
For the scientific journal entitled Magnetic Resonance Imaging, see Magnetic Resonance Imaging (journal). ...
NIMH has initiated a large-scale study at 20 sites across the United States to determine the most effective treatment strategies for people with bipolar disorder. This study, the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), will follow patients and document their treatment outcome for 5-8 years. For more information, visit the Clinical Trials page of the NIMH Web site.[28] In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ...
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is another fairly new technique being studied. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is the use of powerful rapidly changing magnetic fields to induce electric fields in the brain by electromagnetic induction without the need for surgery or external electrodes. ...
Pharmaceutical research is extensive and ongoing, as seen at clinicaltrials.gov.
Etiology According to the U.S. government's National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), "There is no single cause for bipolar disorder—rather, many factors act together to produce the illness." "Because bipolar disorder tends to run in families, researchers have been searching for specific genes passed down through generations that may increase a person's chance of developing the illness." "In addition, findings from gene research suggest that bipolar disorder, like other mental illnesses, does not occur because of a single gene.".[29] The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is one of 27 components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the United States federal governments principal biomedical and behavioral research agency. ...
For other meanings of this term, see gene (disambiguation). ...
It is well established that bipolar disorder is a genetically influenced condition which can respond very well to medication (Johnson & Leahy, 2004; Miklowitz & Goldstein, 1997; Frank, 2005). (See treatment of bipolar disorder for a more detailed discussion of treatment.) Bipolar disorder has not currently been cured but it can be managed. ...
Psychological factors also play a strong role in both the psychopathology of the disorder and the psychotherapeutic factors aimed at alleviating core symptoms, recognizing episode triggers, reducing negative expressed emotion in relationships, recognizing prodromal symptoms before full-blown recurrence, and, practising the factors that lead to maintenance of remission (Lam et al, 1999; Johnson & Leahy, 2004; Basco & Rush, 2005; Miklowitz & Goldstein, 1997; Frank, 2005). Modern evidence based psychotherapies designed specifically for bipolar disorder when used in combination with standard medication treatment increase the time the individual stays well significantly longer than medications alone (Frank, 2005). These psychotherapies are interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for bipolar disorder, family focused therapy for bipolar disorder, psychoeducation, cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder, and prodrome detection. All except psychoeducation and prodrome detection are available as books. Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress the manifestation of behaviours and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment. ...
Psychotherapy is a set of techniques believed to cure or to help solve behavioral and other psychological problems in humans. ...
The term symptom (from the Greek syn = con/plus and pipto = fall, together meaning co-exist) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: A symptom may loosely be said to be a physical condition which shows that one has a particular illness or disorder (see...
Remission is the state of absence of disease activity in patients with known chronic illness. ...
Evidence-based medicine is a medical movement based upon the application of the scientific method to medical practice, including long-established existing medical traditions not yet subjected to adequate scientific scrutiny. ...
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy, developed by University of Pittsburgh researchers, is based on the idea that disruptions in daily routines and problems in interpersonal relationships can cause recurrence of the manic and depressive episodes that characterize bipolar disorder [1]. References Two-Year Outcomes for Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy...
Cognitive therapy or cognitive behaviour therapy is a kind of psychotherapy used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, and other forms of mental disorder. ...
In medicine, a prodrome is an early symptom indicating the development of a disease, or indicating that a disease attack is imminent. ...
Abnormalities in brain function have been related to feelings of anxiety and lower stress resilience. When faced with a very stressful, negative major life event, such as a failure in an important area, an individual may have his first major depression. Conversely, when an individual accomplishes a major achievement he may experience his first hypomanic or manic episode. Individuals with bipolar disorder tend to experience episode triggers involving either interpersonal or achievement-related life events. An example of interpersonal-life events include falling in love or, conversely, the death of a close friend. Achievement-related life events include acceptance into an elite graduate school or by contrast, being fired from work (Miklowitz & Goldstein, 1997). This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
For the classical mythological figures named Mania, see Mania (mythology). ...
For the classical mythological figures named Mania, see Mania (mythology). ...
This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...
Falling in Love is a 1984 romantic film starring Robert De Niro and Meryl Streep. ...
A graduate school or grad school is a school that awards advanced degrees, with the general requirement that students must have earned an undergraduate (bachelors) degree. ...
The "kindling" theory[30] asserts that people who are genetically predisposed toward bipolar disorder can experience a series of stressful events, each of which lowers the threshold at which mood changes occur. Eventually, a mood episode can start (and becomes recurrent) by itself. Not all individuals experience subsequent mood episodes in the absence of positive or negative life events, however. Kindling is material for starting a fire. ...
Individuals with late-adolescent/early adult onset of the disorder will very likely have experienced childhood anxiety and depression. Some argue that childhood-onset bipolar disorder should be treated early. A separate article is about the punk band called The Adolescents. ...
A young woman who is 18 years old. ...
Childhood (song) Childhood is a broad term usually applied to the phase of development in humans between infancy and adulthood. ...
A family history of bipolar spectrum disorders can impart a genetic predisposition towards developing a bipolar spectrum disorder.[31] Since bipolar disorders are polygenic (involving many genes), there are apt to be many unipolar and bipolar disordered individuals in the same family pedigree. This is very often the case (Barondes, 1998). Anxiety disorders, clinical depression, eating disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, postpartum depression, postpartum psychosis and/or schizophrenia may be part of the patient's family history and reflects a term called "genetic loading". In medicine, a family history consists of information about disorders that a patients direct blood relatives have suffered from. ...
The complete bipolar spectrum includes the a range of mood disorders, ranging from recurrent unipolar depression all the way to bipolar disorder with psychotic features (or schizobipolar disorder). ...
A genetic disorder, or genetic disease is a disease caused, at least in part, by the genes of the person with the disease. ...
Anxiety disorder is a blanket term covering several different forms of fear, phobia and nervous condition, that come on suddenly and prevent pursuing normal daily routines including: general anxiety disorder social anxiety, sometimes known as social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD) specific phobias agoraphobia claustrophobia panic disorder separation anxiety...
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is an illness associated with the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. ...
Postpartum depression (also postnatal depression) is a form of major depression which can affect women, and less frequently men, after childbirth. ...
After giving birth, about 70-80% of women experience an episode of baby blues, feelings of depression, anger, anxiety and guilt lasting for several days. ...
Bipolar disorder is not either environmental or physiological, it is multifactorial; that is, many genes and environmental factors conspire to create the disorder (Johnson & Leahy, 2004). In epidemiology, environmental factors are those determinants of disease that are not transmitted genetically. ...
Since bipolar disorder is so heterogeneous, it is likely that people experience different pathways towards the illness (Miklowitz & Goldstein, 1997). Look up Heterogeneous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Recent research done in Japan indicates a hypothesis of dysfunctional mitochondria in the brain (Stork & Renshaw, 2005)
History of bipolar disorder -
Varying moods and energy levels have been a part of the human experience since time immemorial. The words "depression" (previously "melancholia") and "mania" have their etymologies in Ancient Greek. The word melancholia is derived from ‘melas’, meaning black, and ‘chole’, meaning bile, indicative of the term’s origins in pre-Hippocratic humoral theories. Within the humoral theories, mania was viewed as arising from an excess of yellow bile, or a mixture of black and yellow bile. The linguistic origins of mania, however, are not so clear-cut. Several etymologies are proposed by the Roman physician Caelius Aurelianus, including the Greek word ‘ania’, meaning to produce great mental anguish, and ‘manos’, meaning relaxed or loose, which would contextually approximate to an excessive relaxing of the mind or soul (Angst and Marneros 2001). There are at least five other candidates, and part of the confusion surrounding the exact etymology of the word mania is its varied usage in the pre-Hippocratic poetry and mythologies (Angst and Marneros 2001). [edit] History of bipolar disorder Varying moods and energy levels have been a part of the human experience since time immemorial. ...
Melancholia (Greek μελανχολια) is a mood of non-specific depression. ...
Etymology is the study of the origins of words. ...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos (c. ...
Humoral immunity (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies, produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). ...
Choleric is a temperament in the ancient medical theory of the four humours. ...
Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ...
Area under Roman control Roman Republic Roman Empire Western Empire Eastern Empire Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a city-state founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
Caelius Aurelianus was a Roman physician and writer on medical topics. ...
The Chinese poem Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain by Emperor Gaozong (Song Dynasty) Poetry (from the Greek , poiesis, making or creating) is a form of art in which language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its ostensible meaning. ...
Mythologies is the title of a book by Roland Barthes (ISBN 0374521506), published in 1957. ...
The idea of a relationship between mania and melancholia can be traced back to at least the 2nd century AD. Soranus of Ephesus (98-177 AD) described mania and melancholia as distinct diseases with separate etiologies; however, he acknowledged that “many others consider melancholia a form of the disease of mania” (Cited in Mondimore 2005 p.49). (1st century - 2nd century - 3rd century - other centuries) Events Roman Empire governed by the Five Good Emperors (96–180) – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius. ...
Soranus, Greek physician, born at Ephesus, lived during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian (AD 98-138). ...
Etiology (alternately aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. ...
A clear understanding of bipolar disorder as a mental illness was recognized by early Chinese authors. The encyclopedist Gao Lian (c. 1583) describes the malady in his Eight Treatises on the Nurturing of Life (Ts'un-sheng pa-chien). Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
The earliest written descriptions of a relationship between mania and melancholia are attributed to Aretaeus of Cappadocia. Aretaeus was an eclectic medical philosopher who lived in Alexandria somewhere between 30 and 150 AD (Roccatagliata 1986; Akiskal 1996). Aretaeus is recognized as having authored most of the surviving texts referring to a unified concept of manic-depressive illness, viewing both melancholia and mania as having a common origin in ‘black bile’ (Akiskal 1996; Marneros 2001). Aretaeus (ΑÏεταιος), one of the most celeÂbrated of the ancient Greek physicians, of whose life, however, no particulars are known. ...
Eclecticism is an approach to thought that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions or conclusions, but instead draws upon multiple theories to gain complementary insights into phenomena, or applies only certain theories in particular cases. ...
---- Alexandria (Greek: , Coptic: , Arabic: , Egyptian Arabic: Iskindireyya), (population of 3. ...
Events First and only year of Heping of the Chinese Han Dynasty The Earliest atlas (Ptolemys Geography) was made (approximate date). ...
The contemporary psychiatric conceptualisation of manic-depressive illness is typically traced back to the 1850s. Marneros (2001) describes the concepts emerging out of this period as the “rebirth of bipolarity in the modern era”. On January 31, 1854, Jules Baillarger described to the French Imperial Academy of Medicine a biphasic mental illness causing recurrent oscillations between mania and depression. Two weeks later, on February 14, 1854, Jean-Pierre Falret presented a description to the Academy on what was essentially the same disorder. This illness was designated folie circulaire (‘circular insanity’) by Falret, and folie à double forme (‘dual-form insanity’) by Baillarger (Sedler 1983). // Production of steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Railroads begin to supplant canals in the United States as a primary means of transporting goods. ...
January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Jules Baillarger, full name Jules Gabriel François Baillarger (March 26, 1809 - December 31, 1890) was a French neurologist and psychiatrist) who was born in Montbazon. ...
Académie Nationale de Médecine, or National Academy of Medicine was created in 1820 by king Louis XVIII at the urging of baron Antoine Portal. ...
A two phase cycle ...
Mental Illness. ...
February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Jean-Pierre Falret (April 26, 1794 - October 28, 1870) was a French psychiatrist who was born in Marseille. ...
Insanity, or madness, is a general term for a semi-permanent, severe mental disorder. ...
Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926), a German psychiatrist considered by many (including Hagop Akiskal M.D.) to be the father of the modern conceptualization of bipolar disorder, categorized and studied the natural course of untreated bipolar patients long before mood stabilizers were discovered. Describing these patients in 1902, he coined the term "manic depressive psychosis." He noted in his patient observations that intervals of acute illness, manic or depressive, were generally punctuated by relatively symptom-free intervals in which the patient was able to function normally. Emil Kraepelin (February 15, 1856–October 7, 1926) was a German psychiatrist who attempted to create a synthesis of the hundreds of mental disorders classified by the 19th century, grouping diseases together based on classification of common patterns of symptoms, rather than by simple similarity of major symptoms in the...
1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ...
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and treats mental and emotional disorders (see mental illness). ...
A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by rapid and unstable mood shifts. ...
1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
Psychosis (not to be confused with psychopathy) is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state in which thought and perception are severely impaired. ...
After World War II, Dr. John Cade, an Australian psychiatrist, was investigating the effects of various compounds on veteran patients with manic depressive psychosis. In 1949, Cade discovered that lithium carbonate could be used as a successful treatment of manic depressive psychosis. [32] Because there was a fear that table salt substitutes could lead to toxicity or death, Cade's findings did not immediately lead to treatments. In the 1950s, U.S. hospitals began experimenting with lithium on their patients. By the mid-'60s, reports started appearing in the medical literature regarding lithium's effectiveness. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration did not approve of lithium's use until 1970.[33] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Dr John Frederick Joseph Cade AO (January 18, 1912-November 16, 1980) was an Australian psychiatrist credited with discovering (in 1948) the effects of lithium carbonate as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of Bipolar Disorder (then known as Maniac Depression). ...
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and treats mental and emotional disorders (see mental illness). ...
1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ...
Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is a chemical compound of lithium and carbonate that is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatric treatment of manic states and bipolar disorder. ...
The term "manic-depressive illness" first appeared in 1958. The current nosology, bipolar disorder, became popular only recently, and some individuals prefer the older term because it provides a better description of a continually changing multi-dimensional illness. Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
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Epidemiology Clinical depression and bipolar disorder are currently classified as separate illnesses. Some researchers increasingly view them as part of an overlapping spectrum that also includes anxiety and psychosis.
According to Hagop Akiskal, M.D., at the one end of the spectrum is bipolar type schizoaffective disorder, and at the other end is
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