NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Charles de gualle

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (

listen^?) (November 22, 1890 – November 9, 1970), in France commonly referred to as le général de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... French statesman RenÃ© Coty RenÃ©-Jules-Gustave Coty (March 20, 1882 - November 22, 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. ... Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (July 5, 1911–April 2, 1974) was President of France from 1969 until his death in 1974. ... November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... City motto: – City proper (commune) Région Nord-Pas de Calais Département Nord (59) Mayor Martine Aubry (PS) (since 2001) Area 39. ... November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Colombey-les-deux-Ã‰glises is a village and commune in the Haute-Marne dÃ©partment, France, located at 48 13N 4 54E. It has a population of around 700 people. ... UDR may refer to: the Ulster Defence Regiment the Union des Démocrates pour la République, a French political party. ... To play the audio file do not click on the -image. ... November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Organization The French armed forces are divided into four branches: Army (Armée de Terre), including Chasseurs Alpins French Foreign Legion Marine troops light aviation (ALAT - Aviation Légére de lArmée de Terre) engineers (Génie) including Paris Fire Brigade Navy (Marine Nationale), including Naval Air naval...

Prior to World War II, he was mostly known as a tactician of tank battles and an advocate of the concentrated use of armored and aviation forces. He was the leader of Free France in World War II and head of the provisional government in 1944–1946. Called to form a government in 1958, he inspired a new constitution¹ and was the Fifth Republic's first president from 1958 to 1969. His political ideology is known as Gaullism, which left a major influence in subsequent French politics. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air. ... Tactics is the collective name for methods of winning a small-scale conflict, performing an optimization, etc. ... The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres in French) were French fighters who decided to go on fighting against Germany after the Fall of France and German occupation and to fight against Vichy France in World War II. General Charles de Gaulle was a member of the French Cabinet in... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on October 5, 1958. ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, universities, and countries. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ... Gaullism is a French political ideology based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle. ...

1890–1912: Formative years

De Gaulle was the third child of a morally conservative but socially progressive Catholic bourgeois family. His father's side of the family was a long line of aristocracy from Normandy and Burgundy which had been settled in Paris for about a century, whereas his mother's side was a family of rich entrepreneurs from the industrial region of Lille in French Flanders. Born in Lille, de Gaulle grew up and was educated in Paris. Bourgeois at the end of the thirteenth century. ... Normandy is a geographical region in northern France. ... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic tribes, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. ... Nord (French, the north) is a département in the north of France. ... City motto: – City proper (commune) Région Nord-Pas de Calais Département Nord (59) Mayor Martine Aubry (PS) (since 2001) Area 39. ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ...

De Gaulle's family was intellectual. His grandfather was a historian, his grandmother a writer, and his father a professor in private Catholic schools who founded his own private school. Political debates were frequent at home, and from an early age, de Gaulle was introduced by his father to the major conservative authors. The family was very patriotic and he was raised in the cult of the Nation (De Gaulle wrote in his memoirs that "my mother felt an uncompromising passion for the fatherland, equal to her religious piety"). Although traditionalist and monarchist, the family was legalist and respected the institutions of the French Republic. Their social ideas were also more liberal, influenced by social Catholicism. During the Dreyfus affair the family distanced itself from the more conservative natonalist circles and supported Alfred Dreyfus. Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... For publications of this name, see also Nation (disambiguation) The most popular modern ethical and philosophical doctrines state that all humans are divided into groups called nations. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. ... In politics, the term liberal refers to: an adherent of the ideology of liberalism —an ideology espousing liberty. ... Alfred Dreyfus in an army uniform, wearing a mustache. ... Alfred Dreyfus in an army uniform, wearing a mustache. ...

1912–1940: Military career

Young Charles de Gaulle chose a military career and spent four years at the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (the French equivalent of West Point). He graduated in 1912 and decided to join an infantry regiment when he could have joined an elite corps. During World War I, then Captain de Gaulle was severely wounded at the gruesome Battle of Verdun in March 1916, and left for dead on the battlefield. Alive, he was taken prisoner by the Germans. He made five unsuccessful escape attempts, and was put in solitary confinement in a retaliation camp. The Ã‰cole SpÃ©ciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM, Special Military School of St Cyr) is the foremost French military academy. ... Alternate meanings: West Point (disambiguation). ... 1912 is a leap year starting on Monday. ... Infantry in the First World War Infantry (or Infantrymen) are soldiers who fight primarily on foot, using personal weapons. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Captain is both a nautical term and a military rank. ... Battle of Verdun Conflict World War I Date 21 February 1916 – 19 December 1916 Place Verdun, France Result Stalemate They shall not pass — Robert Nivelle The Battle of Verdun was a major battle of the Western Front in World War I. The battle was fought between the German and French...

When the war ended, he remained in the military, serving on the staff of Gen. Maxime Weygand and then Gen. Philippe Pétain. During the Polish-Soviet war in 1919-1920, he volunteered to be a member of the French Military Mission to Poland and was an infantry instructor with the Polish army. He fought and distinguished himself in fighting near the river Zbrucz and received the highest Polish military award, Virtuti Militari. He was promoted to major and offered possibility of a further career in Poland, but chose instead to return to France. He was heavily influenced by that war, namely by the use of tanks, fast manoeuvres and lack of trenches. General Maxime Weygand Maxime Weygand (January 21, 1867 - January 28, 1965) was a French military commander in both World War I and World War II. // Origin of Weygand Weygand was born in Brussels, Belgium. ... Philippe PÃ©tain Marshal Henri Philippe PÃ©tain (April 24, 1856 - July 23, 1951), generally known as Philippe PÃ©tain or Marshal PÃ©tain, was a French soldier and leader of Vichy France. ... Polish-Bolshevik War Conflict Polish-Bolshevik War Date 1919–1921 Place Central and Eastern Europe Result Polish victory The Polish-Soviet War was the war (February 1919 – March 1921) that determined the borders between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and Second Polish Republic. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... The French Military Mission to Poland was an effort by France to aid the nascent Second Polish Republic after it achieved its independence in November, 1918, at the end of the First World War. ... In mid-17th century a rebellion of Cossacks led by Bohdan Chmielnicki ushered in the turbulent time known as The Deluge (potop). ... Zbruch River (Ukrainian: Збруч) is a river in Western Ukraine (length: 247 km, basin: 3330 sq. ... Order of Virtuti Militari The Order of Virtuti Militari (Military Virtue) is Polands highest military decoration for valour in the face of the enemy, equivalent to the British Victoria Cross or the US Congressional Medal of Honor. ... Insignia of an 0-4 in the U.S. Armed Forces In the US Army, Air Force, Marine Corps and the British Army, a major is a commissioned officer superior to a captain and inferior to a lieutenant colonel. ...

Based partially on his observations during war in Poland, which was so different from experiences from WWI, he published a number of books and articles on the reorganisation of the army, particularly Vers l'Armée de Métier (published in English as "The Army of the Future") in which he supported the new ideas of mechanised troops and specialised armoured divisions in preference to the static theories exemplified by the Maginot Line. Maginot Line fortification, 2002 The Maginot Line was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along her borders with Germany and with Italy in the wake of World War I. Generally the term describes either the entire system or just the...

While Heinz Guderian and the German Army General Staff were influenced by de Gaulle, Pétain rejected most of de Gaulle's theories, and the relationship between them became strained. French politicians also dismissed de Gaulle's theories with the notable exception of Paul Reynaud who would later play a major role in de Gaulle's career. General Heinz Guderian Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (17 June 1888-14 May 1954) was a military theorist and General of the German Army during the Second World War. ... Reynauds Government, 21 March - 16 June 1940 Paul Reynaud - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs Camille Chautemps - Vice President of the Council Édouard Daladier - Minister of National Defense and War Raoul Dautry - Minister of Armaments Henri Roy - Minister of the Interior Lucien Lamoureux - Minister of Finance...

At the outbreak of World War II, de Gaulle was only a colonel, having encountered hostility from the leaders of the military through the 1920s and 1930s due to his bold views. After the German breakthrough at Sedan on May 10, 1940, he was finally given command of the 4th Armoured Division. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Colonel Colonel is a military rank, usually the highest below general grades, and just above Lieutenant Colonel. ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly... // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... For other uses of Sedan, see Sedan (disambiguation). ...

On May 17, 1940, de Gaulle attacked the German tank forces at Montcornet. With only 200 French tanks and no air support, the offensive had little impact on stopping the German advance. There was more success on May 28, when de Gaulle's tanks forced the German armour to retreat at Caumont. This was the only significant tactical success the French gained against the Germans during the campaign. Prime Minister Paul Reynaud promoted him provisional brigadier general (thus his title of général de Gaulle). May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (138th in leap years). ... 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ... Caumont is the name or part of the name of several France: Caumont, in the Aisne département Caumont, in the Ariège département Caumont, in the Eure département Caumont, in the Gers département Caumont, in the Gironde département Caumont, in the Pas-de-Calais département Caumont, in the Tarn-et-Garonne... Reynauds Government, 21 March - 16 June 1940 Paul Reynaud - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs Camille Chautemps - Vice President of the Council Édouard Daladier - Minister of National Defense and War Raoul Dautry - Minister of Armaments Henri Roy - Minister of the Interior Lucien Lamoureux - Minister of Finance... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ...

On June 6, Paul Reynaud appointed him undersecretary of state for national defence and war and put him in charge of coordination with the United Kingdom. As a member of the cabinet he resisted proposals to surrender. He served as a liaison with the British government, and with Churchill carved a project of union between France and the United Kingdom on the morning of June 16 in London. This was a last minute effort to try to strengthen the resolve of those members of the French government who were in favor of continuing the war. He took the plane back to Bordeaux (provisory seat of the French government) on that same afternoon, but when landing in Bordeaux in the evening he learned that Pétain had become premier with the intention of seeking an armistice with Germany. June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... Churchill redirects here. ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ... An armistice is the effective end of a war, when the warring parties agree to stop fighting. ...

That same day he took the most important decision in his life, and also in the modern history of France: he would refuse the humiliation of a French surrender, he would rebel against the apparently legal (but illegitimate in his eyes) government of Pétain, he would return to London and call for the continuation of war. On the morning of June 17, with 100,000 gold francs from the secret funds given to him the previous night by Paul Reynaud, he fled Bordeaux by plane, narrowly escaped German aviation, and landed in London that same afternoon. De Gaulle decided to reject French capitulation and to set about building a movement which would appeal to overseas French, opponents of a separate arrangement with Germany.

1940–1945: The Free French Forces

On June 18, de Gaulle prepared to speak to the French people, via BBC radio, from London. The British Cabinet attempted to block the speech, but was overruled by Churchill. In France, de Gaulle's "Appeal of June 18" could be heard nationwide in the evening. The phrase "France has lost a battle; she has not lost the war", which appeared on posters in Britain at the time, is often incorrectly associated with the BBC broadcast; nevertheless the words aptly capture the spirit of de Gaulle's position. Although only few people actually heard the speech that night (the BBC was seldom listened to on the continent, and millions of Frenchmen were refugees on the road), excerpts of the speech appeared in French newspapers the next day in the yet unoccupied southern part of France, and the speech was repeated for several days on the BBC. Soon enough, among the chaos and bewilderment that was France in June 1940, the news that a French general was in London refusing the tide of events and calling for the end of despair and the continuation of a winnable war was spread from mouths to mouths. To this day it remains one of the most famous speeches in French history. This file has been listed on Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images, because it is missing information on its source or copyright status. ... This file has been listed on Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images, because it is missing information on its source or copyright status. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was formed in 1927 by means of a royal charter. ... The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben Tower Bridge at night A red double-decker bus crosses Piccadilly Circus. ... A Cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ... The Appeal of June 18 was a famous speech by Charles de Gaulle, the leader of the Free French Forces, during World War II. The appeal is the origin of the French Resistance to the German occupation. ...

From London, de Gaulle formed and led the Free French movement. Whereas the USA continued to recognise Vichy France, the British government of Winston Churchill supported de Gaulle, initially maintaining relations with Vichy but subsequently recognising the Free French. The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres in French) were French fighters who decided to go on fighting against Germany after the Fall of France and German occupation and to fight against Vichy France in World War II. General Charles de Gaulle was a member of the French Cabinet in... Vichy France, or the Vichy regime (in French, now called: Régime de Vichy or Vichy; at the time, called itself: État Français, or French State) was the de facto French government of 1940-1944 during the Nazi Germany occupation of World War II. The Vichy position that it was the... The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, FRS (30 November 1874â€“24 January 1965) was a British statesman, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ...

On July 4, 1940, a court-martial in Toulouse sentenced de Gaulle in absentia to four years in prison. At a second court-martial on August 2, 1940, de Gaulle was condemned to death for treason. July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ... The Capitole, the 18th century city hall of Toulouse and best known landmark in the city; in the foreground is the Place du Capitole, a hub of urban life at the very center of the city Toulouse (pronounced in standard French, in local Toulouse accent) ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced ) is a... August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation. ...

In his dealings with his British allies and the United States, de Gaulle insisted at all times in retaining full freedom of action on behalf of France, even where this might embarrass or inconvenience his partners in the war. "France has no friends, only interests" is one of his best-remembered statements. Churchill is often misquoted as having commented, regarding working with de Gaulle, that: "Of all the crosses I have had to bear during this war, the heaviest has been the Cross of Lorraine (de Gaulle's symbol of Free France)". (The actual quote was by Churchill's envoy to France, Major-General Edward Spears [1],[2].) Cross of Lorraine The Cross of Lorraine is a heraldic cross. ...

Working with the French resistance and supporters in France's colonial possessions in Africa, after the Anglo-American invasion of North Africa in November 1942, de Gaulle moved his headquarters to Algiers in May 1943. He became first joint head (with the less resolutely independent Gen. Henri Giraud, the candidate preferred by the United States) and then sole chairman of the Committee of National Liberation. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Casablanca Conference was held at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, from January 14 to 24, 1943, to plan the European strategy of the Allies after World War II. Present were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle. ... The French Resistance is the name used for resistance movements that fought military occupation of France by Nazi Germany and the resulting Vichy France during World War II after France surrendered in 1940. ... Template:Campaignbox North African Campaign Operation Torch was the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North African Campaign, started November 8, 1942. ... 1942 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... For other uses, see Algiers (disambiguation). ... 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. ... Henri Giraud (January 18, 1879 – March 13, 1949) was a French general who fought in the First World War and escaped from German captivity during the Second World War. ... The PKWN Manifesto, issued on July 22, 1944 The Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polish Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN) was a provisional Polish communist government that was created by the Soviet Union. ...

At the liberation of France following Operation Overlord, in which Free French forces played a minor but symbolic role, he quickly established the authority of the Free French Forces in France, avoiding an Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories in France. On his return to Paris, he moved back into his office at the War Ministry, thus proclaiming continuity of the Third Republic and denying the legitimacy of Vichy France. The Battle of Normandy was fought in 1944 between the German forces occupying Western Europe and the invading Allies. ... The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres in French) were French fighters who decided to go on fighting against Germany after the Fall of France and German occupation and to fight against Vichy France in World War II. The Cross of Lorraine, emblem of the Free French General Charles de... The Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories was the form of military rule administered by Allied forces during and after World War II within European territories they occupied. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, Troisième Republique, sometimes written as IIIème Republique) ( 1870/ 75- 1940/ 46), was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Fourth Republic. ...

After the war he served as the President of the provisional government from September 1944 but resigned on January 20, 1946, complaining of conflict between the political parties, and disapproving of the draft constitution for the Fourth Republic which he believed placed too much power in the hands of parliament with its shifting party alliances. 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The Fourth Republic existed in France between 1946 and 1958. ...

1946–1958: The desert crossing

De Gaulle's opposition to the proposed constitution failed as the parties of the left supported a weak presidency to prevent any repetition of the Vichy regime. The second draft constitution narrowly approved at the referendum of October 1946 was even less to de Gaulle's liking than the first.

In April 1947 de Gaulle made a renewed attempt at transforming the political scene with the creation of the Rassemblement du Peuple Français (Rally of the French People, or RPF), but the movement lost impetus after initial success. In May 1953 he withdrew again from active politics, though the RPF lingered until September 1955. 1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Rally of the People of France (French Rassemblement du Peuple FranÃ§ais or RPF) was a French political party, led by Charles de Gaulle. ... 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1955 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

He retired to Colombey-les-deux-Églises and wrote his war memoirs, Mémoires de guerre. During this period of formal retirement, de Gaulle however maintained regular contact with past political lieutenants from wartime and RPF days, including sympathisers involved in political developments in Algeria. Colombey-les-deux-Ã‰glises is a village and commune in the Haute-Marne dÃ©partment, France, located at 48 13N 4 54E. It has a population of around 700 people. ...

1958: The collapse of the Fourth Republic

The Fourth Republic was tainted by political instability, its failures in Indochina and its inability to resolve the Algerian question. French Indochina was a federation of French colonies and protectorates in Southeast Asia, part of the French colonial empire. ... The Algerian War of Independence (1954â€“62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists, or the colons as they were called, in Algeria and the FLN (Front de LibÃ©ration Nationale) and other pro-independence...

On May 13, 1958, the settlers seized the government buildings in Algiers, attacking what they saw as French government weakness in the face of demands among the Arab majority for Algerian independence. A "Committee of Civil and Army Public Security" was created under the presidency of General Jacques Massu, a Gaullist sympathiser. General Raoul Salan, Commander-in-Chief in Algeria, announced on radio that the Army had "provisionally taken over responsibility for the destiny of French Algeria." May 13 is the 133rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (134th in leap years). ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Algiers (disambiguation). ... Jacques Massu was the French General sent to Algeria during the War of Independence from France. ... clarified and proofread. ...

Under the pressure of Massu, Salan declared "Vive de Gaulle!" from the balcony of the Algiers Government-General building on May 15. De Gaulle answered two days later that he was ready to "take on the powers of the Republic" (assumer les pouvoirs de la République). Many worried as they saw this answer as support to the army.

On May 19 de Gaulle asserted again (at a press conference) that he was at the disposition of the country. As a journalist expressed the concerns of some who feared that he would violate civil liberties, de Gaulle retorted vehemently: "Have I ever done that? Quite the opposite, I have reestablished them when they had disappeared. Who honestly believes that, at age 67, I would start a career as a dictator?" A republican by conviction, de Gaulle maintained throughout the crisis that he would accept power only from the lawfully constituted authorities of the state. May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ...

The crisis deepened as French paratroops from Algeria seized Corsica and a landing near Paris was discussed. Political leaders on all sides agreed to support the General's return to power, except François Mitterrand, and the Communist Party (which denounced de Gaulle as the agent of a fascist coup). On May 29 the French President, René Coty, appealed to the "most illustrious of Frenchmen" to become the last President of the Council (Prime Minister) of the Fourth Republic. Capital Ajaccio Area 8,680 kmÂ² Regional President Camille de Rocca-Serra Population - 2004 estimate - 1999 census - Density 272,000 260,196 30/kmÂ² Arrondissements 5 Cantons 52 Communes 360 DÃ©partements {{{dÃ©partements}}} Corsica (Corsican: Corsica; French: Corse) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily... FranÃ§ois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (October 26, 1916 â€“ January 8, 1996; pronunciation?) was a French politician and President of France from May 1981, re-elected in 1988, until 1995. ... The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français or PCF) was founded in 1920. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... French statesman RenÃ© Coty RenÃ©-Jules-Gustave Coty (March 20, 1882 - November 22, 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. ...

De Gaulle remained intent on replacing the constitution of the Fourth Republic, which he blamed for France's political weakness. He set as a condition for his return that he be given wide emergency powers for six months and that a new constitution¹ be proposed to the French people. On June 1, 1958 de Gaulle became premier and was given emergency powers for 6 months by the National Assembly. June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: Assembly national) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ...

On September 28, 1958, a referendum took place and 79.2% of those who voted supported the new constitution and the creation of the Fifth Republic. The colonies (Algeria was officially a part of France, not a colony) were given the choice between immediate independence and the new constitution. All colonies voted for the new constitution except Guinea, which thus became the first French African colony to gain independence, at the cost of the immediate ending of all French assistance. September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years). ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on October 5, 1958. ... In politics and in history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a geographically-distant state (or city, in ancient times). ...

1958–1962: Founding of the Fifth Republic

In the November 1958 elections de Gaulle and his supporters (initially organised in the Union pour la Nouvelle République-Union Démocratique du Travail, then the Union des Démocrates pour la Vème République and later still the Union des Démocrates pour la République) won a comfortable majority, in December de Gaulle was elected President by the parliament with 78% of the vote, he was inaugurated in January 1959. The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on October 5, 1958. ... This work is copyrighted. ... This work is copyrighted. ... Union of Democrats for the Republic (French : Union des DÃ©mocrates pour la RÃ©publique), also known as the Gaullist Party was a political party of France. ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

He oversaw tough economic measures to revitalise the country, including the issuing of a new franc (worth 100 old francs). Internationally he rebuffed both the United States and the Soviet Union, pushing for an independent France with its own nuclear weapons, and strongly encouraged a "Free Europe" where he believed a confederation between all European nations would revitalize the past glories of the great European Empires. He set about building Franco-German cooperation as the cornerstone of the EEC (now the European Union), giving the first state visit to Germany by a French head of state since Napoleon. The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... State visits usually involve a military review. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

He also took the opportunity to deny the British entry to the EEC for the first time (January 1963), citing his belief that the United Kingdom would not accept the rules of the Community, and would prefer its oversea alliances (the United States and the British Commonwealth) to its European partners, French ties to its own former empire notwithstanding. Although his supporters would argue that subsequent British ambivalence toward the EU justified his fears, many Britons took De Gaulle's "non" as a deep insult. British commentators have suggested that Britain's later lack of enthusiasm for the EU was due precisely to it being a project to which Britain was not invited during its formative years. As a result of De Gaulle's snub, it is asserted, instead of genuinely embracing all European democracies, the EU became a platform tailor-made for French ambitions but serving British needs poorly. (See Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom.). 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, most of which were once governed by the United Kingdom and are its former colonies. ... Euroscepticism is scepticism about, or disagreement with, the purposes of the European Union, sometimes coupled with a wish to preserve national sovereignty. ...

De Gaulle believed that while the war in Algeria was militarily winnable it was not defensible internationally, and he became reconciled to the country's independence. This stance created huge anger among the French settlers and their metropolitan supporters, and de Gaulle was forced to suppress two uprisings in Algeria by French settlers and troops, in the second of which (April 1961) France herself faced threatened invasion by rebel paratroops. He was also targeted by the settler OAS terrorist group and several assassinations attempts were made on him; the most famous is that of 22 August 1962, when he and his wife narrowly escaped an assassination attempt when their Citroën DS was targeted by machine gun fire arranged by Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry at the Petit-Clamart. In March 1962 de Gaulle arranged a cease-fire in Algeria and a referendum supported independence, finally accomplished on July 3. 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Organisation de larmÃ©e secrÃ¨te (OAS; Secret Army Organization) was a short-lived French right-wing terrorist group formed in January 1961 to resist the granting of independence to the French colony of Algeria (AlgÃ©rie franÃ§aise). ... August 22 is the 234th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (235th in leap years), with 131 days remaining. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jack Ruby murdered the alleged assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, in a very public manner. ... The DS (also known as DÃ©esse, or Goddess, after the punning initials in French) was a model of CitroÃ«n automobile manufactured and sold between 1955 and 1975. ... A machine gun is a fully-automatic firearm that is capable of firing bullets in rapid succession. ... Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry (October 19, 1927 – March 11, 1963) was a French air military engineer, and the ringleader of an attempt to assassinate President of France Charles de Gaulle. ... Clamart is a city and commune in France, in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, on the left bank of the Seine. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... July 3rd is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 181 days remaining. ...

In September 1962 he sought a constitutional amendment to allow the president to be directly elected by the people. Following a defeat in the National Assembly, he dissolved that body and held new elections, the Gaullists won an increased majority. Although the Algerian issue was settled the prime minister, Michel Debré, still resigned over the final settlement and was replaced with Georges Pompidou. Michel DebrÃ©, French politician Michel DebrÃ© (January 15, 1912 - August 2, 1996) was a French politician. ... Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (July 5, 1911–April 2, 1974) was President of France from 1969 until his death in 1974. ...

1962–1968 Politics of grandeur

With the Algerian conflict behind, de Gaulle was able to achieve his two main objectives: To reform and develop the French economy, and to promote an independent foreign policy and a strong stance of France on the international stage. This was the so-called "politics of grandeur" (politique de grandeur).

In the context of a population boom unseen in France since the 18th century, the government under prime minister Georges Pompidou oversaw a rapid transformation and expansion of the French economy. With dirigisme — a unique combination of capitalism and state-directed economy — the government intervened heavily in the economy, using indicative five-year plans as its main tool. Great prestige projects, not always financially successful, were launched such as the extension of Marseilles harbor (soon becoming number three in Europe and number one in the Mediterranean), the promotion of the Caravelle plane (a predecessor of Airbus), the decision to start building the Franco-British Concorde plane in Toulouse, the expansion of the French car industry with state-owned Renault at its center, and the building of the first motorways between Paris and the provinces, the French economy recorded growth rates not accounted for since the 19th century. In 1963 de Gaulle vetoed Britain's entry into the EEC for the first of two times. In 1964, for the first time in 200 years, France's GDP overtook that of the UK, a position it held until the UK's GDP again surpassed France's in the 1990s. This period is still remembered in France with some nostalgia as the peak of the Trente Glorieuses ("Thirty Glorious Years" of economic growth between 1945-1975). Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (July 5, 1911–April 2, 1974) was President of France from 1969 until his death in 1974. ... Dirigisme (from the French) is an economic term designating an economy where the government exerts strong directive influence. ... Five-Year Plans or Piatiletkas (пятилетка) were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. ... Marseilles redirects here. ... Satellite image Map of the Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... Sud Aviation Caravelle The SE 210 Caravelle was the first short/medium_range jet airliner, produced by the French Sud Aviation firm starting in 1955 (when it was still known as SNCASE). ... Airbus S.A.S. is a commercial aircraft manufacturer based in Toulouse, France. ... The Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde supersonic transport (SST) was one of only two models of supersonic passenger airliners to have seen commercial service. ... The Capitole, the 18th century city hall of Toulouse and best known landmark in the city; in the foreground is the Place du Capitole, a hub of urban life at the very center of the city Toulouse (pronounced in standard French, in local Toulouse accent) ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced ) is a... Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing small to upper-midsize cars, vans, buses and trucks. ... The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but keeping the same mind-set. ...

This strong economic foundation enabled de Gaulle to implement his independent foreign policy. In 1960, France became the fourth state to acquire a nuclear arsenal, having successfully detonated an atomic bomb in the Algerian desert. In 1968, at the insistence of de Gaulle, French scientists finally succeeded in detonating a hydrogen bomb, without any American assistance. In what was regarded as a snub to Britain, De Gaulle declared France was the third big independent nuclear power, as Britain's nuclear force was closely coordinated with that of the United States (though critics countered that this "independence" was an illusory luxury France could afford only by being under the protection of the U.S. nuclear umbrella). While grandeur was surely an essential motive in these nuclear developments, another was the concern that the U.S., involved in an unpopular and costly war in Vietnam, would hesitate to intervene in Europe should the Soviet Union decide to invade. In 1965 France launched its first satellite into orbit, being the third country in the world to build a complete delivery system, after the Soviet Union and the United States. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Seal of the President of the United States The President of the United States is the head of state of the United States. ... Order: 35th President Vice President: Lyndon B. Johnson Term of office: January 20, 1961 â€“ November 22, 1963 Preceded by: Dwight D. Eisenhower Succeeded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Date of birth: May 29, 1917 Place of birth: Brookline, Massachusetts Date of death: November 22, 1963 Place of death: Dallas, Texas First...

De Gaulle was convinced that a strong France could act as a balancing force in the rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union, a policy seen as little more than posturing and opportunism by his critics, particularly in Britain and the U.S., to which France was formally allied. In January 1964, he officially recognized the People's Republic of China, despite US opposition. It should be noted that he was only coming to the same conclusion that would lead to the spectacular trip of U.S. President Nixon to China eight years later. Indeed, Nixon's first foreign visit after his election was to de Gaulle in 1969. They both shared the same non-Wilsonian approach to world affairs, believing in nations and their relative strengths, rather than in ideologies, international organizations, or multilateral agreements. De Gaulle is famously quoted for nicknaming the United Nations le Machin ("the thing"). Order: 37th President Vice President: Spiro Agnew (1969–1973), Gerald R. Ford (1973–1974) Term of office: January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 Preceded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Succeeded by: Gerald R. Ford Date of birth: January 9, 1913 Place of birth: Yorba Linda, California Date of death: April 22... Wilsonism or Wilsonian are words used to describe a certain type of ideological perspectives on foreign policy. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 states. ...

In December 1965, de Gaulle was returned as president for a second seven-year term, but for the first time had to go through a second round of voting in which he defeated François Mitterrand. In February 1966, France withdrew from the common NATO military command, but remained within the organization. De Gaulle, haunted by the memories of 1940, wanted France to remain the master of the decisions affecting it, unlike in the 1930s, when France had to follow in step with the British ally. Again, though, the move was seen as further evidence of de Gaulle's hypocrisy; critics charged he was content for France to be protected by NATO, while publicly snubbing the alliance. In September 1966, in a famous speech in Phnom Penh (Cambodia), he expressed France's disapproval of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War; again, preceding Nixon by seven years, he called for a U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam as the only way to ensure peace. As the Vietnam War had its roots in French colonialism in southeast Asia, this speech did little to endear de Gaulle to the Americans, even if they later drew the same conclusion. 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... FranÃ§ois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (October 26, 1916 â€“ January 8, 1996; pronunciation?) was a French politician and President of France from May 1981, re-elected in 1988, until 1995. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... The flag of NATO NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4, 1949. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... A monk walking in front of the Royal palace in Phnom Penh Phnom Penh (Khmer: ភ្នុំពេញ) is the capital and largest city of Cambodia. ... The Vietnam War was fought from 1957 to 1975 between Soviet-supported Vietnamese nationalist and Communist forces and an array of Western and pro-Western forces, most notably the United States. ... Map of the first (light blue) and second (dark blue) French colonial empires France has had colonial possessions, in various forms, since the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

Having vetoed Britain's entry into the EEC a second time, in June 1967, he condemned the Israelis over their occupation of the West Bank and Gaza following the Six Days War. This was a major change in French policy towards Israel. Until then, France had been a staunch ally of Israel, helping Israel militarily and jointly plotting the Suez Campaign in 1956. Under de Gaulle, following the independence of Algeria, France embarked on foreign policies more favorable to the Arab side, still a distinct aspect of French foreign policy today. Israel's leadership, stung by what it considered its capricious abandonment in the face of de Gaulle's desire to appease the Arabs, then turned towards the United States for military support. The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... Belligerent military occupation, occurs when one nations military garrisons occupy all or part of the territory of another nation or recognized belligerent during an invasion (during or after a war). ... The city of Gaza is the principal city in the Gaza Strip. ... The 1967 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Six-Day War or June War, was fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. ... The Suez Crisis, also known as the Suez War, Suez Campaign or Kadesh Operation was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956. ...

In July 1967, de Gaulle visited Canada, celebrating the centennial of its existence as a nation with a World's Fair known officially as Expo '67. On July 24th, during a speech made from a balcony on Montreal city hall, to a large crowd gathered below De Gaulle uttered Vive le Québec then added, Vive le Québec libre ("Long Live Free Québec"). Harshly criticized by English-speaking Canadians and the Canadian government for this unprecedented breach of diplomatic protocol, it was seen by many Canadians as an insult to the thousands of Canadian soldiers who twice fought and died for the freedom of France. De Gaulle's stance was nonetheless welcomed by a part of the Quebec population that favor that province's sovereignty. Outraged, the Government of Canada under Prime Minister Lester Pearson, a soldier who served in World War I and a Nobel Peace Prize winner, cancelled the remainder of De Gaulle's tour and he returned to France where he was also heavily criticised by a large part of the French media. Charles de Gaulle giving the famous Vive le Québec libre speech on the Montreal city hall balcony. ... Charles de Gaulle giving the famous Vive le Québec libre speech on the Montreal city hall balcony. ... Worlds Fair is the generic name for various large expositions held since the mid 19th century. ... The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply Expo 67 was a Worlds Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1967 to coincide with the Canadian Centennial that year. ... {{Canadian City/Disable Field={{{Disable Motto Link}}}}} Motto: Concordia Salus (Salvation through harmony) Ville de MontrÃ©al, QuÃ©bec, Canada Location. ... Charles De Gaulle delivering the famous speech upon the Montreal city hall balcony. ... The Right Honourable Lester Bowles Mike Pearson (April 23, 1897 - December 27, 1972) was the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 22, 1963, to April 20, 1968, and also a 1957 Nobel Laureate. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Nobel Peace Prize (where Nobel is pronounced with the stress on the second syllable) is one of five Nobel Prizes requested by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ...

In December 1967, in the name of France he again rejected British entry into the EEC. Again, his desire to build an independent Europe led him to consider that Britain, whose foreign policy was aligned with that of the US since 1940, would only stall the efforts of the other EEC countries if it was allowed in. Contemporary British politicians expressed the belief that France was less interested in a united Europe than in a French-dominated Europe. Whatever the merits of de Gaulle's worries about British policy, his "non" was taken as a further insult to one of France's liberators. 1967 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ...

Many have commented that the "policy of grandeur" was probably too ambitious and heavy for the shoulders of France. This policy, it is argued, was made possible by the exceptional historical figure of de Gaulle, but was not sustainable by post-imperial France in the long run. In any case, it is still remembered in France as a defining era of French modern foreign policy, and it still largely inspires French foreign policy today.

May 1968

De Gaulle's government, however, was criticized within France, particularly for its heavy-handed style. When the written press and elections were free, the state had a monopoly on television and radio broadcasts (though there existed private stations broadcasting from abroad; see ORTF) and the executive occasionally told public broadcasters the bias that they desired on news. In many respects, society was traditionalistic and repressive. Many factors contributed to a general weariness of sections of the public, particularly the student youth, which led to the events of May 1968. The Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (ORTF) was the national agency charged, between 1964 and 1974, with providing public radio and television in France. ... May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up In May 1968 a general insurrection broke out across France. ...

The huge demonstrations and strikes in France in May 1968 were a big challenge to de Gaulle's presidency. In the course of the May 1968 events he briefly fled to Baden-Baden and met Massu, now French commander in Germany (to discuss army intervention against the protesters, according to popular but unofficial accounts). Map of Germany showing Baden-Baden Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ...

But de Gaulle offered to accept some of the reforms the demonstrators sought. He again considered a referendum to support his moves, but Pompidou persuaded him to dissolve parliament (in which the government had all but lost its majority in the March 1967 elections) and hold new elections instead. The June 1968 elections were a major success for the Gaullists and their allies: when offered the spectre of revolution or even civil war, the majority of the country rallied to him. His party won 358 of 487 seats, but Pompidou was suddenly replaced by Maurice Couve de Murville in July. Categories: Stub | 1907 births | 1999 deaths | Prime ministers of France | Archbishops | Alumni of Sciences Po ...

1969 The retirement

Charles de Gaulle resigned on April 28, 1969 following the defeat of his referendum to transform the Senate (upper house of the French parliament, wielding less power than the French National Assembly) into an advisory body while giving extended powers to regional councils. Some said this referendum was a self-conscious political suicide committed by de Gaulle after the traumatizing events of May 1968. As proven already in 1946, de Gaulle was no man to stay in power without feeling that the people were following him. He retired once again to Colombey-les-deux-Églises, where he died suddenly in 1970, while in the middle of writing his memoirs. In perfect health until then, it was reported that as he had finished watching the evening news on television and was sitting in his armchair he suddenly said "I feel a pain here", pointing to his neck, just seconds before he fell unconscious due to an aneurysmal rupture. Within minutes he was dead. April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: Assembly national) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ... A cerebral or brain aneurysm is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cerebral artery or vein causes a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel. ...

Private life

Charles de Gaulle married on April 7, 1921 to Yvonne Vendroux ("Tante Yvonne"). They had 3 children: Philippe (1921), Elisabeth (1924), and Anne (1928). Anne suffered from Down syndrome and died at 20.

Charles de Gaulle's grandson, Charles de Gaulle is a member of the European Parliament for the National Front. Charles de Gaulle is a French politician. ... A Member of the European Parliament (English abbreviation MEP) is a member of the European Unions directly-elected legislative body, the European Parliament. ... This article is about the French political party, not the WWII French resistance movement Front National. ...

Retrospect

Though controversial throughout his political career, not least among ideological opponents on the left and among overseas strategic partners, de Gaulle continues to command enormous respect within France, where his presidency is seen as a return to political stability and strength on the international stage.

Domestically, for all its flaws, he presided over a return to economic prosperity after an initially sluggish postwar performance, while maintaining much of the social contract evolved in previous decades between employers and labour. The associated dirigisme (state economic interventionism) of the Fifth Republic's early decades remains at odds with the trend of western economic orthodoxy, though French living standards remain among the highest in Europe.

De Gaulle's presidential style of government was continued under his successors. Internationally, the emphasis on French independence which so characterised de Gaulle's policy remains a keynote of foreign policy, together with his alignment with the former rival Germany, still seen in both countries as a foundation for European integration.

France's largest airport in Roissy, France, outside of Paris was named Charles de Gaulle International Airport in De Gaulle's honor. Roissy-en-France, or simply Roissy, is a commune of the Val-dOise département, near Paris, France. ... Charles de Gaulle International Airport (French: Aéroport de Roissy-Charles de Gaulle), also known as Roissy Airport (or just Roissy in French), serving Paris, is one of Europes principal aviation centers, as well as Frances main international airport. ...

Footnote

¹ As he commissioned the new constitution and was responsible for its overall framework, de Gaulle is sometimes described as the author of the constitution. De Gaulle's political ideas were written into a constitution by Michel Debré who then guided the text through the enactment process. Thus while the constitution reflects de Gaulle's ideas, Michel Debré was the actual author of the text. Michel DebrÃ©, French politician Michel DebrÃ© (January 15, 1912 - August 2, 1996) was a French politician. ...

Works

French Editions

English Translations

De Gaulle's First Government, 10 September 1944 - 21 November 1945

Changes September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Georges Bidault, French statesman Georges-Augustin Bidault (October 5, 1899 - January 27, 1983) was a French politician and active in the French Resistance and Organisation de lArmée Secrète (OAS). ... AimÃ© Marie Antoine Lepercq (Collonges-au-Mont-dOr (RhÃ´ne dÃ©partement) September 2, 1889 - November 9, 1944) was a French soldier, industrialist and political figure. ... Pierre MendÃ¨s-France Pierre MendÃ¨s-France (10 January 1907 - 18 October 1982), French politician, was born in Paris, into a family of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish origin. ... Louis Jacquinot (16 September 1898, Gondrecourt-le-Château (Meuse) - 14 June 1993, Paris) was a French lawyer and politician, chief of Prime Minister Raymond Poincarés office. ... Henri Frenay (1905-1988) was a French military officer and French resistance member. ... FranÃ§ois Tanguy-Prigent was a French politician. ... RenÃ© Pleven, French prime minister RenÃ© Pleven (April 1901 - January 13, 1993) was a notable French politician of the Fourth Republic. ... RenÃ© Mayer, French prime minister RenÃ© Mayer (1895-1972) was a French Radical politician of the Fourth Republic who served briefly as Prime Minister during 1953. ... Pierre-Henri Teitgen was born in Rennes on May 29th, 1908 and died on April, 6th 1997 in Paris . ...

November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... RenÃ© Pleven, French prime minister RenÃ© Pleven (April 1901 - January 13, 1993) was a notable French politician of the Fourth Republic. ... November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... Categories: Stub | 1888 births | 1961 deaths | Prime ministers of France ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... RenÃ© Pleven, French prime minister RenÃ© Pleven (April 1901 - January 13, 1993) was a notable French politician of the Fourth Republic. ... May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Pierre-Henri Teitgen was born in Rennes on May 29th, 1908 and died on April, 6th 1997 in Paris . ... Jacques Soustelle was born in Montpellier (France) on 3 February 1912 and died on 6 August 1990. ... Christian Pineau, French resistance leader and statesman Christian Pineau (October 14, 1904 _ April 5, 1995) was a noted French Resistance fighter. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

De Gaulle's Second Government, 21 December 1945 - 26 January 1946

December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Georges Bidault, French statesman Georges-Augustin Bidault (October 5, 1899 - January 27, 1983) was a French politician and active in the French Resistance and Organisation de lArmée Secrète (OAS). ... RenÃ© Pleven, French prime minister RenÃ© Pleven (April 1901 - January 13, 1993) was a notable French politician of the Fourth Republic. ... Pierre-Henri Teitgen was born in Rennes on May 29th, 1908 and died on April, 6th 1997 in Paris . ... FranÃ§ois Tanguy-Prigent was a French politician. ... Jacques Soustelle was born in Montpellier (France) on 3 February 1912 and died on 6 August 1990. ... Jules Moch , a French politician, was born in Paris on March 15, 1893 and died on August 1, 1985 in Cabris (Alpes-Maritimes). ... AndrÃ© Malraux, French author, adventurer, and statesman AndrÃ© Malraux (November 3, 1901 - November 23, 1976) was a French author, adventurer and statesman preeminent in the world of French politics and culture during his lifetime. ... Categories: People stubs | 1884 births | 1966 deaths | Presidents of France ... Louis Jacquinot (16 September 1898, Gondrecourt-le-Château (Meuse) - 14 June 1993, Paris) was a French lawyer and politician, chief of Prime Minister Raymond Poincarés office. ... Maurice Thorez Maurice Thorez (April 28, 1900–July 11, 1964) was a French statesman and longtime leader of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1930 until his death. ...

De Gaulle's Third Ministry, 9 June 1958 - 8 January 1959

Changes June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Categories: Stub | 1907 births | 1999 deaths | Prime ministers of France | Archbishops | Alumni of Sciences Po ... Categories: Stub | 1891 births | 1994 deaths | Prime ministers of France | Centenarians ... Paul Bacon (born 1st November 1907 in Paris, died on 6th December 1999) was a French politician. ... Michel DebrÃ©, French politician Michel DebrÃ© (January 15, 1912 - August 2, 1996) was a French politician. ... Guy Mollet Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975), French politician, was born in Flers, in Normandy, the son of a textile worker. ... Categories: Stub | 1907 births | 2000 deaths | Prime ministers of France ... FÃ©lix HouphouÃ«t-Boigny (fÄlÄ“ksÂ´ oofwÄÂ´-bwÃ¤Â´nye) (October 18, 1905 - December 7, 1993) was the first President of CÃ´te dIvoire (1960 - 1993). ... Louis Jacquinot (16 September 1898, Gondrecourt-le-Château (Meuse) - 14 June 1993, Paris) was a French lawyer and politician, chief of Prime Minister Raymond Poincarés office. ...

June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... AndrÃ© Malraux, French author, adventurer, and statesman AndrÃ© Malraux (November 3, 1901 - November 23, 1976) was a French author, adventurer and statesman preeminent in the world of French politics and culture during his lifetime. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Guy Mollet Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975), French politician, was born in Flers, in Normandy, the son of a textile worker. ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jacques Soustelle was born in Montpellier (France) on 3 February 1912 and died on 6 August 1990. ... July 23 is the 204th day (205th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 161 days remaining. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Philippe PÃ©tain Marshal Henri Philippe PÃ©tain (April 24, 1856 - July 23, 1951), generally known as Philippe PÃ©tain or Marshal PÃ©tain, was a French soldier and leader of Vichy France. ... Pierre Laval, prime minister of Vichy France Pierre Laval (June 28, 1883 - October 15, 1945) was a French politician and thrice Prime Minister of France, the final time being under the Vichy government. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... French politician Felix Gouin FÃ©lix Gouin (October 4, 1884 - October 25, 1977) was a French Socialist politician who succeeded Charles de Gaulle as head of the French Provisional Government in 1946. ... Philippe PÃ©tain Marshal Henri Philippe PÃ©tain (April 24, 1856 - July 23, 1951), generally known as Philippe PÃ©tain or Marshal PÃ©tain, was a French soldier and leader of Vichy France. ... This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra. ... French politician Felix Gouin FÃ©lix Gouin (October 4, 1884 - October 25, 1977) was a French Socialist politician who succeeded Charles de Gaulle as head of the French Provisional Government in 1946. ... Categories: Stub | 1907 births | 2000 deaths | Prime ministers of France ... The Prime Minister of France (Premier ministre de la France) is the functional head of the Cabinet of France. ... Michel DebrÃ©, French politician Michel DebrÃ© (January 15, 1912 - August 2, 1996) was a French politician. ... French statesman RenÃ© Coty RenÃ©-Jules-Gustave Coty (March 20, 1882 - November 22, 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (July 5, 1911–April 2, 1974) was President of France from 1969 until his death in 1974. ... French statesman RenÃ© Coty RenÃ©-Jules-Gustave Coty (March 20, 1882 - November 22, 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. ... This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra. ... Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (July 5, 1911–April 2, 1974) was President of France from 1969 until his death in 1974. ...

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

Quotes

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... Nguyen Cao Ky (Nguyễn Cao Kỳ) (born 1930) is a Vietnamese politician, who served as Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1967, and then Vice President until his retirement from politics in 1971. ... July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 160 days remaining. ... 1967 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... {{Canadian City/Disable Field={{{Disable Motto Link}}}}} Motto: Concordia Salus (Salvation through harmony) Ville de MontrÃ©al, QuÃ©bec, Canada Location. ... {{Canadian City/Disable Field={{{Disable Motto Link}}}}} Motto: Concordia Salus (Salvation through harmony) Ville de MontrÃ©al, QuÃ©bec, Canada Location. ... Small-town post office and town hall A city hall, or town hall is the headquarters of a citys (or towns) administration. ... The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply Expo 67 was a Worlds Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1967 to coincide with the Canadian Centennial that year. ... Charles De Gaulle delivering the famous speech upon the Montreal city hall balcony. ... Tintin and Snowy (Tintin et Milou) are world travellers and inseparable friends in The Adventures of Tintin. ...

Contents

1890–1912: Formative years

1912–1940: Military career

1940–1945: The Free French Forces

1946–1958: The desert crossing

1958: The collapse of the Fourth Republic

1958–1962: Founding of the Fifth Republic

1962–1968 Politics of grandeur

May 1968

1969 The retirement

Private life

Retrospect

Footnote

Works

French Editions

English Translations

De Gaulle's First Government, 10 September 1944 - 21 November 1945

De Gaulle's Second Government, 21 December 1945 - 26 January 1946

De Gaulle's Third Ministry, 9 June 1958 - 8 January 1959

Quotes

See also

Contents

1890–1912: Formative years GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

1912–1940: Military career

1940–1945: The Free French Forces

1946–1958: The desert crossing

1958: The collapse of the Fourth Republic

1958–1962: Founding of the Fifth Republic

1962–1968 Politics of grandeur

May 1968

1969 The retirement

Private life

Retrospect

Footnote

Works

French Editions

English Translations

De Gaulle's First Government, 10 September 1944 - 21 November 1945

De Gaulle's Second Government, 21 December 1945 - 26 January 1946

De Gaulle's Third Ministry, 9 June 1958 - 8 January 1959

Quotes

See also

1890–1912: Formative years