For the article on the human consumption of chicken, see Chicken (food).

Chicken
A Rhode Island Red
Conservation status
Domesticated
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae Genus: Gallus Species: G. gallus Subspecies: G. g. domesticus
Trinomial name
Gallus gallus domesticus

Chicken can mean: Chicken (bird) Chicken, Alaska Chicken (game) Chicken (language) Chicken (short film) Chicken (zodiac) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Chicken (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (916x814, 134 KB) This picture of a Rhone Island Red chicken was taken by me and edited (cropped) by me. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Digimon, the only known animals. ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Families Megapodidae Numididae Odontophoridae Phasianidae Meleagrididae Tetraonidae Cracidae Mesitornithidae The Galliformes is an order of birds containing the turkeys, grouse, quails and pheasants. ... The Phasianidae is a family of birds which consists of the pheasants and their allies. ... Species Gallus gallus Gallus lafayetii Gallus sonneratii Gallus varius The Junglefowl are a group of four species of bird in the pheasant family which occur in India, Sri Lanka and south east Asia. ... Binomial name Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758 Red Junglefowl range The Red Junglefowl, Gallus gallus is a tropical member of the Pheasant family and the direct ancestor of the domestic chicken. ... Trinomial nomenclature is a taxonomic naming system that extends the standard system of binomial nomenclature by adding a third taxon. ...

General biology and habitat

Chicken eggs vary in color depending on the hen, typically ranging from bright white to shades of brown and even blue, green, and recently reported purple (found in South Asia) (Araucana varieties).

Rooster crowing during daylight hours

Male chickens are known as roosters (in the U.S., Canada and Australia), cocks, or bollocks if they are young. Castrated roosters are called capons. Female chickens are known as hens, or 'chooks' in Australian English. Young females are known as pullets. Roosters can usually be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage, marked by long flowing tails and bright pointed feathers on their necks. Free range chicken eggs File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Free range chicken eggs File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An egg is an ovum produced by a female animal for reproduction, often prepared as food. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1067, 180 KB) Rooster Crowing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Rooster Chicken ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1067, 180 KB) Rooster Crowing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Rooster Chicken ... A rooster or cock is a male chicken, the female being a hen. ... A capon, soon to be roasted for a Christmas dinner. ... A pullet is a young chicken, more specifically a hen at least 20-weeks-old which has begun to lay eggs but has not yet moulted. ...

However, in some breeds, such as the Sebright, the cock only has slightly pointed neck feathers, and the identification must be made by looking at the comb. Chickens have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb or cockscomb, and a fleshy piece of hanging skin under their beak called a wattle. These organs help to cool the bird by redirecting blood flow to the skin. Both the male and female have distinctive wattles and combs. In males, the combs are often more prominent, though this is not the case in all varieties. Species L. (silver cockscomb) L. (crested cockscomb) Vahl (West Indian cockscomb) S. Wats. ... A wattle is a fleshy growth or caruncle hanging from various parts of the head in several groups of birds, including: From the neck or throat Galliformes: Domestic chickens, turkeys, and others Some Vultures Some lapwings The Australian Wattlebirds (Anthochaera ) The New Zealand Wattlebirds (Callaeidae), which include the Kokako, Tieke...

Domestic chickens are typically fed commercially prepared feed that includes a protein source as well as grains. Chickens often scratch at the soil to get at adult insects and larvae or seed. Incidents of cannibalism can occur when a curious bird pecks at a preexisting wound or during fighting (even among female birds). This is exacerbated in close quarters. In commercial egg and meat production this is controlled by trimming the beak (removal of ⅔ of the top half and occasionally ⅓ of the lower half of the beak). A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... This article is about cereals in general. ... This article is about consuming ones own species. ...

Domestic chickens are not capable of long distance flight, although they are generally capable of flying for short distances such as over fences. Chickens will sometimes fly to explore their surroundings, but usually only to flee perceived danger. Because of flight risk, chickens raised in open-air pens generally have one of their wings clipped by the breeder — the tips of the longest feathers on one of the wings are cut, resulting in unbalanced flight which the bird cannot sustain for more than a few meters (more on wing clipping).

Chickens are gregarious birds and live together as a flock. They have a communal approach to the incubation of eggs and raising of young. Individual chickens in a flock will dominate others, establishing a "pecking order," with dominant individuals having priority for access to food and nesting locations. Removing hens or roosters from a flock causes a temporary disruption to this social order until a new pecking order is established. A herd of Wildebeest A gaggle of Canada geese For other uses, see Herd (disambiguation). ... The word incubate in the context of birds refers to the development of the chick (embryo) within the egg and the constant temperature required for the development of it over a specific period. ... A hierarchy (in Greek hieros = sacred, arkho = rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things. ...

Chickens will try to lay in nests that already contain eggs, and have been known to move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. Some farmers use fake eggs made from plastic or stone to encourage hens to lay in a particular location. The result of this behavior is that a flock will use only a few preferred locations, rather than having a different nest for every bird.

Hens can also be extremely stubborn about always laying in the same location. It is not unknown for two (or more) hens to try to share the same nest at the same time. If the nest is small, or one of the hens is particularly determined, this may result in chickens trying to lay on top of each other.

Contrary to popular belief, roosters do not crow only at dawn, but may crow at any time of the day or night. Their crowing - a loud and sometimes shrill call - is a territorial signal to other roosters. However, crowing may also result from sudden disturbances within their surroundings.

Recent studies [1] have shown that chickens (and possibly other bird species) still retain the genetic blueprints to produce teeth in the jaws, although these are dormant in living animals. These are a holdover from primitive birds such as Archaeopteryx, which were descended from theropod dinosaurs. Binomial name Archaeopteryx lithographica Meyer, 1861 Synonyms see text Archaeopteryx (from Ancient Greek αρχαιος archaios meaning ancient and πτερυξ pteryx meaning feather or wing;[1] pronounced ), from the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian stage, 155-150 million years ago) of what is now Germany, is the earliest and most primitive known avian. ... Subdivisions ?Eoraptor Herrerasauria Coelophysoidea Ceratosauria Cryolophosaurus Spinosauridae Carnosauria Coelurosauria Theropods (beast foot) are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs. ... Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ...

Courting

When a rooster finds food he may call the other chickens to eat it first. He does this by clucking in a high pitch as well as picking up and dropping the food. This behavior can also be observed in mother hens, calling their chicks. In some cases the rooster will drag the wing opposite the hen on the ground, while circling her. This is part of chicken courting ritual. When a hen is used to coming to his "call" the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the fertilization.

Artificial incubation

Chicken egg incubation can successfully occur artificially as well. Nearly all chicken eggs will hatch after 21 days of good conditions - 99.5 °F (37.5°C) and around 55% relative humidity (increase to 70% in the last three days of incubation to help soften egg shell). Many commercial incubators are industrial-sized with shelves holding tens of thousands of eggs at a time, with rotation of the eggs a fully automated process. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Home incubators are usually small boxes (styrofoam incubators are popular) and hold a few to 50 eggs. Eggs must be turned three to five times each day, rotating at least 90 degrees. If eggs aren't turned, the embryo inside will stick to the shell and likely will be hatched with physical defects. This process is natural; hens will stand up three to five times a day and shift the eggs around with their beak. Styrofoam is a trademark name for extruded polystyrene thermal insulation material, manufactured by Dow Chemical Company. ... It has been suggested that embryology be merged into this article or section. ... The beak—otherwise known as the bill or rostrum—is an external anatomical structure which serves as the mouth in some animals. ...

Chickens as food

Roast Chicken

Main article: Chicken (food)

The meat of the chicken, also called "chicken," is a type of poultry. Because of its relatively low cost among meats, chicken is one of the most used meats in the world. Nearly all parts of the bird can be used for food, and the meat is cooked in many different ways around the world. Popular chicken dishes include fried chicken, chicken soup, marinated chicken wings, tandoori chicken, butter chicken, and chicken rice. Chicken is also a staple of fast food restaurants such as KFC (most products), McDonald's (chicken sandwiches, chicken nuggets) and Burger King. Chicken has a fairly neutral flavour and texture, and is used as a reference point for describing other foods; many are said to 'taste like chicken' if they are indistinctive. Image File history File links Roast_chicken. ... Image File history File links Roast_chicken. ... For other uses, see Chicken (disambiguation). ... Mortal Kombat character, see Meat (Mortal Kombat). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... KFCs Fried chicken with French fries. ... A bowl of homemade chicken soup. ... A plate of home-made buffalo wings Buffalo wings, wings, or chicken wings are chicken wing sections (called flats and drums) which are often served deep fried and coated in sauce. ... Tandoori chicken is a popular dish in Punjabi cuisine. ... Butter chicken simmering on a stove Butter chicken or murgh makhani is an Indian dish popular in countries all over the world that have a tradition of Indian restaurants. ... Hainanese chicken rice (Simplified Chinese: 海南鸡饭; Traditional Chinese: 海南雞飯; pinyin: Hǎinán jīfàn) is a rice dish most commonly associated with Singaporean cuisine, although it is also commonly sold in neighbouring Malaysia and found in Hainan itself. ... Fast food is food prepared and served quickly at a fast-food restaurant or shop at low cost. ... KFC, or Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a fast food restaurant chain based in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. ... McDonalds Corporation (NYSE: MCD) is the worlds largest chain of fast-food restaurants, primarily selling hamburgers, chicken, french fries, milkshakes and soft drinks. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Burger King, Seoul, South Korea Burger King is a large international chain of fast food restaurants, predominantly selling burgers, french fries, soft drinks, desserts, and various sandwiches. ... Tastes like chicken is a comical, all-purpose phrase to describe the taste of unique food. ...

Chickens as pets

A day old chick

Chickens can make loving and gentle companion animals, but can sometimes become aggressive. Some have advised against keeping certain breeds around young children, as the chickens can become territorial and violent. In Asia, chickens with striking plumage have long been kept for ornamental purposes, including feather-footed varieties such as the Cochin from Vietnam and Silkie from China and the extremely long-tailed Phoenix from Japan. Asian ornamental varieties were imported into the United States and Great Britain in the late 1800s. Distinctive American varieties of chickens have been developed from these Asian breeds. Poultry fanciers began keeping these ornamental birds for exhibition, a practice that continues today. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 176 KB) One day old chick File links The following pages link to this file: Chicken Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Chick Category: ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 176 KB) One day old chick File links The following pages link to this file: Chicken Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Chick Category: ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... Cochin Hen and Rooster. ... A silkie rooster, photograph by Barry Kollfer, http://feathersite. ... Phoenix Chickens an ancient breed from Japan, were kept in the imperial gardens. ...

While some cities in the United States still allow chickens as pets, the practice is quickly disappearing. Individuals in rural communities commonly keep chickens for both ornamental and practical value. Some communities ban only roosters, allowing the quieter hens. Many zoos use chickens instead of insecticides to control insect populations. Giraffes in Sydneys Taronga Zoo A zoological garden, zoological park, or zoo is a facility in which animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred. ... An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects in all developmental forms. ... Orders See taxonomy Insects (Class Insecta) are a major group of arthropods and the most diverse group of animals on the Earth, with over a million described species — more than all other animal groups combined [1]. Insects may be found in nearly all environments on the planet, although only a...

Keeping a few chickens as backyard pets is surprisingly easy to do. The major challenge is protecting the birds from predators such as dogs, raccoons and foxes. The birds will need a secure place to sleep at night. This can be as simple or as elaborate as you like. For a few birds allowed to roam free during the day, a large doghouse-type structure with a locking door will serve just fine. Some kind of bedding such as straw or wood shavings should be provided on the floor. Nest boxes will make egg collection easier. If the birds are left in the structure during the day, a larger, more elaborate structure would be necessary. Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog Canis lupus is a type of canine, a mammal in the order Carnivora. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fox is a general term applied to any one of roughly 27 species of small to medium-sized omnivorous canids in the tribe vulpini with sharp features and a brush-like tail. ... Sleep is the state of natural rest observed in most mammals, birds, fish, as well as invertebrates such as the fruitfly Drosophila. ... First dog Dash, outside of his doghouse during U.S. President Harrisons tenure. ...

Chickens naturally return to the same spot to roost every night. On most occasions they will put themselves to bed and your only job would be to make sure the door is shut and locked before nightfall. It is best to count the birds each night as sometimes a bird will not find his or her way back into the coop. A bird left out at night is likely to be killed by a predator.

Most chickens cannot fly well and are easily contained with 3-4' fencing. Birds which are allowed to roam the yard during the day are quite effective at controlling insects of all types. Areas of bare dirt will benefit from the weed control and soil cultivation provided by the birds in their never-ending search for food. The birds, however, will pick at plants and grass and may cause some damage to ground-cover with their scratching. Also chickens will eat most any kind of food scraps. This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

The eggs themselves can be quite different from the store purchased variety. Fresh yolks are quite "perky" and stand tall above the white. The yolk color is frequently a deeper color than the pale yellow of commercially raised eggs and can at times be almost a dark orange. The egg yolk is the yellow inside an egg. ... Rubber duckies. ... Look up orange in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Growing chickens can be tamed by feeding them a special treat (such as mealworms) by hand, and by being with them for at least ten minutes daily when they are young. Even older birds can be tamed considerably by hand-feeding leftover table scraps. It can be fun to help the birds forage by turning rocks over and watching them grab worms and bugs that typically can be found in these dark, moist areas. The chickens quickly associate you with a source of food and will become your constant companion when you are both in the yard. Binomial name Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 Mealworms are the larval form of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, a species of darkling beetle. ... Earthworm A worm is an elongated soft-bodied invertebrate animal. ...

A former recurring skit on the weekly comedy show Saturday Night Live featured a chicken pet store with the Chinese owner (as played by Dana Carvey) not wishing to sell to customers on the basis that "Chickens make lousy house pets." For information about The Sketch Show TV programme, see The Sketch Show. ... Saturday Night Live (SNL) is a weekly late night 90-minute American comedy-variety show based in New York City which has been broadcast by NBC on Saturday nights since October 11, 1975. ... A pet store or pet shop is a store at which one can purchase supplies for pets. ... Dana Thomas Carvey (born June 2, 1955, in Missoula, Montana) is an American actor and comedian best known for his work on Saturday Night Live and the spin-off movie Waynes World. ...

Chickens in agriculture

battery chickens

Free range chickens

A free range egg (left) next to a battery egg (right).

In the United States, chickens were once raised primarily on family farms. Prior to about 1910, chicken was served primarily on special occasions or on Saturday, as the birds were typically more valued for their eggs than meat. As cities developed and markets sprung up across the nation, live chickens from local farms could often be seen for sale in crates outside the market to be butchered and cleaned onsite by the butcher. Some people still keep "free range" chickens for personal use, and may even sell the eggs and meat, but very few are raised on a large scale commercial basis this way. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2304x1728, 1555 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Chicken Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2304x1728, 1555 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Chicken Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Modern dairy farm Industrial agriculture, also known as factory farming, refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Chickens_drinking. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Chickens_drinking. ... Free range is a method of farming husbandry where the animals are permitted to roam freely instead of being contained in small sheds. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 846 KB) Two eggs, the one on the left is free range, the one on the right is a standard supermarket egg. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2560x1920, 846 KB) Two eggs, the one on the left is free range, the one on the right is a standard supermarket egg. ... For other uses, see Farm (disambiguation). ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... The god Saturn, after whom Saturday is named. ... Butcher shop in Valencia A butcher is someone who prepares various meats and other related goods for sale. ...

With the advent of vertical integration and selective breeding of efficient meat-type birds, poultry production changed dramatically. Large farms and packing plants emerged that could grow birds by the thousands. Chickens could be sent to slaughterhouses for butchering and processing into pre-packaged commercial products to be frozen or shipped fresh to markets or wholesalers. Meat-type chickens currently grow to market weight in six to seven weeks whereas only fifty years ago it took three times as long.^[1] This is due exclusively to genetic selection and nutritional modifications (and not the use of growth hormones, which are illegal for use in poultry in the US and many other countries). Once a meat consumed only occasionally, the common availability and lower cost has made chicken a common and significant meat product within developed nations. Growing concerns over the cholesterol content of red meat in the 1980s and 1990s further resulted in increased consumption of chicken. It has been suggested that Vertical expansion be merged into this article or section. ... Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. ... Red meat or mammal meat refers to all meat that is derived from mammals, and is unrelated to the actual color of the meat. ...

Another breed of chicken, the Leghorn chicken, was further developed to be an efficient egg layer. Egg production and consumption changed with the development of automation and refrigeration. Large farms were devoted solely to egg production and packaging. Today, eggs are produced on large egg ranches on which environmental parameters are well controlled. Chickens are exposed to artificial light cycles to stimulate egg production year-round. In addition, it is a common practice to induce molt through careful manipulation of light and the amount of food they receive in order to further increase egg size and production. Leghorn Chicken The leghorn is a breed of chicken, named after the Italian city of Leghorn. ... Packaging is the enclosing of a physical object, typically a product that will be offered for sale. ... In birds, moulting or molting is the routine shedding of old feathers. ...

On average, a chicken lays one egg a day; however, this varies with the breed and time of year. For example, a Barred Plymouth Rock may lay one egg a day during the spring, summer and fall. But the same chicken may not lay at all during the winter. However, a chicken bred specifically for egg-laying may occasionally lay two eggs a day, and if housed correctly may lay all through the winter. Usually, egg laying hens are butchered after their first egg laying period that usually lasts from 12 to 14 months. The period begins when the hen is about 20 weeks old (depending on breed and season). Since roosters are not needed in the egg industry, all the males (roughly fifty percent of all chickens) are killed after their birth when producing birds for the egg industry. Barred Plymouth Rock rooster. ...

Issues with mass production

Humane Treatment

Many animal welfare advocates object to killing chickens for food or to the "factory farm conditions" under which they are raised. They contend that commercial chicken production usually involves raising the birds in large, crowded rearing sheds that prevent the chickens from engaging in many of their natural behaviors. Fast food giant KFC has been the target of PETA recently due to its methods of keeping its 750 million plus chickens each year. Beef cattle on a feedlot in the Texas Panhandle Factory farming is a term used to describe a set of controversial practices in large-scale, intensive agriculture. ...

Chickens generally live five to eleven years depending on the breed [2]; chickens raised for meat are slaughtered prior to sexual maturity (six weeks), and thus many of the aggressive behaviors seen in adult chickens (fighting, cannibalism) are seldom seen in for-meat chickens. Both male and female chicks have the ends of their beaks cut off, to reduce the risk of them injuring each other in close quarters. Because beaks are sensitive, trimming them without anaesthesia is considered inhumane by some. It is also argued that the procedure causes life-long discomfort. This article is about consuming ones own species. ... Debeaking, also known as beak trimming, is a process by which parts of the beak of a chicken are removed. ...

When advocating more humane treatment of chickens, it is sometimes asserted that they are intelligent. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno a trained chicken was shown playing "Mary Had a Little Lamb" on a toy piano and bowled 3 strikes.^{[citation needed]} Animal welfare groups such as PETA regard such cases as evidence that the birds are intelligent.[3] Dr. Chris Evans of Macquarie University claims that their range of 20 calls, problem solving skills and the ability to recognise each other by facial features demonstate the intelligence of chickens, saying "As a trick at conferences, I sometimes list these attributes, without mentioning chickens, and people think I’m talking about monkeys." [4] May 26, 2006 opening monologue of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno The Tonight Show with Jay Leno is the full name of NBCs The Tonight Show hosted by Jay Leno, debuting on May 25, 1992. ... William Wallace Denslows illustrations for Mary had a little lamb, from a 1901 edition of Mother Goose Mary and lamb at school, according to Denslow Mary Had a Little Lamb is a nursery rhyme of 19th century American origin. ... A short grand piano, with the top up. ... Bowling ball and two pins Ten-pin bowling lane Automatic Scorer by Brunswick Specialized computers replaced hand scoring beginning 1970s. ... People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals logo People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is the largest animal rights organization in the world. ... Macquarie University is an Australian university located in Sydney. ...

Another animal welfare issue is the use of selective breeding to create heavy, large-breasted birds, which can lead to crippling leg disorders and heart failure for some of the birds. Concerns have been raised that companies growing single varieties of bird for eggs or meat are increasing their susceptiblity to disease. For this reason, many scientists are promoting the conservation of heritage breeds to retain genetic diversity in the species. Animal welfare is the viewpoint that animals, especially those under human care, should not suffer unnecessarily, including where the animals are used for food, work, companionship, or research. ... Selective breeding in domesticated animals is the process of developing a cultivated breed over time. ...

In 2004, 8.9 billion chickens were slaughtered in the United States.[5]

Human Concerns

Antibiotics

Because raising chickens in close quarters fosters the spread of disease, factory farms use antibiotics as a matter of course; many contend that this puts humans at risk as bacterial strains develop stronger and stronger resistances.[6] Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ...

A proposed bill in the American congress would make the use of antibiotics in animal feed legal only for therapeutic (rather than preventative) use, but it has not been passed yet. [7] Though this will certainly solve one problem, it does not address the fact that bacteria continue to develop resistances; hence, there is the risk of slaughtered chickens harboring these bacteria and passing them on to the humans that consume them.

In October 2000, the FDA discovered that two antibiotics were no longer effective in treating diseases found in factory-farmed chickens; one antibiotic was willingly and swiftly pulled from the market, but the other, Baytril was not. Bayer, the company which produced it, contested the claim and as a result, Baytril remained in use until July of 2005.[8] October 2000 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December Events October 1 - 2 - Nine Israeli-Arabs are killed by Israeli security forces after a riot/violent demonstration of solidarity with Palestinians under military rule in the West Bank and Gaza. ... The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government agency responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biologics and blood products in the United States. ... Nalidixic acid Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin Trovafloxacin The quinolones are a family of broad-spectrum antibiotics. ... Bayer AG (German pronunciation BYE-er, in US usually pronounced BAY-er) (NYSE: BAY, TYO: 4863 ) is a German chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in 1863. ... July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Arsenic

Chickens feed can also include Roxarsone, an antimicrobial drug that also promotes growth. The drug has generated controversy because it contains the poisonous element arsenic, which can cause cancer, dementia, and neurological problems in humans. Though the arsenic in Roxarsone is not of the type which can cause cancer, a Consumer Reports study in 2004 discovered enough arsenic in some samples of factory-farmed chicken to "cause neurological problems in a child who ate 2 ounces of cooked liver per week or in an adult who ate 5.5 ounces per week." [9] An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or slows the growth of microbes like bacteria (antibacterial activity), fungi (antifungal activity), viruses (antiviral activity), or parasites (antiparasitic activity). ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Atomic mass 74. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... For other uses, see Dementia (disambiguation). ... Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The liver is an organ in some animals, including vertebrates (and therefore humans). ...

Growth Hormones

The use of growth hormones in chickens (they now grow to maturity twice as quickly as they would naturally) is also a concern as the people who eat chicken consume the hormones as well. Some believe that the increasingly earlier onset of puberty is the result of the liberal use of such hormones, which are also found in other meats, as well as dairy. Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesised, stored and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. ... Puberty refers to the process of physical changes by which a childs body becomes an adult body capable of reproduction. ... Dairy farm near Oxford, New York A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal milk (mostly from cows, sometimes from buffalo, sheep or goats) and other farm animals, for human consumption. ...

E.coli

According to Consumer Reports, "1.1 million or more Americans [are]sickened each year by undercooked, tainted chicken." A USDA study discovered E.Coli in 99% of supermarket chicken, the result of chickens being raised in their own feces. Though E. Coli can usually be killed by proper cooking times, there is still some risk associated with it, and its near-ubiquity in commercially-farmed chicken is troubling to some. Consumer Reports, an American magazine published monthly by Consumers Union, publishes reviews and comparisons of consumer products and services based on reporting and results from its in-house testing laboratory. ... The United States Department of Agriculture (also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA) is a United States Federal Executive Department (or Cabinet Department). ... Binomial name Escherichia coli T. Escherich, 1885 E. coli at 10,000x magnification Escherichia coli (usually abbreviated to E. coli) is one of the main species of bacteria that live in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals (including birds and mammals) and are necessary for the proper digestion of...

Avian Flu

There is also a risk that the crowded conditions in many chicken farms will allow avian flu to spread quickly. A United Nations press release states: "Governments, local authorities and international agencies need to take a greatly increased role in combating the role of factory-farming, commerce in live poultry, and wildlife markets which provide ideal conditions for the virus to spread and mutate into a more dangerous form..."[10] For the current concern about the transmission of an avian flu to humans see Transmission and infection of H5N1. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

Efficiency Issues

Farming of chickens on an industrial scale relies on high protein feeds derived from the soybean. The soybean is also a complete protein source for humans. Giving the feed to chickens means the nutrients in the feed reach humans with a much lower efficiency than through direct consumption of soybean products. Binomial name Glycine max (L.) Merr. ... Efficiency is the capability of acting or producing effectively with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort. ...

Chicken diseases

Baby chicks in a box

Chickens are susceptible to parasites, including lice, mites, ticks, fleas, and intestinal worms as well as many other diseases. (Despite the name, they are not affected by Chickenpox; it is a disease of humans, not chickens.) Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 680 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 680 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Suborders Anoplura (sucking lice) Rhyncophthirina Ischnocera (avian lice) Amblycera (chewing lice) Lice (singular: louse) (order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3000 species of wingless parasitic insects. ... Families Tetranychidae - Spider mites Eriophyidae - Gall mites Sarcoptidae - Sarcoptic Mange mites The mites and ticks, order Acarina or Acari, belong to the Arachnida and are among the most diverse and successful of all the invertebrate groups, although some way behind the insects. ... Families Ixodidae - Hard ticks Argasidae - Soft ticks Nuttalliellidae Wikispecies has information related to: Ixodoidea Tick is the common name for the small arachnids that, along with mites, constitute the order Acarina. ... Families Tungidae â€“ sticktight and chigoe fleas (chiggers) Pulicidae â€“ common fleas Coptopsyllidae Vermipsyllidae â€“ carnivore fleas Rhopalopsyllidae â€“ marsupial fleas Hypsophthalmidae Stephanocircidae Pygiopsyllidae Hystrichopsyllidae â€“ rat and mouse fleas Leptopsyllidae â€“ mouse and rat fleas Ischnopsyllidae â€“ bat fleas Ceratophyllidae:-fleas mainly associated with rodents Amphipsyllidae Malacopsyllidae Dolichopsyllidae â€“ rodent fleas Ctenopsyllidae Flea is the common name... Classes Adenophorea    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms or nematodes (Phylum Nematoda from Gr. ... Chickenpox, also spelled chicken pox, is the common name for Varicella simplex, classically one of the childhood infectious diseases caught and survived by most children. ...

Some of the common diseases that affect chickens are shown below:

Avian influenza (also known as bird flu, avian flu, influenzavirus A flu, type A flu, or genus A flu) is a flu (influenza) due to a type of influenza virus that is hosted by birds, but may infect several species of mammals. ... Blackhead disease is an avian disease that affects chickens, turkeys and other poultry. ... Botulism (from Latin botulus, sausage) is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ... Coccidiosis is a major poultry disease. ... // Acute viral nasopharyngitis, often known as the common cold, is a mild viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system (nose and throat). ... In farming and animal husbandry, the term egg bound refers to a condition in laying hens where a hen is unable to pass an egg that has formed. ... Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome is a disease that affects the liver of chickens and other birds. ... Fowl Pox is a viral disease that is spread by mosquito bites. ... Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) (also known as Avian herpesvirus 1)is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes avian infectious laryngotracheitis. ... Infectious Bursal Disease is a poultry disease. ... Lymphoid Leucosis is a disease that affects chickens and other birds. ... Mareks disease is a highly contagious viral neoplastic disease in chickens and sheep. ... Candidiasis, commonly called yeast infection or thrush, is a fungal infection of any of the Candida species, of which Candida albicans is probably the most common. ... Myocoplasmas, the smallest known free-living organisms are able to grow in very simple culture media. ... ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS A DEAKIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ANDY IS... Omphalitis is the medical term for infection of the umbilical cord stump in the neonatal newborn period. ... In medicine (pulmonology), psittacosis -- also known as parrot disease, parrot fever, and ornithosis -- is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Mycoplasma psittaci and contracted from parrots, macaws, cockatiels, and parakeets. ... Species Salmonella bongori Salmonella enterica Salmonella arizonae Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and foodborne illness. ... Scaly leg is an disease of chickens and other birds. ... Biopsy of a highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. ... Tibial dyschondroplasia is a disease of young poultry. ...

Chickens in religion

Chickens, Indonesia

In Indonesia the chicken has great significance during the Hindu cremation ceremony. A chicken is a channel for evil spirits which may be present during the ceremony. A chicken is tethered by the leg and kept present at the ceremony for the duration to ensure that any evil spirits present during the ceremony go into the chicken and not the family members present. The chicken is then taken home and returns to its normal life. He or she is not treated in any special way or slaughtered after the ceremony. Feeding chicken, Indonesia Photograph, September 2003, Sumatra File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Feeding chicken, Indonesia Photograph, September 2003, Sumatra File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hinduism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ... This article is about the paranormal. ... Diagram of an insect leg A leg is the part of an animals body that supports the rest of the animal above the ground and is used for locomotion. ...

In ancient Greece, the chicken was not normally used for sacrifices, perhaps because it was still considered an exotic animal. Because of its valour, cocks are found as attributes of Ares, Heracles and Athena. The alleged last words of Socrates as he died from hemlock poisoning, as recounted by Plato, were "Crito, I owe a cock to Asclepius; will you remember to pay the debt?", signifying that death was a cure for the illness of life. The Temple to Athena, the Parthenon Ancient Greece is a period in Greek history that lasted for around three thousand years. ... In Greek mythology, Ares (in Greek: - Aris (Battle Strife))[1] is the son of Zeus (king of the gods) and Hera. ... Hercules, a Roman bronze (Louvre Museum) For other uses, see Heracles (disambiguation). ... Helmeted Athena, of the Velletri type. ... Socrates (Greek: , invariably anglicized as , Sǒcratēs; circa 470–399 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher who is widely credited for laying the foundation for Western philosophy. ... Look up hemlock in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ... The Crito (IPA [kriːtɔːn]; in English usually [ˈkɹiːtɘʊː]) is a short but important dialogue by the ancient Greek philosopher, Plato. ... Asclepius (Greek also rendered Aesculapius in Latin and transliterated Asklepios) was the god of medicine and healing in ancient Greek mythology, according to which he was born a mortal but was given immortality as the constellation Ophiuchus after his death. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

The Greeks believed that even lions were afraid of cocks. Several of Aesop's Fables reference this belief. In the cult of Mithras, the cock was a symbol of the divine light and a guardian against evil.^{[citation needed]} Binomial name Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution of Lions in Africa Synonyms Felis leo (Linnaeus, 1758) The lion (Panthera leo) is a mammal of the family Felidae and one of four big cats in the genus Panthera. ... Aesop, as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle by Hartmann Schedel. ... Mithras and the Bull: fresco from the mithraeum at Marino, Italy, (3rd century AD) Mithras was the central god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from...

In the Bible, Jesus prophesied the betrayal by Peter: "And he said, I tell thee, Peter, the cock shall not crow this day, before that thou shalt thrice deny that thou knowest me." (Luke 22:43) Thus it happened (Luke 22:61), and Peter cried bitterly. This made the cock a symbol for both vigilance and betrayal. This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... Look up Peter, peter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ...

Earlier, Jesus compares himself to a mother hen, when talking about Jerusalem: "How often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not!" (Matthew 23:37; also Luke 13:34). Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yerushalayim) (Standard) Yerushalayim or Yerushalaim Arabic commonly القـُدْس (Al-Quds); officially in Israel أورشليم القدس (Urshalim-Al-Quds) Name Meaning Hebrew: (see below), Arabic: The Holiness Government City District Jerusalem Population 724,000 (2006) Jurisdiction 123,000 dunams (123 km²) Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds, the Holiness)[2... The Gospel of Matthew (literally, according to Matthew; Greek, Κατά Μαθθαίον or Κατά Ματθαίον) is one of the four Gospel accounts of the New Testament. ...

In many Central European folk tales, the devil is believed to flee at the first crowing of a cock. Central Europe The Alpine Countries and the Visegrád Group (Political map, 2004) Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Folklore is the ethnographic concept of the tales, legends, or superstitions current among a particular ethnic population, a part of the oral history of a particular culture. ... The Devil is a title given to the supernatural entity, who, in Christianity, Islam, and other religions, is a powerful, evil entity and the tempter of humankind. ...

In traditional Jewish practice, a chicken is swung around the head and then slaughtered on the afternoon before Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, in a ritual called kapparos. The sacrifice of the chicken is to receive atonement, for the bird takes on all the person's sins in kapparos. The meat is then donated to the poor. A woman brings a hen for the ceremony, while a man brings a rooster. Although not actually a sacrifice in the biblical sense, the death of the chicken reminds the penitent sinner that his or her life is in God's hands. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws