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Encyclopedia > Circumnavigation

To circumnavigate a place, such as an island, a continent, or the Earth, is to travel all the way around it by boat or ship. More recently, the term has also been used to cover aerial round-the-world flights. An example of traveling the world using a RTW ticket. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ...

Contents

World circumnavigation

The route of a typical modern sailing circumnavigation, via the Suez Canal and the Panama Canal is shown in red; its antipodes are shown in yellow.
The route of a typical modern sailing circumnavigation, via the Suez Canal and the Panama Canal is shown in red; its antipodes are shown in yellow.

A basic definition of a world circumnavigation would be a route which covers at least a great circle, and in particular one which passes through at least one pair of points antipodal to each other.[1] In practice, different definitions of world circumnavigation are used, in order to accommodate practical constraints depending on the method of circumnavigation. Image File history File links CircumnavigationByTrades. ... Image File history File links CircumnavigationByTrades. ... For other uses, see Suez (disambiguation). ... Two Panamax running the Miraflores Locks The Panama Canal (Spanish: ) is a major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ... For the Brisbane bus routes known collectively as the Great Circle Line (598 & 599), see the following list of Brisbane Transport routes A great circle on a sphere A great circle is a circle on the surface of a sphere that has the same diameter as the sphere, dividing the... This map shows the antipodes of each point on the Earths surface – the points where the blue and pink overlap are land antipodes. ...


Nautical

The map on the right shows, in red, a typical sailing circumnavigation of the world by the trade winds and the Suez and Panama canals; overlaid in yellow are the points antipodal to all points on the route. It can be seen that the route roughly approximates a great circle, and passes through two pairs of antipodal points. This is a route followed by many cruising sailors; the use of the trade winds makes it a relatively easy sail, although it passes through a number of zones of calms or light winds. For either of the songs named Sailing, see Sailing (song). ... The trade winds are a pattern of wind that are found in bands around the Earths equatorial region. ... For other uses, see Suez (disambiguation). ... A cruising sailboat anchored in the San Blas Islands, in Panama. ...

The route of a typical yacht racing circumnavigation is shown in red; its antipodes are shown in yellow.
The route of a typical yacht racing circumnavigation is shown in red; its antipodes are shown in yellow.

In yacht racing, a round-the-world route approximating a great circle would be quite impractical, particularly in a non-stop race where use of the Panama and Suez Canals would be impossible. Yacht racing therefore defines a world circumnavigation to be a passage of at least 21,600 nautical miles (40,000 km) in length which crosses the equator, crosses every meridian in the same direction and finishes in the same port as it starts.[2] The map on the left shows the route of the Vendée Globe round-the-world race in red; overlaid in yellow are the points antipodal to all points on the route. It can be seen that the route does not pass through any pairs of antipodal points. Since the winds in the lower latitudes predominantly blow west-to-east it can be seen that there is an easier route (west-to-east) and a harder route (east-to-west) when circumnavigating by sail; this difficulty is magnified for square-rig vessels.. Image File history File links CircumnavigationByCapes. ... Image File history File links CircumnavigationByCapes. ... Inshore yacht racing on Sydney Harbour, Australia Yacht racing is the sport of competitive sailing. ... A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. ... “km” redirects here. ... World map showing the equator in red In tourist areas, the equator is often marked on the sides of roads The equator marked as it crosses Ilhéu das Rolas, in São Tomé and Príncipe. ... On the earth, a meridian is a north-south line between the North Pole and the South Pole. ... The Vendée Globe is a round-the-world single-handed yacht race, sailed non-stop and without assistance. ... Main-mast of a square-rigged ship, with all square sails set except the course. ...


Since the advent of world cruises in 1922, by Cunard's Lanconia, thousands of people have completed circumnavigations of the globe at a more leisurely pace. Typically, these voyages begin in New York City or Southampton, and proceed westward. Routes vary, either travelling through the Caribbean and then into the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal, or around Cape Horn. From there ships usually make their way to Hawaii, the islands of the South Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, then northward to Hong Kong, South East Asia, and India. At that point, again, routes may vary: one way is through the Suez Canal and into the Mediterranean; the other is around the Cape of Good Hope and then up the west coast of Africa. These cruises end in the port where they began. The Cunard Line, formerly Cunard White Star Line, is a British cruise line, operator of ocean liners RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) and RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... For other uses, see Southampton (disambiguation). ... “West Indian” redirects here. ... Cape Horn from the South. ... For other uses, see Suez (disambiguation). ...


Aviation

Aviation records take account of the wind circulation patterns of the world; in particular the jet streams, which circulate in the northern and southern hemispheres without crossing the equator. There is therefore no requirement to cross the equator, or to pass through two antipodal points, in the course of setting a round-the-world aviation record. Thus, for example, Steve Fossett's global circumnavigation by balloon was entirely contained within the southern hemisphere. Jet streams are fast flowing, relatively narrow air currents found in the atmosphere at around 12 km above the surface of the Earth, just under the tropopause. ... James Stephen Fossett (born April 22, 1944) is an American aviator, sailor and adventurer. ...


For powered aviation, the course of a round-the-world record must start and finish at the same point and cross all meridians; the course must be at least 36,787.559 kilometres (22,858.729 mi) long (which is the length of the Tropic of Cancer). The course must include set control points at latitudes outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles.[3] “Miles” redirects here. ... For the novel by Henry Miller, see Tropic of Cancer (novel). ... For the fast food restaurant chain, see Arctic Circle Restaurants. ... Zoomable PDF of the map this is based on The Antarctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. ...


In ballooning, which is totally at the mercy of the winds, the requirements are even more relaxed. The course must cross all meridians, and must include a set of checkpoints which are all outside of two circles, chosen by the pilot, having radii of 3,335.85 kilometres (2,072.80 mi) and enclosing the poles (though not necessarily centred on them).[4] “Miles” redirects here. ...


Surface travel

There is one successful polar circumnavigation journey; tracing a great circle around the globe 'vertically' i.e. through both poles. Sir Ranulph Fiennes, Charles Burton and their team successfully completed the Transglobe Expedition between 1979 and 1982. Transglobe was the first polar circumnavigation by surface travel, touching two true antipodes: the two poles of the Earth. They approximated the great circle passing through Greenwich, covering 52,000 miles (84,000 km) in the process. "To the Ends of the Earth" is the classic book which describes this journey. For the Brisbane bus routes known collectively as the Great Circle Line (598 & 599), see the following list of Brisbane Transport routes A great circle on a sphere A great circle is a circle on the surface of a sphere that has the same diameter as the sphere, dividing the... Sir Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 3rd Baronet OBE (born 7 March 1944), usually known simply as Ranulph (Ran) Fiennes, is a British adventurer and holder of several endurance records. ... This map shows the antipodes of each point on the Earths surface – the points where the blue and pink overlap are land antipodes. ...


Human-powered

Though no one has completed a true circumnavigation solely by human power there have been notable attempts. Guidelines issued by Guinness World Records in December 2006 state that a human powered circumnavigation must travel a minimum of 36,787.559 km (the distance of the Tropic of Cancer), cross the Equator, and each leg must commence at the exact point where the last finished off. There are no requirements to reach antipodal points. To date no one has completed a human-powered circumnavigation according to the guidelines set by Guinness.[5] Guinness World Records 2007 edition. ...


Thomas Stevens was the first person to circle the globe by bicycle. The feat was accomplished between 1884 and 1886. While impressive at the time, a good portion of the trip was by steamer due to technical and political reasons. Thomas Stevens (December 24, 1854, Berkhamsted, Herts, England - 1935) was the first person to circle the globe by bicycle. ... For other uses, see Bicycle (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Steamboat (disambiguation). ...


The first person reputed to have walked around the world was American George Matthew Schilling between 1897 and 1904. The first person verified to have walked around the world was another American, David Kunst, between June 20, 1970 and October 10, 1974. As with Stevens, these walks covered only land masses and used motorized transport to cross the oceans, so were not completely human-powered.


In 2006 Colin Angus finished a trip which circumnavigated the Northern Hemisphere by human power. But Angus' trip did not reach antipodal points so did not qualify. Then in 2007 Jason Lewis finished his a trip which did reach the antipodal points required for a true circumnavigation but was broken up by breaks using non human power travel over the course of many years and thus still does not qualify under the Guiness guidelines[6]. Aside from Guiness recognition, National Geographic did name Colin Angus as the first human powered circumnavigation[7]. Canadian author and adventurer Colin Angus is best known for circling much of the Northern hemisphere, mainly by human power. ... Jason Lewis, born 1967 in Catterick UK, is a self-powered circumnavigator. ...


Notable Foot circumnavigations

  • Dave Kunst (USA), achieved the first verified walk round the earth between 1970-1974.
  • Robert Garside (UK), achieved the first fully-authenticated run around the world between 1997-2003.
  • Sir Ranulph Fiennes, Charles Burton and their team completed the first polar circumnavigation.

Notable maritime circumnavigations

Phoenicia (or Phenicia ,[1] from Biblical Phenice [1]) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon and Syria. ... Pharaoh was the ancient Egyptian name for the office of kingship. ... Wahemibre Nomen Necho Horus name Maaib Nebty name Maakheru Golden Horus Merynetjeru Consort(s) Khedebarbenet Died 595 BC Necho II (or more accurately, Nekau II) was a king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt (610 - 595 BC), and the son of Psammetichus I. His prenomen or royal name Wahemibre... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Gnaeus Julius Agricola (July 13, 40 - August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain. ... For other uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation). ... Newfoundland —   IPA: [nuw fÉ™n lænd] (French: , Irish: ) is a large island off the east coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... What in modern times is known as The García de Nodal expedition was chartered in 1619 by King Philip II of Spain to reconnoitre the passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, south of Tierra del Fuego, just discovered by the Dutch merchants Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten. ... Tierra del Fuego Cerro Sombrero Village, Chile. ... This article is about the British explorer. ... Captain Matthew Flinders RN (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was one of the most accomplished navigators and cartographers of his age. ... Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld by Axel Jungstedt 1902 Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld with the Vega by Georg von Rosen Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld Baron (Nils) Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld [IPA: [nuːrdenʃɶld]], also known as A. E. Nordenskioeld (November 18, 1832, Helsinki... For other uses, see Eurasia (disambiguation). ... The Northern Sea Route (Russian Северный морской путь) is a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast of Russia. ... For other uses, see Suez (disambiguation). ... in Arctic ice The St. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ... Motto: E Mari Merces(Latin) From the Sea, Wealth Coordinates: , Country Canada Province Nova Scotia Established April 1, 1996 Government  - Type Regional Municipality  - Mayor Peter Kelly  - Governing body Halifax Regional Council  - MPs List of MPs Alexa McDonough Geoff Regan Michael Savage Peter Stoffer (Bill Casey) (Gerald Keddy) (Peter MacKay)  - MLAs... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit(Latin) One defends and the other conquers Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English, Canadian Gaelic Government - Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis - Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 11 - Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867... For other uses, see Northwest Passage (disambiguation). ... Two Panamax running the Miraflores Locks The Panama Canal (Spanish: ) is a major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ... Ships badge of the then-HMCS Labrador CCGS Labrador was a Wind-class icebreaker. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...

Record maritime circumnavigations

  • Bruno Peyron (French), January–March 2005, fastest circumnavigation 50 days 16 hours 20 minutes 4 seconds.
  • Jean Luc van den Heede (French), 2004, fastest westward single-handed circumnavigation, 122 days 14 hours 3 minutes 49 seconds.
  • Adrienne Cahalan (Australian), February-March 2004, fastest woman to complete a circumnavigation (crew of "Cheyenne") 58 days 9 hours 32 minutes 45 seconds
  • Ellen MacArthur (English), 2004–2005, fastest single-handed 71 days 14 hours 18 minutes 33 seconds.
  • Jon Sanders holds the world record for completing a single-handed triple circumnavigation.
  • The RMS Queen Mary 2, at 148,528 gross tons, became the world's largest passenger ship to circumnavigate the globe during her 2007 world cruise.

Bruno Peyron is a yachtsman who, along with his crew on the catamaran Orange II, broke the outright round-the-world sailing record in March 2005. ... A boat sails by her self-steering system as the skipper tends her sails, while sailing in fine conditions off Key West. ... I Am ellen Cahalan. ... Ellen MacArthur Dame Ellen Patricia MacArthur, DBE (born July 8, 1976) is an English sailor from Whatstandwell near Matlock in Derbyshire, now based in Cowes, on the Isle of Wight. ... This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... A boat sails by her self-steering system as the skipper tends her sails, while sailing in fine conditions off Key West. ... Jon Sanders (born 1949 in Perth, Western Australia) is an Australian yachtsman. ... The RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2) is a Cunard Line ocean liner named after the earlier Cunard liner Queen Mary, which was in turn named after Mary of Teck, the Queen Consort of George V. At the time of her construction in 2003, the QM2 was the longest, widest and...

Notable aerial and space circumnavigations

  • United States Army Air Service, 1924, first aerial circumnavigation, 175 days, covering 44,360 kilometres (27,553 miles).
  • LZ-127 Graf Zeppelin, 1929, piloted by Hugo Eckener set a record for the fastest aerial circumnavigation, 21 days, which was also the first circumnavigation in an airship.
  • On July 1, 1931, pilot Wiley Post and navigator Harold Gatty completed their circumnavigation of the world in a Lockheed Vega aeroplane, Winnie Mae, in 8 days, 15 hours and 51 minutes; the record for fastest circumnavigation was once again held by an aeroplane.
  • In 1932 Wolfgang von Gronau flew around the World with a twin engine Dornier seaplane, Gronland-Wal D-2053, in nearly four months, making 44 stops en route. He was accompanied by co-pilot Gerth von Roth, mechanic Franzl Hack, and radio operator Frtiz Albrecht.[8]
  • In 1933 Wiley Post repeated his circumnavigation by aeroplane, but this time solo, using an autopilot and radio direction finder. He made the first solo aerial circumnavigation in a time one day faster than his previous record: 7 days, 19 hours, 49 minutes, in which he covered 25,110 kilometres (15,596 mi).
  • In 1949 the United States Air Force B-50 Superfortress Lucky Lady II made the first non-stop aerial circumnavigation in 94 hours and 1 minute. Four in-air refuelings were required for the flight, which covered 37,743 kilometres (23,452 mi).
  • In 1961 Yuri Gagarin made the first human flight in space, and completed the first orbit of the Earth, in Vostok 1, in 108 minutes.
  • The second and third orbital circumnavigations, the first two to have multiple orbits, were made by Gherman Titov (17.5 orbits, a little over a day, for the Soviet Union) and John Glenn, in Friendship 7 (3 orbits, almost five hours, for the USA, first American orbital flight), respectively.
  • Geraldine Mock, 1964, first woman to complete a solo aerial circumnavigation.
  • Apollo 8, 1968, first human circumnavigation of the Earth-Moon system, 10 orbits around the moon in about 20 hours; total trip to the moon and back was more than 6 Earth days.
  • Don Taylor, 1976, first general aviation circumnavigation by homebuilt aircraft.
  • Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, 1986, Voyager, first non-refueled circumnavigation in an airplane, 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds.
  • Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones, 1999, first non-stop balloon circumnavigation in Breitling Orbiter 3, 19 days, 1 hour and 49 minutes, covering 42,810 kilometres.
  • Polly Vacher, 2001, in the smallest aircraft flown in a solo circumnavigation by a woman, via Australia and the Pacific.
  • Steve Fossett, 2 July 2002, first solo balloon circumnavigation.
  • Steve Fossett, 3 March 2005, first non-stop, non-refueled solo circumnavigation in an airplane, 67 hours, covering 37,000 kilometres.
  • Steve Fossett, 11 February 2006, longest non-stop, non-refueled solo flight (with circumnavigation) in an airplane, covering 42,469.5 kilometres (26,389.3 mi), in 76 hours and 45 minutes.[9][10]

The United States Army Air Service was a forerunner of the United States Air Force. ... The first circumnavigation of the world by air was conducted in 1924 by a team of aviators of the United States Army Air Service, the precursor of the United States Air Force. ... Graf Zeppelin, filled with abundant hydrogen, circumnavigated the globe. ... Dr. Hugo Eckener (August 10, 1868–August 14, 1954) was the old man of the Zeppelin airship company. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Wiley Hardeman Post (November 22, 1898 – August 15, 1935) was the first pilot to fly solo around the world. ... Harold Gatty (born 1937 in Campbell Town, Tasmania - died 1957 in Fiji) was an Australian navigator, inventor, and aviation pioneer. ... The Vega was a six-passenger monoplane built by the Lockheed company starting in 1927. ... The Dornier Do J was a twin-engine German seaplane of the 1920s. ... Wiley Hardeman Post (November 22, 1898 – August 15, 1935) was the first pilot to fly solo around the world. ... An autopilot is a mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic system used to guide a vehicle without assistance from a human being. ... A radio direction finder, or RDF, is a device for finding the direction to a radio source. ... “The U.S. Air Force” redirects here. ... The Boeing B-50 Superfortress was basically a post-World War II revision of the wartime B-29 Superfortress with new, more powerful 3,500-HP Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radial engines, a taller vertical stabilizer, and numerous detail improvements. ... Boom and receptacle: USAF KC-135R Stratotanker, two F-15s (twin fins) and two F-16s, on an aerial refueling training mission Probe and drogue: USAF HC-130P refuels a HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopter Aerial refueling, also called in-flight refueling (IFR) or air-to-air refueling (AAR), is... “Gagarin” redirects here. ... Edward White on a spacewalk during the Gemini 4 mission. ... Vostok 1 (Russian: , meaning Orient-1 or East-1) was the first human spaceflight. ... Gherman Titov Gherman Stepanovich Titov (Russian: Герман Степанович Титов; September 11, 1935, Verkhnee Zhilino – September 20, 2000, Moscow) was a Soviet cosmonaut and the second person to orbit the Earth. ... For other persons named John Glenn, see John Glenn (disambiguation). ... Crew John Glenn Backup Crew M. Scott Carpenter Mission Parameters Mass: 1,352 kg Perigee: 159 km Apogee: 265 km Inclination: 32. ... Jerrie Mocks Sprit of Columbus, a Cessna 180 Geraldine Jerrie Fredritz Mock (born November 22, 1925 in Newark, Ohio) was the first woman to fly around the world. ... Apollo 8 was the second successful manned mission of the Apollo space program, in which Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders became the first humans to orbit around the Moon. ... Donald P. Taylor is an American aviator, notable for being in the late summer and early fall of 1976 the first person in history to successfully fly a homebuilt aircraft around the world. ... General aviation (abbr. ... A Rutan Long-EZ homebuilt in 1984 in England Also known as amateur-built aircraft or kit planes, homebuilt aircraft are constructed by persons for whom this is not a professional activity. ... Richard “Dick” Rutan (born July 1, 1938) is an aviator who is most famous for flying the Voyager aircraft around the world non-stop with the assistance of Jeana Yeager. ... Jeana Yeager (born May 18, 1952 in Fort Worth, Texas) is an aviator, most famous for flying with Dick Rutan on a non-stop, non-refueled flight around the world in the Voyager aircraft in 1986 from December 14 to December 23. ... Voyager returning from its flight The Scaled Composites Model 76 Voyager aircraft was the first to fly around the world without stopping or refueling. ... Dr. Bertrand Piccard (born March 1, 1958) is a Swiss psychiatrist and balloonist born in Lausanne, Vaud canton, on March 1, 1958. ... Brian Jones (March 27, 1947 Bristol, Great Britain along with Bertrand Piccard, co-piloted the first successful circumnavigation of the globe on board the Breitling Orbiter 3. ... For other uses, see Balloon (disambiguation). ... Balloon Breitling Orbiter 3 On March 21, 1999, Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones guided Breitling Orbiter 3, the first balloon to fly around the world non-stop, to a safe landing on a desolate stretch of desert in Western Egypt. ... Polly Vacher (born 1944) is an English aviator specialising in long-distance solo flights. ... James Stephen Fossett (born April 22, 1944) is an American aviator, sailor and adventurer. ... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... James Stephen Fossett (born April 22, 1944) is an American aviator, sailor and adventurer. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... James Stephen Fossett (born April 22, 1944) is an American aviator, sailor and adventurer. ... is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Fictional circumnavigations

The most famous circumnavigation never happened. This is the story told in Jules Verne's 1872 adventure novel, Around the World in Eighty Days. Upper class Englishman Phileas Fogg and his servant Passepartout use a variety of transportation means and ingenuity to accomplish the adventurous feat. The book was freely adapted by Mike Todd into an Academy Award winning movie of the same name in 1956, starring David Niven and Cantinflas. The book (especially) and the movie are tributes to the new transportation possibilities of the early Industrial Revolution, with the coming of steamships, railways, etc. As this circumnavigation did not cross the Equator or reach antipodal points, it would not have been recognized by Guinness Records as an official circumnavigation (if such a thing had existed at that time). This article is about the French author. ... Around the World in Eighty Days (French: ) is a classic adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne, first published in 1873. ... Phileas Fogg is the main fictional character in the 1872 Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days. ... Passepartout (in French, literally passes everywhere) is a character in Jules Vernes novel, Around the World in Eighty Days and in the Sci Fi Channel (United States) television series The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne. ... Michael Todd (real name Avrom Hirsch Goldbogen) (June 22, 1907 or 19091 - March 22, 1958) was an American film producer who is best known for his production of Around the World in Eighty Days 1956, which won an Academy Award for Best Picture. ... Although he never won an Oscar for any of his movie performances, the comedian Bob Hope received two honorary Oscars for his contributions to cinema. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Fortino Mario Alfonso Moreno Reyes (August 12, 1911 – April 20, 1993) was a comedian of the Mexican theatre and film industry. ... A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ... Paddle steamers - Lucerne-Switzerland Left: original paddlewheel from a paddle steamer on the lake of Lucerne. ...


External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Circumnavigation
Nautical Portal

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The History Channel is a cable television channel, dedicated to the presentation of historical events and persons, often with frequent observations and explanations by noted historians as well as reenactors and witnesses to events, if possible. ...

References

  1. ^ Definition of a Circumnavigation
  2. ^ World Sailing Speed Record Council Rules 2005-2008, sec. 26, Record Courses
  3. ^ FAI Sporting Code Section 2: Powered Aerodynes: Speed around the world non-stop and non-refuelled
  4. ^ FAI Sporting Code Section 1: Aerostats: Around-the-World Records
  5. ^ About Circumnavigations
  6. ^ Outside Magazine, October 2007
  7. ^ Human-Powered Circumnavigation
  8. ^ Round-the-World Flights, from WingNet. Retrieved May 14, 2006.
  9. ^ Fossett flies to non-stop record, from BBC News. Retrieved 11 February 2006.
  10. ^ Steve lands as an uninvited guest!, from Virgin Global Flyer. Retrieved 11 February 2006.

  Results from FactBites:
 
Definition of Human Powered Circumnavigation (1203 words)
A basic definition of a world circumnavigation would be a route which covers at least a great circle, and in particular one which passes through at least one pair of points antipodal to each other.
Jason is now on the return trip to his home in England on this "circumnavigation by human power," and he is demonstrating to the rest of us that a TRUE Human Powered Circumnavigation is possible.
Transglobe was the first polar circumnavigation by surface travel, touching the two poles of the earth, which are true antipodes by definition.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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